0I1|F  B.  m.  Hill  ffiibrarg 

Nnrtli  (Earolina  BtnU 

Hnitifraitg 

3435 
-77 


This  book  was  presented  by 


"'l''!l'li:^JIIi;i'l!!!|IIL, 
S00617731    P 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  DATE 
INDICATED  BELOW  AND  IS  SUB- 
JECT TO  AN  OVERDUE  FINE  AS 
POSTED  AT  THE  CIRCULATION 
DESK. 


APR  1  8  B84 

^m  1  1985. 


N#.0?3/1994 


]  OOM/5-79 


TREES    AND    SHRUBS    FOR 
ENGLISH    GARDENS 


THE     CLUSTER     I'lXI-:     (/v«»5    /• 


The  "Couu^ry  Life 

Li'BRAR.Y. 


TREES  &  SHRUBS 


FOR 


ENGLISH  GARDENSr^ 


BY 

E.    T.    COOK. 


NEW    YORK: 
CHARLES    SCRIBNER'S    SONS, 

153-157     FIFTH     AVENUE. 
1902. 


PREFACE 

It  cannot  be  urged  against  this  work  that  it  travels 
along  a  path  already  well  worn,  for  the  subject  of 
trees  and  shrubs  for  English  gardens,  though  almost 
inexhaustible,  has  never  been  so  fully  treated  and 
illustrated  as  it  deserves.  The  book  may  have  many 
defects,  but  its  pages  will  show  that  an  honest 
eftort  has  been  made  to  offer  helpful  and  instructive 
information  to  the  many  who  wish  to  know  more  of 
the  beauty  of  trees  and  shrubs. 

In  writing  this  book,  the  labour  of  my  spare  hours 
for  many  months,  I  have  been  greatly  helped  by 
Mr.  Bean,  the  assistant-curator  of  the  Royal  Gardens, 
Kew,  whose  deep  knowledge  of  the  subject  has  been 
willingly  imparted  ;  and  by  Miss  Jekyll,  to  whom  I 
am  indebted  for  many  valuable  suggestions  and 
notes.  Among  others  to  whom  grateful  thanks  are 
tendered  are  Mrs.  Davidson,  Mr.  J.  Clark,  Mr. 
Dallimore,  and  Mr.  S.  W.  F'itzherbert. 

Some  of  the  chapters  have  already  appeared  in 
the  Gardeny  with  the  object  of  making  known  as 
widely  as  possible  the  importance  of  the  most  beauti- 
ful trees  and  shrubs  for  English  woodland  and 
pleasure-grounds. 

The  illustrations  will  show  how  a  shrub,  so  often 

b 


88857 


vi  PREFACE 

stunted  and   mutilated  by  unwise  pruning,  becomes 
beautiful  when  allowed  to  develop  naturally. 

The  illustrations  have  their  own  teaching  value, 
and  in  this  matter  also  1  desire  to  thank  many  willing 
helpers,  especially  Miss  Jekyll,  Miss  Willmott,  and  Mr. 
Crump,  of  the  Madresfield  Court  Gardens. 

It  is  the  wish  and  hope  of  the  author,  whose  notes, 
taken  during  many  years,  are  embodied,  that  the  book 
may  do  something  to  m.ake  English  gardens  more 
beautiful  and  interesting,  and  that  it  may  win  many 
to  see  the  better  ways  of  planting  ;  also  that  it  may 
be  the  means  of  bringing  forward  the  many  trees 
and  shrubs  of  rare  charm  that  are  generally  unknown 
or  unheeded. 

The  word  "  English,"  of  course,  stands  for  the 
British  Isles. 

E.  T.  C. 

November  1 902. 


CONTENTS 


WANT  OF  VARIETY  A  BLEMISH 
ORNAMENTAL  PLANTING  IN  WOODLAND 
GROUl'ING  OF  TREES  AND  SHRUBS 
HEATHY  PATHS  IN  OUTER  GARDEN  SPACES 
TREES  AND  SHRUBS  IN  POOR  SOILS 
PRUNING  FLOWERING  TREKS  AND  SHRUBS 
PROPAGATION  OF  HARDY  TREKS  AND  SHRUBS 
A  WINTER  GARDEN  OF  TREES  AND  SHRUBS 

AUTUMN  COLOURS         

TREKS  AND  SHRUBS  WITH  FINE  FRUITS      . 

WEEPING  TREES  AND  THEIR  USES 

THE  USE  OF  VARIEGATED  TREES  AND  SHRUBS 

TREES  AND  SHRUBS  FOR  SEA-COAST     . 

TREES  AND  SHRUBS  FOR  WIND-SWEPT  GARDENS 

CONIFERS     (INCLUDING     PINES)    IN    ORNAMENTAL 

PLANTING 

CARE  OF  OLD  TREKS 

TREES  AND  SHRUBS  FOR  WATERSIDE 
TREES  AND  SHRUBS  FOR  ROCK  GARDEN     . 
REMOVAL  OF  LARGE  TREES  AND  SHRUBS 


13 
16 
18 
36 
45 
63 
69 
So 
84 
92 
97 

lOI 

120 
'23 
127 
'39 


Vlll 


CONTENTS 


YOUNG  TREES  AND  SUNSTROKE      . 

SHADE  TREES  FOR  STREETS     . 

TREES  AND  SHRUBS  IN  SCOTLAND 

TENDER  SHRUBS  AND  TREES  IN  THE  SOUTH-WEST 

TENDER  WALL  PLANTS  IN  THE  SOUTH-WEST 

HARDY  BAMBOOS 

THE  HEATHS  

NATIVE  AND  OTHER  HARDY  EVERGREENS 
SHRUBS  P^OR  SMALL  AND  TOWN  GARDENS 
SHRUB  AND  FLOWER  BORDERS 
SHRUBS  UNDER  TREES        .... 
HARDY  SHRUBS  IN  THE  GREENHOUSE 
SHRUB  GROUPS  FOR  WINTER  AND  SUMMER 
THE  USE  OF  HARDY  CLIMBING  SHRUBS 
FLOWERING  AND  OTHER  HEDGES 
PLEACHED  OR  GREEN  ALLEYS 
THE  GARDEN  ORCHARD      . 
THE  WORTHY  USE  OF  ROSES   . 
PLANTING  AND  STAKING  TREES     . 
HARDY  TREES  AND  SHRUBS,  TABLES  OF 


EFFECT 


HAGE 

196 
203 

211 
225 
236 

242 
245 
248 
268 
287 
308 

322 
326 

337 
341 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS 


Cluster  Vi^e  {/'inns  Pinas/er)    .... 

Guelder  Rose 

Magnolia  stellaia 

/EscuLUs  parviflora  (late  July)  .... 
Sloe,  Double- Flowered  (Prunus  spinosa,  fl.  />/.) 
In  the  Woodland  at  Kew       .... 
Wayfaring  Tree  (  Vihurtium  Lantana) 
Groui'ing  of  Shrub  and  Daffodil  . 
Natural  Grouping  of  Shrub  in  Rough  Ground 
Shrub  and  Iris  Groups  by  Woodland   . 
Azalea  Garden  at  Kew 

CeANOTHUS   AZUREU9  AT   KeW        .... 

Ceanothus  azureus,  Marie  Simon   . 
Pearl  Bush  (Exochorda  graudijlora)    . 
Hydrangea  faniculata  grandiflora  (Unpnmed) 
Hydrangea  panicui.ata  grandiflora 
Tulip  Tree  at  Ranklagh  (Winter)  . 

Lime  (Winter  Beauty) 

Witch  Hazel  {Hamavtelif.  japonka,  var.  uiccariniana 

Ulmus  alata 

Willow,  Babylonian  by  Waterside 

Ash,  Weeping 

Weeping  Aspen  {Populus  treniu/a,  s-diX.  pendula)  . 

Weeping  Elm 

El^eagnus  pungens 

Corn  us  Mas  (var.  variegata)         .... 
Taurian  Tamarisk  (Tamarix  tdrandra)  w  Flowek 

Ashes  by  Water  Edge 

Lombardy  Poplar        


Frontispiece 
To fiue page  2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
,,       10 


LIST   OF   ILLUSTRATIONS 


CoRSiCAN  Pink  Walk 

Araucaria  imbricata  (Chili  Pine)  Avenue 
Maidenhair  Tree  at  Frogmork 
Maidenhair  Tree  at  Kew 
CORSICAN  Pine  (var.  tenuifolia)      . 
Avenue  of  Abies  {nobilis glauca) 
Cedrus  ati.antica  glauca  Avenue  . 
Libocedrus  decurrens  (Frogmore)     . 
Avenue  ok  Yew  (Murthly)  .... 

Alders  near  Water 

White  Willow  i^Salix  alba)  by  Waterside 
Natural    Tree    Growth     by     Water     (Bumham 

Beeches)    

Willows  by  Waterside 

Cistuses  and  Roses  in  Rock  Garden 

Dwarf  Shrubs  in  Rock  Garden 

Ononis  fruticosa  (Shrubby  Rest-IIarrow)  at  Exet 

Tree  in  course  of  Removal     .... 

Plane  Tree  {Platanus  orientalis)  .... 

CyTISUS  PRyECOX 

A  Variety  of  Mahaleb  Cherry  (PmnHs  iVahak 

var.  chrysocarpa) 

Guelder  Rose  or  Snowball  Tree  . 

Wych  Elms  by  Hedgerow         .... 

Edwardsia  grandiflora 

Fabiana  imbricata 

PlNUS   MONTEZUM.t; 

PUERARIA  THUNBERGIANA 

Yuccas,  Pampas  Grass,  and  Bamboos  (Kcw)    . 

Bamboo  Garden  at  Kew 

Erica  carnea 

A  Grouping  ok  Heaths 

White  Scotch  Heather  {Erica  cinerea  alba)     . 
White  Mediterranean  Heath  {Erica  mediterranea 

Weeping  Holly 

Arbutus  Menziesii 

Hibiscus  syriacus  {AKhaafrutex,  var.  cccrnlens) 
Mock  Orange  {Philadelplms  coronarius) 


To  feu  e  page 


alba)  ,, 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS 


Tall  Evergreen  Shrubs  in  Flower  Border         .  To  face  page 

Spira:a  canescens        .... 

Clematis  Montana  over  Rough  Wall 

Clematis  Montana  over  Archway  . 

Camellia  Leaf  and  Fruit  (Outdoors) 

Dutch  Honeysuckle  on  Wall  . 

Polygonum  baldschuanicum  over  Fir 

Trunus  triloba  on  Sunny  Wall     . 

Old  Wistaria  at  Hampton  Court  . 

Wistaria  racemes 

C.reat  Beech  Hedge  . 

Hedge  of  Maidens'  Blush  Rost: 

Nut  Walk    . 

Old  Apple  Walk 

Old  Mulberry  Tree,  Syon 

Old  Medlar  Tree 

Rosa  multi flora 

Hybrid  Rose  Una 

Siaking  Trees 

Horse  Chestnut  . 

(ATALPA  or  Indian  Bean  Tree  (C.  bigiwnioidi 

CiSTUS   VILLOSUS      

Cytisus  capitatus        .... 
Moonlight  Broo.m  (Cytisus  scoparius,  \o.x 
A  Hybrid  Broom  (Cytisus  kewensis)     . 
Garland  Flower  (Daphne  Cneorum). 
Erinacea  pungens       .... 
May-Flower  (Epigita  repens) 
Escallonia  phillippiana    . 
Spanish  Furze  (Genista  (UUx)  hispanica) 
Spanish  Furze  on  Rough  Slope 
Genista  monosperma   .... 
Shoot  of  Snowdroi'  Tree  (Ha/efia  telrup/ei.i) 
Hydrangeas  . 
Hydrangea  petiolaris 
Kalmia  i.ati  folia 
Vulan  (Magnolia  conspiu>a) 
\iLAN  AS  a  Wall  Shrih 


pallidum) 


242 
280 
286 
287 


303 
506 

307 
314 
315 
3«8 
319 
f;22 
323 
332 
333 
338 
342 
350 
354 
357 
358 
359 
366 
367 
368 
369 
372 
373 
374 
376 
377 
378 
379 
386 
387 


xii  LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS 

Magnolia  conspicua,  var.  soulangeana  (late  Spring)        To  face  page  388 

Olearia  macrodonta »  ,,  389 

Prunus  Persica ,,  ,,  394 

Prunus  japonica ,>  ,,  398 

Prunus  serrulata >>  i>  400 

Prunus  padus ,,  ,,  401 

Pyrus  sinaica ),  >>  404 

Pyrus  spectabilis .,  »»  406 

Siberian  Crab  (Pyrus  Mains  bacraf a)  ....  ,,  ;>  4°? 

Pyrus  lobata ,,  ,,  411 

Rhododendron  aruorkum  (Hybrid)  ....  ,,  ,,  412 

Rhododendron  Hybrid  (Donegal)      ....  ,,  ,,  413 

Rhododendron  PR^iicox ,-.  „  416 

Rhododendron  Sapho  in  Irish  Garden  (Donegal)  ,,  ,,  417 

Californian  Poppy  {Romneya  Cottlteri)      .         .         .  ,,  ,,  433 

Spir.'Ea  canescens ,,  ).  436 

Spir^a  lindleyana ,,  ,»  437 

Lilacs ,,  ,,  438 

Standard  Lilac ,  >.  439 

Viburnum  macrocephauim         ....  ,,  ..  442 

Yucca  gloriosa  in  a  Surrey  Garden      ...  ,,  >>  44^ 

Yucca    filamentosa ,,  ,.  447 

Pterocarya  caucasica ,,  ,,  458 

Cork  Oak  [Qtiercus  Stiber^ ,,  >.  459 

Evergreen  Oaks ,,  >,  460 

DovASTON  Yew  on  Steep  Bank         .        .        .        .  ,,  ,,  464 


TREES   AND    SHRUBS 


WANT    OF    VARIETY    A    BLEMISH 

There  is  a  sad  want  of  variety  amongst  evergreen 
and  deciduous  shrubs  in  the  average  English  garden. 
Faith  is  placed  in  a  few  shrubs  whose  only  desire  is  to 
rob  the  soil  of  its  goodness  and  make  a  monotonous 
ugly  green  bank,  neither  pleasant  to  look  at  nor 
of  any  protective  value.  As  one  who  knows  shrubs 
well  and  the  way  to  group  them  says,  "  Even  the 
landscape  gardeners,  the  men  who  have  the  making 
of  gardens — with,  of  course,  notable  exceptions — do 
not  seem  to  know  the  rich  storehouse  to  draw  from." 
Very  true  is  this.  We  see  evidence  of  it  every  day, 
and  the  mixed  shrubbery  fondly  clung  to  as  a 
necessary  feature  of  the  garden,  with  distressing 
results.  There  are  other  shrubs  than  Privet  in  this 
fair  world  of  ours,  and  as  for  providing  shelter,  the 
wind  whistles  through  its  bare  stems  and  creates  a 
draught  good  for  neither  man,  beast,  nor  plant.  Mr. 
Bean  denounces  the  Cherry  Laurel  in  no  measured 
terms.  "  Few  other  plants  can  stand  against  its 
greedy,  searching  roots,  and  its  vigorous  branches 
and    big    leaves    kill    other    leaf-growth    near    them. 

A 


D.  H.  HILL  LmRARY 
North  Carolina  State  College 


2  TREES  AND   SHRUBS 

Grown  in  the  proper  way,  that  is,  as  an  isolated 
shrub,  with  abundance  of  space  to  develop  its 
graceful  branches  and  brilliant  green  leaves,  the 
Cherry  Laurel  is  a  beautiful  evergreen  ;  it  is  quite 
happy  in  shady,  half-wooded  places.  But  grown, 
as  it  is  so  often,  jammed  up  and  smothering  other 
things,  or  held  in  bounds  by  a  merciless  and  beauty- 
destroying  knife,  its  presence  has  not  been  to  the 
advantage  of  English  gardening." 

When  the  planting  season  comes  round,  think  of 
some  of  the  good  shrubs  not  yet  in  the  garden,  and 
forget  pontic  Rhododendron,  Laurel,  Aucuba,  and 
Privet.  By  this  is  not  meant  rare  shrubs,  such  as 
may  only  be  had  from  the  few  nurseries  of  the  very 
highest  rank  or  from  those  that  make  rare  shrubs  a 
speciality,  but  good  things  that  may  be  grown  in  any 
garden  and  that  appear  in  all  good  shrub  catalogues. 

Perhaps  no  beautiful  and  now  well-known  shrub  is 
more  neglected  than  beautiful  Exochorda  grandiflora 
(the  Pearl  Bush).  Its  near  relatives,  the  Spiraeas,  are 
in  every  shrubbery,  but  one  may  go  through  twenty 
and  not  see  Exochorda.  Even  of  the  Spiraeas  one 
does  not  half  often  see  enough  of  5.  Tlmnbergi,  a 
perfect  milky  way  of  little  starry  bloom  in  April  and 
a  most  shapely  little  bush,  or  the  double-flowered  S. 
prunifolia,  with  its  long  wreaths  of  flower-like  double 
thorn  or  minute  white  roses  and  its  autumn  bravery 
of  scarlet  foliage.  The  hardy  Magnolias  are  not 
given  the  opportunity  they  deserve  of  making  our 
gardens  lovely  in  earliest  summer.  Who  that  has 
seen   Magnolia   stellata  in   its   April   dress   of   profuse 


WANT   OF   VARIETY   A   BLEMISH       3 

white  bloom  and  its  summer  and  autumn  dignity  of 
handsome  though  not  large  foliage,  would  endure  to 
be  without  it  ?  or  who  would  not  desire  to  have  the 
fragrant  chalices  of  M.  soulartgeana,  with  their  outside 
staining  of  purple,  and  M.  conspicua,  of  purest  white 
in  the  early  months  of  March  and  April  ?  And  why 
does  not  every  garden  hold  one,  at  least,  of  the  sweet 
Chimonanthts,  offering,  as  it  does  in  February,  an 
abundance  of  its  little  blooms  of  a  fragrance  so  rich 
and  powerful  that  it  can  be  scarcely  matched  through- 
out the  year. 

Cassinea  fulvida^  still  known  in  nurseries  by  its 
older  name  of  Diplopappus,  in  winter  wears  its 
fullest  dress  of  tiny  gold-backed  leafage  in  long 
graceful  sprays,  that  are  borne  in  such  profusion 
that  they  only  beg  to  be  cut  to  accompany  the  rare 
flowers  of  winter  that  we  bring  indoors  to  sweeten 
and  enliven  our  rooms. 

Of  small  -  flowering  trees  none  is  lovelier  than 
the  snowy  Mespilus  {Amelauchier),  and  for  a  tree  of 
somewhat  larger  size  the  good  garden  form  of  the 
native  Bird  Cherry  is  beautiful  in  the  early  year. 
The  North  American  Halesia  (the  Snowdrop  Tree) 
should  be  in  every  garden,  either  as  a  bush  or  tree, 
every  branch  hung  in  May  with  its  full  array  of 
pendent  bloom  of  the  size  and  general  shape  of 
Snowdrops,  only  of  a  warm  and  almost  creamy 
instead  of  a  cold  snow-white  colour. 

Few  spring-flowering  shrubs  are  more  free  and 
graceful  than  Forsythia  suspeusa,  and  if  it  can  be 
planted    on    a   slight    eminence   and   encouraged   to 


4  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

throw  down  its  many-feet-long  graceful  sprays  it 
then  exhibits  its  best  garden  use.  The  Japanese 
Viburnum  plkatum  is  another  shrub  well  known  but 
unfairly  neglected,  flowering  with  the  earliest  Irises. 
Grouped  with  the  grand  Iris  pallida  dalmatica  it  is  a 
thing  never  to  be  forgotten. 

^sculus  or  Pavia  macrostachya,  blooming  in  July 
when  flowering  shrubs  are  rare,  is  easily  grown  and 
strikingly  handsome,  and  yet  how  rarely  seen  !  Caly- 
canthus  floridus,  with  its  spice-scented  blooms  of  low- 
toned  crimson,  also  a  late  summer  flower,  is  a  fine 
thing  in  a  cool,  well-sheltered  corner,  where  the  sun 
cannot  burn  the  flowers.  The  Rose  Acacia  {Robinia 
hispida),  trained  on  a  wall  or  house,  is  as  beautiful  as 
any  Wistaria,  and  the  quality  of  the  low-toned  rosy 
bloom  of  a  much  rarer  colour.  It  is  quite  hardy, 
but  so  brittle  that  it  needs  close  and  careful  wall 
training  or  other  support.  To  name  a  few  others  in 
the  same  kind  of  category,  but  rather  less  hardy,  the 
Sweet  Bay  is  the  noblest  of  evergreen  bushes  or 
small  trees  ;  the  Tamarisk,  with  its  grey  plumes  of 
foliage  and  autumn  flower-plumes  of  tenderest  pink, 
is  a  delightful  plant  in  our  southern  counties,  doing 
especially  well  near  the  sea.  Clethra  alnifolia,  against 
a  wall  or  in  the  open,  is  a  mass  of  flower  in  late 
summer,  and  the  best  of  the  Hibiscus  syriacus,  or 
Althcea  fridex,  the  shrubbery  representatives  of 
Mallows  and  Hollyhocks,  are  autumn  flowers  of  the 
best  class.  A  bushy  plant  of  half-woody  character 
that  may  well  be  classed  among  shrubs,  and  that  was 
beloved  of  our  grandmothers,  is  Leycesteria  formosa,  a 


WANT   OF   VARIETY   A   BLEMISH       5 

delightful  thing  in  the  later  autumn.  The  large- 
fruited  Euonymus  (Spindle  Tree)  is  another  good 
thing  too  little  grown. 

For  a  peaty  garden  there  are  many  delightful 
plants  in  the  neglected  though  easy-to-be-had  list. 
One  of  these  is  the  beautiful  and  highly  fragrant 
Azalea  occidentalism  all  the  better  that  the  flowers  and 
leaves  come  together  and  that  it  is  later  than  the 
Ghent  Azaleas.  Then  there  are  the  two  sweet- 
scented  North  American  Bog  Myrtles,  Myrica  cerifera 
and  Comptonia  asplenifolia,  the  charming  little  Ledum 
buxifolium,  of  neatest  bushy  form,  and  the  larger 
L.  palustre,  whose  bruised  leaves  are  of  delightful 
aromatic  fragrance  ;  Vacciniutn  pennsylvanicum,  pretty 
in  leaf  and  flower  and  blazing  scarlet  in  autumn,  and 
Gatdtlieria  Shallon,  a  most  important  sub-shrub,  revel- 
ling in  moist  peat  or  any  cool  sandy  soil. 

These  examples  by  no  means  exhaust  the  list  of 
desirable  shrubs  that  may  be  found  for  the  slightest 
seeking.  This  brief  recital  of  their  names  and 
qualities  is  only  meant  as  a  reminder  that  all  these 
good  things  are  close  at  hand,  while  many  more  are 
only  waiting  to  be  asked  for. 


ORNAMENTAL   PLANTING   IN 
WOODLAND 

Where  woodland  adjoins  garden  ground,  and  the 
one  passes  into  the  other  by  an  almost  imperceptible 
gradation,  a  desire  is  often  felt  to  let  the  garden 
influence  penetrate  some  way  into  the  wood  by  the 
planting  within  the  wood  of  some  shrubs  or  trees 
of  distinctly  ornamental  character. 

Such  a  desire  very  naturally  arises — it  is  wild 
gardening  with  the  things  of  larger  growth ;  but, 
like  all  forms  of  wild  gardening  (which  of  all  branches 
of  gardening  is  the  most  difficult  to  do  rightly,  and 
needs  the  greatest  amount  of  knowledge),  the  wishes 
of  the  planter  must  be  tempered  with  extreme  pre- 
caution and  restraint.  It  does  not  do  to  plant  in 
the  wild  garden  things  of  well-known  garden  charac- 
ter. This  is  merely  to  spoil  the  wood,  which,  in 
many  cases,  is  already  so  good  that  any  addition 
would  be  a  tasteless  intrusion  of  something  irrelevant 
and  unsuitable. 

Still,  there  are  certain  wooded  places  where  a 
judicious  planting  would  be  a  gain,  and  there  are 
a  certain  number  of  trees  and  shrubs  which  those 
who  have  a  fair  knowledge  of  their  ways,  and  a 
true  sympathy  with  the  nature  of  woodland,  recognise 
as  suitable  for  this  kind  of  planting.     They  will  be 

6 


ORNAMENTAL   PLANTING  7 

found  in  these  classes  :  Native  growths  that  are  absent 
or  unusual  in  the  district,  such  as  the  Spindle  Tree 
{Euotiymus),  White  Beam,  Service  Tree,  White  and 
Black  Thorn,  Wild  Cherry,  Bird  Cherry,  Wild  Guelder 
Rose  [Viburnum  Opu/us),  and  V.  Lantana,  Honeysuckle, 
Wild  Roses,  Juniper,  and  Daphne  Laureola. 

Then,  among  cultivated  trees  and  shrubs,  those  that 
are  nearly  related  to  our  wild  kinds,  including  some 
that  are  found  in  foreign  woodlands  that  have  about 
the  same  latitude  and  climate  as  our  own.  Among 
these  will  be  Quinces  and  Medlars,  many  kinds  of 
ornamental  Crataegus,  Scarlet  Oaks,  various  Elders 
and  Crabs,  and  the  grand  Sorbus  americana,  so  like  our 
native  Mountain  Ash,  but  on  a  much  larger  scale. 

A  very  careful  planting  with  trees  and  shrubs  of 
some  of  these  and,  perhaps,  other  allied  kinds,  may 
give  additional  beauty  and  interest  to  woodland. 
Differences  of  soil  will,  of  course,  be  carefully 
considered,  for  if  a  piece  of  woodland  were  on 
chalky  soil,  a  totally  different  selection  should  be 
made  from  one  that  would  be  right  for  a  soil  that 
was  poor  and  sandy. 

In  moist,  sandy,  or,  still  better,  peaty  ground, 
especially  where  there  is  a  growth  of  Birches  and 
Scotch  Firs,  and  not  many  other  kinds  of  trees,  a 
plantation  of  Rhododendrons  may  have  a  fine  effect. 
But  in  this  case  it  is  better  to  use  the  common 
R.  ponticum  only,  as  a  mixture  of  differently  coloured 
kinds  is  sure  to  give  a  misplaced-garden  look,  or 
an  impression  as  if  a  bit  of  garden  ground  had 
missed  its  way  and  got  lost  in  the  wood. 


GROUPING   OF   TREES   AND    SHRUBS 

If  this  subject  were  considered  with  only  a  reason- 
able amount  of  thought,  and  the  practice  of  it  con- 
trolled by  good  taste,  there  is  nothing  that  would 
do  more  for  the  beauty  of  our  gardens  or  grounds. 
Nothing  can  so  effectually  destroy  good  effect  as  the 
usual  senseless  mixture  of  deciduous  and  evergreen 
shrubs  that,  alas  !  is  so  commonly  seen  in  gardens — 
a  mixture  of  one  each  of  a  quantity  of  perhaps 
excellent  things  planted  about  three  feet  apart.  There 
would  be  nothing  to  be  said  against  this  if  it  were  the 
deliberate  intention  of  any  individual,  for,  as  a  garden 
is  for  the  owner's  happiness,  it  is  indisputably  his 
right  to  take  his  pleasure  in  it  as  he  will,  and  if  he 
says,  "  I  have  only  space  for  a  hundred  plants,  and  I 
wish  them  to  be  all  different,"  that  is  for  him  to 
decide.  But  when  the  mixture  is  made  from  pure 
ignorance  or  helplessness  it  is  then  that  advice  may 
be  of  use,  and  that  the  assurance  may  be  given  that 
there  are  better  ways  that  are  just  as  easy  at  the 
beginning,  and  that  with  every  year  will  be  growing 
on  towards  some  definite  scheme  of  beauty,  instead 
of  merely  growing  up  into  a  foolish  tangle  of  horti- 
cultural imbecility. 

If   the   intending  planter  has  no  knowledge  it  is 
well  worth  his  while  to  take  advice  at  the  beginning, 


GROUPING   OF   TREES   AND   SHRUBS     9 

not  to  plant  at  random  and  to  feel,  a  few  years  later, 
first  doubt,  and  then  regret,  and  then,  as  knowledge 
grows,  to  have  to  face  the  fact  that  it  is  all  wrong 
and  that  much  precious  time  has  been  lost. 

How  to  group  is  a  large  question,  depending  on 
all  the  conditions  of  the  place  under  consideration. 
Whether  a  group  is  to  be  of  tall  or  short  growing 
shrubs  or  trees,  whether  it  is  to  be  of  three  or  three 
hundred,  and  so  on.  The  knowledge  that  can  answer 
is  the  knowledge  of  gardening  of  the  better  kind. 
The  whole  thing  should  be  done  carefully  on  paper 
beforehand,  or  there  will  again  be  repented  the  error 
of  huddled  single  plants.  The  groups  will  have  to 
be  well  shaped  and  well  sized  and  well  related  to 
each  other  and  all  that  is  near,  or  they  may  be 
merely  a  series  of  senseless  blocks,  not  intelligently 
formed  groups  at  all. 

Then,  in  proper  relation  to  the  groups,  single 
plants  can  be  used  with  the  best  possible  effect,  as, 
for  instance,  a  snowy  Mespilus  or  a  Cherry  or  a 
Pyrtis  Mains  Jloribtitida  against  a  dark  mass  of  Yew 
or  Ilex;  or  a  Forsylhia  suspcnsa  casting  out  its  long 
flowering  branches  from  among  bushes  of  Berbcris. 
Then  the  fewer  individuals  will  have  their  full  value, 
while  the  larger  masses  will  have  dignity  even  when 
in  leaf  only,  and  their  own  special  beauty  at  the  time 
when  they  are  in  flower  or  fruit.  For  some  flower- 
ing and  fruiting  bushes  are  best  grouped,  while  a  few 
are  best  seen  standing  alone,  and  it  is  only  knowledge 
of  good  gardening  that  can  guide  the  designer  in  his 
decisions  on  these  points.     Still  it  does  not  follow 


lo  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

that  a  shrub  or  flowering  tree  cannot  be  used  both 
for  groups  and  single  use,  for  such  an  one  as  the 
Forsythia  just  mentioned  is  also  of  charming  effect 
in  its  own  groups,  with  the  red-tinted  Berberis  or  the 
quiet-coloured  Savins,  or  whatever  be  the  lower  grow- 
ing bushy  mass  that  is  chosen  to  accompany  it. 
Every  one  can  see  the  great  gain  of  such  arrange- 
ments when  they  are  made,  but  to  learn  to  make 
them,  and  even  to  perceive  what  are  the  plants  to 
group  together,  and  why,  that  is  the  outcome  of  the 
education  of  the  garden  artist. 

Much  has  been  done  at  Kew  in  the  judicious 
grouping  of  plants,  and  here  is  a  living  place  of  in- 
struction open  to  all,  where  the  best  of  plants  may  be 
seen  and,  to  a  considerable  degree,  the  best  ways  of 
using  them  in  gardens. 

The  one-thing-at-a-time  planting  is  always  a  safe 
guide,  but  as  the  planter  gains  a  firmer  grasp  of  his 
subject,  so  he  may  exercise  more  freedom  in  its 
application.  Nearly  every  garden,  shrubbery,  and 
ornamental  tree  plantation  is  spoilt  or  greatly  marred 
by  too  great  a  mixture  of  incongruous  growths. 
Nothing  wants  more  careful  consideration.  On  the 
ground  in  the  open  air,  and  sitting  at  home  quietly 
thinking,  the  question  should  be  carefully  thought  out. 
The  very  worst  thing  to  do  is  to  take  a  nursery 
catalogue  and  make  out  from  it  a  list  of  supposed 
wants.  The  right  thing  is  to  make  a  plan  of  the 
ground,  to  scale,  if  possible,  though  a  rougher  one 
may  serve,  and  mark  it  all  down  in  good  time  before- 
hand, not  to   wait  until  the   last  moment  and   then 


NATURAL  GROUPi: 


IN  ROUGH  GROUND. 


GROUPING  OF  TREES  AND  SHRUBS     ii 

mark  it  ;  and  not  to  send  the  list  to  the  nursery  till 
the  ground  is  well  forward  for  planting,  so  that  the 
moment  the  plants  come  they  may  go  to  their 
places. 

All  this  planning  and  thinking  should  be  done  in 
the  summer,  so  that  the  list  may  go  to  the  nursery 
in  September,  which  will  enable  the  nurseryman  to 
supply  the  trees  in  the  earliest  and  best  of  the  plant- 
ing season. 

How  good  it  would  be  to  plant  a  whole  hillside  on 
chalky  soil  with  grand  groupings  of  Yew  or  Box,  or 
with  these  intergrouped,  and  how  easy  afterwards  to 
run  among  these  groupings  of  lesser  shrubs  ;  or  to 
plant  light  land  with  Scotch  Fir  and  Holly,  Thorn 
and  Juniper  (just  these  few  things  grouped  and 
intergrouped)  ;  or  wastes  of  sandhills  near  the  sea 
within  our  milder  shores  with  Sea  Buckthorn  and 
Tamarisk,  and  Monterey  Cypress  {Cupressus  ntactv- 
carpa)y  and  long  drifts  of  the  handsome  Blue  Lyme 
Grass. 

A  mile  of  sandy  littoral  might  be  transformed  with 
these  few  things,  and  no  others  than  its  own  wild 
growths,  into  a  region  of  delight,  where  noble  tree 
form  of  rapid  growth,  tender  colour  of  plume-like 
branch  and  bloom  and  brilliant  berry,  and  waving 
blue  grassy  ribbons,  equalling  in  value  any  of  the  lesser 
Bamboos,  would  show  a  lesson  of  simple  planting 
such  as  is  most  to  be  desired  but  is  rarely  to  be 
seen. 

The  other  and  commoner  way  is  nothing  but  a 
muddle    from    beginning    to    end.      A   van-load    of 


12  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

shrubs  arrives  from  the  nursery — one  of  each  or 
perhaps  not  more  than  six  of  any  kind.  No  plan  is 
prepared,  and  the  trees  and  shrubs  are  planted  in  the 
usual  weary  mixture,  without  thought  or  design. 
Generally  there  are  three  times  too  many  for  the 
space.  It  is  a  cruel  waste  and  misuse  of  good 
things. 


HEATHY    PATHS    IN    OUTER 
GARDEN    SPACES 

The  subject  of  heathy  paths  comes  within  the  scope 
of  this  book.  We  are  not  thinking  of  grass  or  gravel 
paths,  but  those  in  pleasure-grounds  that  are  beyond 
the  province  of  the  trimly-kept  garden,  and  yet  have 
to  be  somewhat  tamed  from  the  mere  narrow  track 
such  as  serves  for  the  gamekeeper  on  his  rounds. 
Paths  of  this  kind  admit  of  varied  treatment.  The 
nature  of  the  place  and  the  requirements  of  those 
who  use  the  paths  will  determine  their  general  nature, 
and  settle  whether  they  are  to  be  of  turf  or  of  some- 
thing that  must  be  dry  in  all  weathers.  But  grass 
and  gravel  are  not  the  only  alternatives.  One  kind 
of  path  not  often  seen,  but  always  pleasant,  and  at 
one  time  of  year  distinctly  beautiful,  can  be  made  of 
the  Common  Heather  {Calluua  vulgaris).  We  know 
of  such  a  path,  1 2  feet  wide  and  some  hundreds  of 
feet  long,  carpeted  with  this  native  Heath,  mown 
once  a  year,  and  feeling  like  a  thick  pile  carpet  to 
the  feet  ;  grey-green  in  summer,  bronze-coloured  in 
late  autumn,  and  in  the  second  and  third  weeks  of 
August  thickly  set  with  short  sprays  of  the  low-toned 
pink  of  the  Heather  bloom.  It  is  not  so  dry  as  a 
gravel  path,  but  a  good  deal  drier  than  grass,  and 


14  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

has  a  pleasant  feeling  of  elasticity  that  is  absent  in 
common  turf. 

Many  are  the  pleasure-grounds  in  the  south  of 
England  and  Scotland  where  the  soil  is  sandy  and, 
perhaps,  peaty.  Any  such  can  have  these  pleasant 
heathy  paths.  We  have  even  seen  them  on  a  poor 
sandy  clay,  scarcely  good  enough  to  call  loam,  in 
Sussex  ;  for  Calluna,  unlike  the  other  Heaths,  will 
grow  willingly  in  clay.  In  the  case  quoted  the  plant 
was  wild  in  the  place. 

In  a  Fir  wood,  the  bare  earth  carpeted  with  needles 
always  makes  a  suitable  path,  and  one  that  is  always 
dry  ;  the  only  thing  to  correct  is  to  fill  up  any  places 
where  the  bare  roots  rise  above  the  path  level.  For 
in  these  informal  paths,  where  we  want  to  look  about 
and  at  the  trees,  there  should  be  no  danger  of  being 
tripped  up.  The  path,  of  whatever  nature,  should  be 
wide  enough  for  two  persons — 5  feet  to  6  feet  is 
ample  ;  but  it  should  have  quite  a  different  character 
to  the  garden  path,  in  that  its  edges  are  not  defined 
or  straightened. 

One  may  often  see  in  the  outskirts  of  an  old 
garden  a  dense  wood  that  once  was  only  a  growth  of 
shrubbery  size.  The  walk  was  originally  bordered 
by  a  Box  edging,  and  there  may  have  been  a  strip  of 
flowers  between  it  and  the  shrubs.  Here  and  there 
one  may  still  see  a  yard  or  two  of  straggling  Box 
nearly  2  feet  high.  Of  course,  this  edging  should 
have  been  removed  as  soon  as  the  place  became  a 
wood,  for  after  a  certain  time  its  original  use  as  a 
formal  edging  to  a  trim  plantation  ceased  to  exist. 


mis  GROUPS  BY   WOODLAND 


HEATHY   PATHS  15 

Nothing  is  pleasanter  in  woodland  than  broad, 
grassy  ways,  well  enough  levelled  to  insure  safety  to 
an  unheeding  walker.  In  early  spring,  before  the 
grass  has  grown  any  height,  here  is  the  place  where 
Daffodils  can  best  be  seen  and  enjoyed,  some  in  the 
clear  grass  and  some  running  back  in  wide  drifts  into 
any  side  opening  of  the  wood.  If  the  grass  is  cut  in 
June,  when  the  Daffodil  foliage  is  ripe,  and  again 
early  in  September,  these  two  mowings  will  suffice 
for  the  year. 

In  many  woody  places  where  shade  is  fairly  thick, 
if  there  is  any  grass  it  will  probably  be  full  of  moss. 
No  path-carpet  is  more  beautiful  than  a  mossy  one  ; 
indeed,  where  grass  walks  from  the  garden  pass  into 
woodland,  the  mossy  character  so  sympathetic  to  the 
wood  should  be  treasured,  and  the  moss  should  not 
be  scratched  out  with  iron  rakes.  Often  in  the 
lawn  proper  a  mixture  of  moss  and  grass  is  desirable, 
though  one  has  been  taught  that  all  moss  is  hateful. 
In  such  places,  though  it  may  be  well  to  check 
it  by  raking  out  every  four  or  five  years,  it  should 
by  no  means  be  destroyed,  for  in  the  lawn  spaces 
adjoining  trees  or  woodland  the  moss  is  right  and 
harmonious. 

There  are  paths  for  the  garden  and  paths  for  the 
wood.  A  mistaken  zeal  that  would  insist  on  the 
trimness  of  the  straight-edged  garden  walk  in  wood- 
land or  wild  is  just  as  much  misplaced  as  if  by 
slothful  oversight  an  accumulation  of  dead  leaves 
or  other  debris  of  natural  decay  were  permitted  to 
remain  in  the  region  of  formal  terrace  or  parterre. 


TREES  AND  SHRUBS  IN  POOR  SOILS 

As  there  is  vegetation  to  suit  nearly  all  natural  con- 
ditions, so  those  who  find  they  have  to  undertake 
planting  in  poor,  dry,  hungry  sands  and  gravels  will 
find  that  there  are  plenty  of  trees  and  shrubs  that 
can  be  used,  though  the  choice  is  necessarily  a  more 
restricted  one  than  they  might  make  on  better  land. 
The  very  fact  of  the  fewer  number  of  available  trees 
and  shrubs  may  even  be  a  benefit  in  disguise,  as  by 
obliging  the  planter  to  be  more  restricted  in  his 
choice  the  planting  scheme  will  be  all  the  more 
harmonious. 

As  to  trees,  Holly,  Thorn,  Juniper,  Birch,  Scotch 
Fir,  and  Mountain  Ash  are  found  wild  on  the  poorest 
soils,  and  will  even  grow  in  almost  pure  sand.  Oaks, 
though  they  never  grow  to  the  dimensions  of  the 
Oak  of  loamy  woodlands,  are  abundant  on  poor  soils, 
where  they  have  a  character  of  their  own  that  is  full 
of  pictorial  value.  The  lovely  Amelanchier,  daintiest 
of  small  trees,  revels  in  sandy  woods,  as  does  also 
the  Bird  Cherry,  another  good  native  tree,  while  the 
Wild  Cherry  becomes  a  forest  tree  of  large  size  and 
of  loveliest  bloom.  Ilex  and  Arbutus  are  excellent 
in  the  south  of  England,  enjoying  the  warmth  and 
winter  dryness  of  light  soils. 

Garden  shrubs  in  general  can  be  grown,  though 


TREES   IN   POOR   SOILS  17 

not  so  luxuriantly  as  on  better  soils,  but  some  classes 
are  especially  successful  on  poor  land.  There  are 
the  Cistuses  and  Heaths,  with  Lavender  and  Rose- 
mary, in  the  drier  parts,  and  in  the  wetter  places 
Kalmias,  Androniedas,  Rhododendrons ^  Ledums,  Per- 
mcttyas,  and  Vacciniums,  with  the  Candleberry  Gale 
and  the  native  Bog  Myrtle.  These,  which  are 
usually  classed  as  peat  shrubs,  will  succeed  in  any 
sandy  soil  with  the  addition  of  leaf-mould,  and  are 
among  the  most  interesting  and  beautiful  of  our 
garden  shrubs. 

Those  who  garden  on  poor  and  dry  soils  should 
remember  that  though  their  ground  has  drawbacks 
it  has  also  some  compensations.  Such  soils  do  not 
dry  in  cracks  and  open  fissures  in  hot  weather,  and 
do  not  present  a  surface  of  soapy  slides  in  wet  ; 
they  can  be  worked  at  all  times  of  the  year,  except 
in  hard  frost  ;  they  are  easy  to  hoe  and  keep  clean 
of  weeds  and  are  pleasant  and  easy  to  work.  They 
correct  the  tendency  of  stony  soils  to  the  making 
of  a  quantity  of  coarse  rank  growth,  and  they 
encourage  the  production  of  a  quantity  of  flowers 
of  good  colour. 


PRUNING    FLOWERING    TREES    AND 
SHRUBS 

The  art  of  pruning  properly  is  one  that  is  acquired 
by  considerable  practice  and  observation.  The  first 
is  necessary  that  the  actual  work  may  be  well  and 
cleanly  done,  and  it  is  only  by  observing  the  manner 
and  times  of  flowering  of  the  different  trees  and 
shrubs  which  go  to  constitute  a  well-kept  pleasure- 
ground  that  the  proper  time  to  prune  can  be 
thoroughly  understood.  The  manner  of  pruning 
varies  considerably,  some  pinning  their  faith  to  a 
slanting  cut  towards  a  bud  ;  some  preferring  a 
straight  cut ;  while  others  again  are  content  with 
simply  slashing  off  the  useless  wood  in  the  quickest 
possible  manner.  The  former  is  the  best  method, 
as  it  does  not  present  a  surface  for  the  lodgment 
of  water,  an  important  point  with  those  shrubs  that 
are  of  a  pithy  nature  in  the  centre  of  the  wood,  as 
the  presence  of  water  will  quickly  cause  the  stems  to 
rot  and  render  the  plant  unsightly,  even  if  it  escapes 
serious  injury.  All  stems  that  are  an  inch  or  more 
in  diameter  should  be  tarred  over  to  keep  out  the 
wet,  which  either  rots  them  directly  or  injures  them 
indirectly  by  making  a  moist,  congenial  home  for  the 
various  fungoid  diseases  to  which  so  many  of  our 
exotic  trees  and  shrubs  are  liable. 


PRUNING   FLOWERING   TREES         19 

Many  shrubs  which  have  been  in  one  place  for 
some  years,  and  which  have  become  stunted  or 
poorly  flowered,  are  often  given  a  new  lease  of  life 
by  a  hard  pruning  in  the  winter,  cutting  away  all 
the  old  wood  entirely,  and  shortening  the  remainder. 
With  a  good  feeding  at  the  same  time,  they  will 
throw  up  strong  young  shoots,  full  of  vigour,  which 
will  bear  fine  and  well-coloured  flowers.  Of  course, 
a  season  of  blooming  will  be  lost  by  doing  this,  but 
it  will  be  amply  compensated  for  in  after  years  by  a 
heahhy  plant  in  place  of  a  decrepit  and  unsightly 
one.  The  list  appended  includes  practically  every 
flowering  tree  and  shrub  hardy  in  this  country,  with 
the  proper  time  of  pruning  it.  Those  not  specified 
flower  on  the  old  wood. 

Abelia. — This  genus  is  barely  hardy,  and,  in  most 
localities,  is  usually  pruned  sufficiently  or  too  much 
by  frost.  A  moderate  thinning  of  the  shoots  in 
spring  is  sufficient. 

ACANTHOPANAX — There  are  three  species  of  this 
genus  hardy  in  this  country,  and  of  these  A.  ricini- 
folimn  requires  no  pruning  beyond  the  cutting  away 
of  side-shoots  to  a  single  stem,  as  it  attains  the 
dimensions  of  a  tree  in  Japan,  its  native  country. 
A,  sessilijlorum  and  A.  spinosuin  are  low -growing 
shrubs,  and  require  an  occasional  thinning  out,  which 
is  best  done  in  late  summer  to  allow  the  remainder 
to  thoroughly  ripen  before  winter. 

ACTINIDA. — A  climbing  genus,  easily  grown  in 
warm,  sheltered  localities.  They  require  very  little 
pruning,    but    should    be    watched    in    spring  when 


20  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

growth  has  commenced,  or  the  twining  shoots  will 
get  into  a  tangled  and  unsightly  mass.  Any  growth 
not  required  should  be  cut  away  in  winter. 

Akebia. — ^^Akebia  quinaia  has  flowered  here,  on  an 
east  wall,  profusely  for  the  last  seventeen  years,  under 
the  following  pruning  treatment :  Cover  the  space 
allotted  with  the  strongest  shoots,  and  when  new 
growth  pushes  from  the  eyes  or  spurs  in  the  spring, 
do  not  regulate  it,  but  summer-prune  away  all  super- 
fluous growth  before  it  gets  entangled.  It  is  from 
'  spurs '  that  the  flowers  are  produced,  and  the  more 
these  are  kept  clear,  the  more  matured  they  become, 
and  flower  correspondingly." — E.  M.  in  The  Garden. 

iEscuLUS  (Horse-Chestnut). — The  common  re- 
presentative of  this  requires  little  or  no  pruning,  but 
the  other  species  are  benefited  by  a  thinning  out  of 
misplaced  and  useless  branches  in  late  summer  to 
allow  light  and  air  to  the  centre  of  the  tree.  This 
is  especially  important  to  all  the  -^sculus  in  a  young 
state.  jEscuIus  parvijlora  should  have  a  good  thin- 
ning if  the  branches  or  suckers  become  at  all  thick, 
cutting  all  growths  not  required  clean  away  from  the 
base. 

Amelanchier. — These  should  be  pruned  after  the 
flowers  are  past,  the  removal  of  badly-placed  and 
weakly  shoots  being  all  that  is  required.  If  the 
plants  are  becoming  too  large,  they  can  be  shortened 
back  at  the  same  time. 

Amorpha. — -If  flowers  are  desired  of  A.  fruticosa 
it  should  be  kept  thinned  out,  and  not  be  cut  back  ; 
but  the  flowers  are  not  showy,  and  it  is  usually  kept 


CKANOIIWS  AZUREUS,    VAR    MARIE  SIMON. 


PRUNING   FLOWERING   TREES         21 

cut    down    every  winter  for  the   sake  of  its   foliage. 

A.  canescens  should  be  cut  down  each  spring  to  within 
two  or  three  eyes  of  the  old  wood,  as  it  flowers  best 
on  the  young  growth. 

Andromeda. — The  only  recognised  species  of  this 
genus  is  A.  polifolia,  which  requires  no  pruning. 

Akalia. — These  should  be  kept  to  a  single  stem 
until  they  have  attained  a  height  of  6  to  8  feet,  after 
which  they  may  be  allowed  to  branch,  or  be  still  kept 
to  a  single  stem,  as  may  be  desired. 

Arbutus. — An  evergreen  genus  which  requires  no 
pruning. 

Aristolochia. — A  genus  of  climbers  which  suc- 
ceed best  if  the  shoots  are  not  allowed  to  become 
too  thick.  The  weakest  should  be  cut  away  in 
winter. 

Artemisia. — This  genus  is  best  known  by  its 
common  representative,  the  Southernwood,  but  this 
and  the  other  Artemisias  should  be  cut  down  annually 
in  a  young  state.  When  older,  an  occasional  thinning 
out  of  the  shoots  in  winter  is  sufficient. 

Baccharis. — Of  this,  D.  halimifolia  flowers  on  the 
young  wood  and  should  be  cut  back  annually,  while 

B.  patagonica  should  not  be  pruned  at  all. 
Berberis. — Properly    the    Berberis    requires    no 

pruning,  but  the  stronger-growing  species,  such  as 
B.  aristata,  B.  Lyciuni,  B.  virescens,  B.  vulgaris,  &c., 
require  an  occasional  thinning  to  keep  them  within 
bounds. 

Berchemia. — A  climbing  genus  which  requires  no 
pruning. 


22  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

Bruckenthalia. — A  dwarf  -  growing  Ericaceous 
genus,  the  seed-pods  of  which  should  be  removed  as 
soon  as  the  flowers  are  past,  or  the  plants  will  be 
seriously  weakened. 

Bryanthus. — This  should  be  treated  the  same  as 
the  last,  which  it  somewhat  resembles. 

BUDDLEIA. — Of  these,  B.  japonica,  B.  intermedia,  and 
B.  lindleyana  flower  on  the  young  wood  and  require 
cutting  back  every  winter  to  within  two  or  three  eyes 
of  the  old  wood  ;  B.  globosa  need  not  be  pruned  at 
all,  except  in  a  young  state  to  keep  it  bushy  ;  and 
B.  paniculaia  only  requires  thinning  out  if  it  becomes 
too  thick,  which  is  not  a  very  common  occurrence. 

Calluna  (the  Ling). — This  and  its  numerous 
varieties  should  have  the  old  flowers  cut  off  as  soon 
as  they  are  past,  and  any  long  or  straggling  growth 
cut  back  at  the  same  time. 

Calophaca. — The  solitary  representative  of  this 
genus  is  rather  inclined  to  become  straggly  if  grow- 
ing at  all  freely.  When  this  is  the  case,  the  plant  is 
benefited  by  the  cutting  back  of  the  longer  shoots 
in  winter. 

Calycanthus. — These  require  an  occasional  thin- 
ning of  the  branches,  and  any  long  shoots  may  be 
shortened  with  advantage. 

Camellia. — These,  which  should  be  grown  out- 
doors much  more  than  they  are,  should  be  cut  down 
if  they  get  unhealthy  or  unshapely,  which  should  be 
done  in  April.     Otherwise  no  pruning  is  required. 

Caragana. — Cut  away  all  the  straggling  or  mis- 
placed branches. 


PRUNING   FLOWERING  TREES         23 

Carmichaelia. — Requires  no  pruning. 

Cassandra. — See  Calluna. 

Cassinia. — These  are  grown  more  for  their  fohage 
than  for  their  flowers,  and  should  be  cut  down  in  the 
winter  or  early  spring.  This  can  be  done  annually 
or  biennially  according  to  whether  the  plants  are 
growing  strongly  or  not. 

Cassiope. — See  Calluna. 

Catalpa. — This  genus  contains  some  of  our  hand- 
somest flowering  trees,  all  of  which  require  careful 
pruning  after  the  flowers  are  past,  thinning  out  the 
weakly  wood,  and  shortening  any  long  branches. 

Ceanothus. — Of  these,  C.  americanus,  C.  azureus, 
C.  integerrimus,  and  the  garden  hybrids,  such  as 
"  Gloire  de  Versailles,"  "  Marie  Simon,"  "  Ceres," 
&c.,  flower  on  the  young  wood,  and  should  be  cut 
back  in  spring,  allowing  only  sufficient  shoots  to 
remain  to  form  a  well-balanced  plant,  and  shortening 
them  back  to  within  two  or  three  eyes  of  the  old 
wood.  The  remaining  species  flower  on  the  old 
wood,  and  merely  require  a  shortening  back  of  the 
stronger  shoots  and  a  thinning  out  of  the  weakly 
ones  after  the  flowers  are  past. 

Celastrus. — A  climbing  genus  of  strong  and 
vigorous  habit  with  showy  fruits.  They  only  require 
sufficient  pruning  in  winter  to  keep  them  within 
bounds. 

Cercis. — Requires  no  pruning,  except  such  as 
may  be  necessary  to  make  well-shaped  plants,  which 
should  be  done  after  flowering. 

Chimonanthus. — The    shoots   of    this   should    be 


24  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

shortened  back  after  flowering,  and  if  on  a  wall  they 
should  be  spurred  in. 

Chionanthus. — See  Cercis. 

CiSTUS. — Those  which  are  hardy  of  this  genus 
should  be  cut  back  each  spring  while  in  a  young 
state,  but  when  they  have  attained  a  flowering  size  no 
pruning  is  required.  The  cutting  back  of  young 
plants  induces  a  bushy  habit,  and  also  keeps  them 
from  weakening  themselves  by  blooming  and  seeding. 

Clematis. — The  garden  forms  of  this  genus  are 
divided  into  two  sections,  of  which  C.  Jackmani, 
C.  lanuginosa,  C.  Viticella,  and  C.  aromatica  (C  coerulea 
odorata)  are  the  types  of  those  which  flower  on  the 
young  wood,  and  which  require  cutting  back  close 
to  the  old  wood  in  the  winter  ;  while  C.  Jlorida, 
C.  patens,  and  C.  montana  are  the  types  of  those 
which  flower  on  the  ripened  wood  of  the  previous 
year,  and  merely  require  a  thinning  out  of  weakly  or 
unnecessary  growth.  Of  species  other  than  those 
mentioned  above,  C.  Flammula^  C.  paniculata,  and 
C.  Vitalba  flower  on  the  young  wood  ;  and  the  re- 
maining species  are  either  herbaceous  or  flower  on 
the  old  wood. 

Clethra. — These  practically  require  no  pruning, 
but  long  shoots  may  be  shortened  and  weakly  ones 
cut  away  with  advantage. 

COLUTEA. — These  make  better  plants  and  flower 
later  if  they  are  cut  back  every  winter.  C.  istria  (a 
rare  species)  should  not  be  cut  down  if  flowers  are 
desired. 

CORNUS. — The    strong-growing    shrubby    Cornus, 


PEARL  BUSH  (lixochcnla  grandijhya)  SIIOWliXG  ITS 
NATURAL  BEAUTY. 


PRUNING   FLOWERING   TREES         25 

such  as  C.  alba,  C.  Atnoviiait,  C.  Bat'/eyi,  C.  pubescens, 
and  C.  stolonifera  require  an  annual  thinning  out,  and 
those  with  brightly-coloured  stems  should  be  cut 
down  every  spring  for  their  effect  during  the  follow- 
ing winter.  The  remaining  Cornus  require  little  or 
no  pruning. 

COTONEASTEK. — The  large-growing  species  should 
be  pruned  in  late  summer,  but  only  sufficiently  to 
keep  them  within  bounds  ;  C.  Simonsii  requires  cut- 
ting down  annually  while  young  to  make  it  bushy, 
and  the  dwarf-growing  kinds  are  best  left  alone. 

Ckat^gus. — Keep  the  heads  well  thinned  out  to 
allow  light  and  air  to  the  centre  of  the  tree.  This 
should  be  done  in  late  summer. 

Cytisus — These  require  very  little  pruning,  with 
the  exception  of  C.  nigricans  and  C  capitatus,  which 
flower  on  the  young  wood,  and  should  be  cut  back 
annually.  The  other  species  and  varieties  make 
better  plants  if  they  are  cut  down  each  year  while  in 
a  small  state,  but  they  should  be  left  alone  when 
they  have  attained  fiowering  size. 

Dabq^cia  (the  Irish  Heath). — Cut  away  all  old 
flower  stems  in  early  winter. 

Daphne. — Requires  no  pruning. 

Desmodium. — These  flower  on  the  young  wood, 
and  should  be  cut  nearly  to  the  ground-line  every 
spring. 

Deutzia. — The  old  wood  should  be  kept  cut  out  of 
these,  but  no  shortening  of  young  shoots  should  be 
attempted. 

El^EAGNUS. — These  require  an   annual  overhaul- 


vh.  m.   hill,  library 
North  Carolina  State  College 


26  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

ing  to  keep  them  in  good  condition.  This  should  be 
done  in  late  summer,  when  the  plants  should  be  well 
thinned  out,  and  all  useless  growth  cut  clean  away. 

Erica. — See  Calluna. 

ESCALLONIA. — These  are  usually  cut  back  by  frost  ; 
but  if  they  escape,  E.  rubra  and  E.  punctata  should 
have  their  long  growths  shortened  back  in  spring, 
while  the  other  hardy  species  need  not  be  touched, 

ExocHORDA. — These  usually  require  no  pruning, 
but  if  the  plants  are  getting  too  large  or  unshapely, 
they  should  be  cut  back  immediately  after  flowering. 

Fatsia  {Aralia  Sieboldii). — This  is  usually  cut  by 
frost,  but  it  stands  a  cutting  back  in  spring,  when 
new  growth  is  soon  made  which  will  flower  late  in 
the  following  autumn. 

FOTHERGILLA Requires  no  pruning. 

Genista. — G.  iinctoria  flowers  on  the  young  wood, 
and  should  be  cut  back  every  spring.  The  other 
species  of  Genista  should  not  be  pruned,  except  to 
keep  them  in  shape. 

Halesia. — These  are  small  trees  or  large  shrubs, 
and  should  not  be  shortened  back,  but  are  improved 
if  the  growths  are  kept  thinned  out,  which  should  be 
done  after  the  flowers  are  past. 

Halimodendron. — Requires  no  pruning. 

Hamamelis. — Thin  out  regularly,  as  they  are  very 
apt  to  get  thick  and  make  weakly  growths. 

Hedysarum. — This  flowers  on  the  young  wood, 
and  should  be  cut  back  each  spring,  but  not  too 
hard.  The  growths  can  also  be  pegged  down  to 
improve  the  plant,  which  is  apt  to  get  straggling. 


PRUNING   FLOWERING   TREES         27 

Helianthemum. — Cut  away  all  dead  flowers  and 
seed-pods  after  blooming. 

Hibiscus. — Thin  out  in  winter,  but  only  shorten 
the  longest  shoots. 

Hydrangea. — These  flower  best  on  young  wood, 
and  should  be  cut  down  in  winter. 

Hypericum.— These  should  be  cut  back  fairly 
hard  in  early  spring,  as  they  all  flower  on  the 
young  growth. 

Indigofera. — Cut  down  every  spring,  as  they 
flower  on  the  young  wood. 

Itea. — Keep  the  growths  thinned  and  cut  away 
all  old  wood. 

Jamesia. — This  should  be  treated  as  the  preceding. 

Jasminum. — -/.  fruticans  and  /.  humile  are  shrubs 
which  should  be  thinned  regularly  ;  and/,  midijlonim 
andy.  officinale  are  climbers,  which  should  be  spurred 
in  after  flowering. 

Kalmia.  —  Remove  seed-pods  as  soon  as  the 
flowers  are  past. 

Kerria. — Cut  away  the  old  wood  to  encourage 
the  young  growths,  which  yield  the  best  flowers. 

Laburnum.  —  These  should  be  thinned  after 
flowering,  cutting  away  the  old  or  weakly  wood, 
and  shortening  any   long  or  straggling  shoots. 

Lavandula.  —  Cut  away  all  flower-spikes  after 
they  are  past. 

Ledum. — Remove  seed-pods  after  flowering. 

Lespedeza. — See  Desmodium,  which  it  much 
resembles. 

Leucothoe. — L.   axillaris   and   L.    Catesbcei  flower 


28  TREES  AND   SHRUBS 

much  better  if  the  old  growths  are  removed  and 
strong  young  shoots  encouraged.  The  rest  of  the 
genus  require  no   pruning. 

Leycesteria. — Thin  out  old  growths  every  spring. 

LiGUSTRUM. — L.  ovalifolium  and  its  golden  variety 
are  all  the  better  for  being  cut  down  each  winter 
while  in  a  young  state.  The  remainder  merely 
require  an  occasional  thinning. 

LiRiODENDRON. — Requires  no  pruning. 

LONICERA. — The  shrubby  Loniceras  are  nearly 
all  inclined  to  become  very  thick  and  full  of  weakly 
shoots  if  not  well  looked  after.  A  thinning  out 
should  take  place  after  flowering  is  past.  The 
climbing  Honeysuckles  should  only  be  pruned  suffi- 
ciently to  keep  them  within  bounds. 

Lycium. — These  should  be  served  the  same  as  the 
shrubby  Loniceras,  but  the  operation  should  be  per- 
formed in  autumn  or  winter,  as  they  flower  practi- 
cally all  the  summer. 

Lyonia. — Requires  no  pruning. 

Magnolia. — Generally  speaking,  the  Magnolias 
should  not  be  pruned,  but  cut  away  useless  or 
decaying  wood.  Every  wound,  however  small,  on 
a  Magnolia  should  be  tarred  over  immediately. 

MiCROGLOSSA. — The  solitary  shrubby  representa- 
tive of  this  is  M.  albescens,  which  should  be  cut  down 
in  winter,  as  it  flowers  best  on  the  young  wood. 

Myrica. — An  occasional  thinning  is  sufficient  for 
this  genus. 

Myricaria. — Flowering  on  the  young  wood  ;  this 
should  be  cut  back  every  spring. 


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PRUNING   FLOWERING   TREES         29 

Neillia. — Thin  out  every  year  after  flowering  is 
past,  cutting  back  the  old  wood  to  strong  young 
shoots. 

Neviusia. — This  requires  the  same  pruning  as 
Neillia. 

NOTOSPARTIUM. — Requires  no  pruning. 

NuTTALLiA. — The  single  species  of  this  flowers  in 
February,  and  is  improved  by  a  good  thinning  out  of 
the  old  wood  when  blooming  is  past. 

Olearia. — Requires  no  pruning. 

Ononis. — O.  rotnndifoHns  should  be  cut  down  every 
winter,  as  it  flowers  on  the  young  wood.  The  re- 
maining species  flower  on  the  older  wood,  and  need 
not  be  touched. 

OsMANTHUS. — These  should  not  be  pruned  unless 
a  particular  shape  is  desired,  when  the  plants  may  be 
clipped  with  a  pair  of  shears  in  spring. 

OxYCOCCUS. — This  is  a  small  creeping  genus  allied 
to  Vaccinium,  and  requires  no  pruning. 

OxYDENDRON. — Remove  seed-pods. 

Paliurus. — This  attains  the  dimensions  of  a  small 
tree,  and  should  be  kept  trimmed  up  for  that  purpose. 

Parrotia. — Thin  out  in  spring  after  the  flowers 
are  past. 

Paulownia. — Keep  to  a  single  stem  to  a  height  of 
about  8  feet,  and  then  allow  it  to  branch.  If  used 
for  sub-tropical  bedding,  it  should  be  cut  down  to  the 
ground  every  winter. 

Peraphyllum. — The  solitary  hardy  species  of  this 
should  not  be  pruned  or  disturbed  in  any  way  if  it 
can  be  avoided. 


30  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

Periploca. — A  climbing  genus  which  should  be 
thinned  out  in  winter,  and  only  shortened  back  if 
necessary. 

Pernettya. — These  should  not  be  pruned  at  any 
time. 

Philadelphus. — These  should  be  thinned  after 
flowering,  and  the  old  wood  cut  back  to  strong 
young  shoots.  This  is  especially  important  with 
P.  microphyllus,  P.  coronart'us,  and  P.  Lemoinei  and  its 
varieties. 

Photinia. — Requires  no  pruning. 

PiERls. — Remove  seed-pods. 

POTENTILLA. — Thin  Out  after  flowering,  and  shorten 
any  old  wood  back  to  strong  young  breaks. 

Prunus. — When  young,  all  the  members  of  this 
genus  that  are  grafted  or  budded  are  improved  by 
being  cut  back  each  spring  until  they  have  attained 
a  fair  size  and  shape.  More  especially  is  this  the 
case  with  the  Almonds,  double-flowered  Peaches,  and 
the  various  flowering  Cherries.  When  older,  they 
need  only  be  thinned  and  the  flowering  Plums  and 
Cherries  kept  spurred  in,  but  not  too  hard.  Prunus 
japonica,  P.  nana,  and  P.  triloba  should  be  cut  down 
to  strong  young  breaks  after  flowering,  the  resulting 
wood  bearing  better  flowers  than  the  old  wood.  If 
any  of  these  three  latter  are  grown  on  a  wall  they 
should  be  spurred  back  hard  after  blooming. 

Ptelea. — When  young,  trim  these  to  form  small 
trees,  and  do  not  allow  them  to  develop  into  ungainly 
bushes.  When  older,  they  require  an  occasional 
thinning.       P.    trifoliata   var.    aurea,    a    golden    form 


PRUNING   FLOWERING  TREES         31 

which  is  not  grown  so  much  as  it  deserves  to  be, 
should  be  cut  back  annually  or  biennially,  the  young 
wood  being  better  coloured  and  bearing  larger  leaves 
than  the  old. 

Pyrus. — The  wild  Pears  should  be  spurred  in  the 
same  manner  as  adopted  for  fruiting  Pears,  though 
not  quite  so  hard.  The  wild  Crab-apples,  such  as 
P.  baccata,  P.  Jloribunda,  P.  spcctabilis,  &c.,  should  be 
cut  back  every  spring  until  they  have  formed  well- 
balanced  heads.  Afterwards  an  annual  thinning  and 
a  shortening  of  the  longest  shoots  after  flowering  is 
sufficient.  The  remaining  sections  of  Pyrus  merely 
require  an  occasional  thinning.  P.  japonica  should 
be  kept  spurred  in,  whether  growing  on  a  wall  or  in 
the  open,  and  in  the  latter  case  should  not  be  allowed 
to  become  a  mass  of  weakly  shoots. 

Rhamnus. — These  should  be  thinned  out  if  be- 
coming too  thick,  but,  as  a  rule,  they  require  very 
little  pruning. 

Rhododendron  (including  Azalea). — Remove  all 
seed-pods  immediately  the  flowers  are  over,  and  any 
plants  that  are  in  a  sickly  condition  should  be  cut 
down  at  the  same  time.  By  doing  this  a  season  or 
two  of  flower  is  lost,  but  it  is  practically  the  only 
means  of  bringing  a  weakly  plant  back  to  health 
again. 

Rhodotypus. — Cut  away  old  wood,  and  encourage 
the  strongest  of  the  young  growths. 

Rhus. — Keep  these  well  thinned  out,  and  destroy 
all  suckers  that  appear,  unless  wanted  for  stocks. 
Gloves  should  always  be  worn  when  handling  any 


32  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

of  the  Rhus,  as  the  sap  of  all  is  poisonous  to  a  certain 
extent. 

RiBES. — All  the  Ribes  are  improved  by  being  cut 
down  annually  while  in  a  young  state,  but  when 
older,  a  yearly  thinning  out  of  the  old  wood  is 
sufficient. 

ROBINIA. — This  is  a  genus  that  requires  very  little 
pruning  when  the  members  of  it  have  attained  a 
fair  size,  an  occasional  thinning  being  all  that  is 
necessary.  In  a  young  state  they  require  well 
staking,  and  the  longest  shoots  should  be  shortened 
back,  as  many  of  them  are  top-heavy  when  young. 

Rosa. — Although  the  various  garden  Roses  come 
under  this  heading,  yet  they  are  a  class  apart,  and 
are  better  dealt  with  by  specialists.  The  species 
of  Rosa  do  not  require  any  shortening  of  their 
shoots,  which  should  always  be  left  at  full  length, 
but  all  of  them  should  have  an  annual  thinning  out 
of  the  old  wood,  either  cutting  it  right  away  or 
back  to  a  young  shoot.  Some  of  the  species  are 
very  prone  to  throw  up  suckers  from  underground 
sometimes  to  a  considerable  distance  from  the  plant, 
and  these  should  always  be  dug  out  and  got  rid  of  ; 
merely  cutting  them  off  only  producing  two  evils  in 
the  place  of  one. 

RUBUS. — This  genus  includes  the  Blackberry  and 
Raspberry,  and  in  a  modified  form  the  treatment 
accorded  to  them  for  fruiting  is  the  best  to  employ 
with  the  ornamental  Rubi,  that  is,  all  old  wood  that 
has  flowered  should  be  cut  away  and  strong  young 
canes  encouraged.     But  while  in  the  cultivation  of 


PRUNING   FLOWERING   TREES         33 

the  Raspberry  only  a  few  young  canes  are  allowed 
to  grow,  in  the  ornamental  species  practically  every 
young  growth  should  be  utilised.  The  double- 
flowered  Rubi  should  have  some  of  the  old  wood 
left,  as  they  do  not  make  so  much  young  growth 
as  the  single  ones  do. 

Santolina. — This  is  a  dwarf-growing  genus,  the 
old  flower-heads  of  which  should  be  cut  away  as 
soon  as  they  are  past,  and  any  long  or  straggling 
growths  cut  back  at  the  same  time. 

Sambucus. — The  elders  require  very  little  pruning 
as  a  rule,  but  the  various  cut-leaved,  golden,  or 
variegated  forms  are  improved  by  being  cut  back 
annually.  This  will  prevent  them  flowering,  but 
as  good  foliage  is  required  the  loss  of  the  bloom 
is  a  matter  of  little  consequence. 

Skimmia. — Requires  no  pruning. 

Smilax. — The  hardy  species  of  this  genus  do  not 
require  any  pruning  if  they  have  room  to  ramble. 
If  space  is  restricted,  thin  out  and  shorten  in  autumn. 

SOPHORA. — These  should  be  kept  thinned  when 
they  have  attained  flowering  size  ;  in  a  young  state 
they  should  be  kept  to  a  single  stem  and  induced 
to  form  well-shaped  trees. 

Spartium. — This  should  be  cut  back  in  a  small 
state,  but  when  older  it  requires  no  pruning 
whatever. 

SpiR/EA. — Though  all  the  Spiraeas  will  flower  on 
the  old  wood,  the  following  are  better  for  being  cut 
back  in  winter  to  form  young  flowering  shoots, 
viz.,  S.   betiilifolia,    S.  Douglasi,    S.  Foxii,  S.  japonica, 

C 


34  TREES  AND   SHRUBS 

5.  MargaritcB,  S.  salicifolia,  S.  semperflorens,  S.  tomentosa, 
and  many  of  their  varieties  and  hybrids.  The 
remaining  Spiraeas  should  be  kept  thinned  out,  and 
if  any  are  making  strong  young  breaks  from  the 
lower  part  of  the  plant  they  can  be  cut  back  to 
them  after  flowering. 

Stachyurus. — This  should  be  thinned  out  after 
flowering. 

Staphylea. — S.  pinnata  should  be  kept  thinned 
in  late  summer  ;  S.  colchica  and  S.  Colombieri  require 
very  little  pruning,  but  if  too  tall  or  unshapely 
should  be  cut  back  immediately  after  flowering. 

Stuartia  )    „       . 

Styrax      ]    ^^^''^^^  "°  prunmg. 

Su^DA. — Cut  back  occasionally  to  keep  it  from 
getting  ragged. 

Symphoricarpus. — Keep  these  well  thinned  out, 
which  should  be  done  in  late  summer. 

Syringa  (Lilac). — These  should  be  kept  free  of 
suckers,  especially  the  finer-named  kinds,  which  are 
usually  worked  on  stocks  of  the  Common  Lilac. 
In  addition,  disbudding  may  be  practised  with  ad- 
vantage in  the  spring,  removing  the  majority  of 
the  blind  shoots  and  any  flowering  or  leading  shoots 
that  are  misplaced  or  not  required.  This  should 
be  done  twice  or  thrice  at  intervals  of  ten  days  or 
a  fortnight. 

Tamarix. — Cut  back  in  a  young  state,  but  when 
older  they  should  not  be  pruned  at  all. 

Vaccinium. — ^The  removal  of  any  old  or  rough 
wood  is  sufficient  for  these. 


PRUNING   FLOWERING   TREES         35 

Viburnum. — All  the  Viburnums  grow  thickly,  and 
require  an  annual  thinning. 

ViTis. — The  methods  practised  in  growing  Vines 
for  fruit  suits  the  ornamental  species  as  well.  If 
space  is  restricted  they  should  be  grown  on  the 
spur  system,  and  if  there  is  plenty  of  room  then 
the  extension  system  may  be  employed. 

Wistaria. — These  should  be  kept  spurred  in, 
with  the  exception  of  the  leading  shoots,  which 
merely  require  a  shortening  in  early  spring  accord- 
ing to  the  strength  of  the  plant. 

Xanthoceras. — Requires  no  pruning. 

Zenobia. —  These  require  no  pruning  as  a  rule, 
but  occasionally  a  hard  cutting  back  will  induce 
healthy  growth  in  place  of  a  weakly  one. 


PROPAGATION  OF  HARDY  TREES 
AND  SHRUBS 

If  we  were  to  take  many  books  about  trees  and 
shrubs  or  general  gardening  as  a  guide,  one  might 
be  led  to  think  that  only  one  way  of  increasing  a 
tree  or  shrub  existed,  and  that  by  grafting  ;  but,  as 
we  have  pointed  out  elsewhere,  it  is  a  mischievous 
practice  when  indiscriminately  applied.  It  is  not  con- 
tended by  this  that  grafting  and  budding  are  utterly 
needless,  as  in  a  few  instances  these  methods  may 
be  rightly  adopted,  but  the  four  natural  ways  of 
increase  are  by  layers,  seeds,  suckers,  and  cuttings. 

Of  these,  practise  seed-raising  whenever  possible ; 
but  if  seeds  cannot  be  procured,  then  adopt  other 
ways,  and  the  man  is  wise  who  tries  to  keep  a  plant 
on  its  own  roots.  Neither  budding  nor  grafting 
should  be  resorted  to,  unless  other  means  fail  ab- 
solutely. When  standard  trees  cannot  be  got  true 
from  seed,  budding  or  grafting  must  be  practised, 
and  the  evils  of  these  methods  of  propagation  are 
not  so  pronounced  in  such  cases  as  with  dwarf 
plants.  With  the  former,  suckers,  or  growths  from 
the  stock,  are  easily  seen  as  soon  as  they  appear,  but 
with  dwarf  plants  a  perfect  forest  of  suckers  may 
seriously  weaken  the  plant  before  they  are  noticed. 

Seeds. — These  can  be  sown  at  almost  any  time. 


PROPAGATION   OF   HARDY   TREES     37 

but  the  spring  is  the  best,  as  those  which  germinate 
quickly  have  time  to  form  strong  young  plants  before 
the  following  winter.  Some  take  two  years  to  come 
up,  and  should  be  left  in  the  ground.  This  refers 
more  to  seeds  sown  outdoors,  and  few  hardy  trees 
and  shrubs  require  heat  to  assist  germination.  When 
sown  in  the  open  the  beds  should  be  made  on  a 
fairly  rich,  moist  piece  of  ground,  protected  from 
cold  winds,  but  fully  exposed  to  the  sun.  After  the 
seeds  are  sown,  cover  them  with  light  tiffany  shading, 
fir  branches,  or  heather,  but  the  first  is  best,  as  it 
is  easily  removed  to  attend  to  the  bed.  Conifers 
especially  should  be  sown  in  beds,  whether  indoors 
or  outdoors,  as  pot-culture  results  in  the  roots  taking 
the  shape  of  the  pot,  and  never  afterwards  recovering 
from  their  cramped  condition.  It  must  be  remem- 
bered, however,  that  varieties  cannot  be  depended 
upon  to  come  true  from  seed,  though  by  careful 
selection  for  a  few  years  many  varieties  will  almost 
reproduce  the  characteristics  of  the  parents.  Hy- 
brids, such  as  Berberis  sienophylla,  Hypericum  mosen- 
anuntj  and  many  others,  also  do  not  come  true  from 
seed,  so  that  cuttings,  layers,  or  division  of  the  old 
plants,  must  be  the  practice  chosen. 

Suckers. — Plants  which  throw  up  suckers  from 
the  base,  or  below  the  ground-line,  are  easily  pro- 
pagated by  detaching  these  suckers  in  winter  with 
a  portion  of  root.  They  will  grow  away  readily,  and 
soon  form  good  trees  or  shrubs  as  the  case  may  be. 

Cuttings. — Nearly  all  the  hardy  shrubs,  and  a 
small   proportion  of   hardy  trees  also,  can    be   pro- 


38  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

pagated  by  cuttings  taken  at  certain  times  of  the 
year.  Summer  cuttings  are  taken  during  the  last 
two  weeks  of  May  and  throughout  June,  the  actual 
time  depending  on  the  season,  and  consist  of  the 
young  shoots  that  have  grown  to  a  length  of  3  to 
6  inches.  These  should  be  pulled  off  with  a  "  heel," 
and  inserted  in  sandy  soil  in  a  close  frame,  with 
brisk  bottom  heat.  The  cuttings  should  be  taken  on 
a  dull  day,  or  early  in  the  morning,  and  kept  cool 
and  moist  until  they  are  in  the  frame.  A  cutting 
that  has  flagged  is  useless,  as  it  never  revives.  De- 
ciduous flowering  shrubs  are  usually  propagated  by 
summer  cuttings,  which  generally  root  well  in  a 
fortnight  or  less.  Autumn  cuttings  are  taken  during 
August  and  September,  and  are  made  from  the 
partially  ripened  growths  of  the  current  year,  in- 
serted in  sandy  soil,  in  a  close  frame,  without  bottom 
heat.  Winter  cuttings  are  made  from  thoroughly 
ripened  wood  at  any  time  between  October  and 
March,  and  are  laid  in  rather  thickly  in  rows  out- 
doors, and  only  about  an  inch  or  less  is  left  above 
the  soil.  The  majority  of  our  best  flowering  shrubs 
are  easily  increased  in  this  way. 

Layers. — Excellent  trees  and  shrubs  can  be  got 
by  layers,  and  they  may  be  laid  down  at  any  time 
of  the  year  ;  they  will  be  ready  for  removal  in  about 
eighteen  months  or  two  years. 

Budding. — This  is  done  about  August,  and  the 
same  rules  apply  to  trees  and  shrubs  as  to  Roses,  &c. 

Grafting. — This  takes  place  outdoors  from  March 
to  May,  at  the  earlier  time  for  deciduous  trees  and 


PROPAGATION   OF   HARDY   TREES     39 

shrubs,  and  later  on  for  evergreens.  The  actual 
time  depends  upon  the  season. 

Where  seed  is  not  expressly  mentioned  below,  it 
must  be  understood  that  this  is  the  natural,  and  in 
many  cases  the  best,  way  to  propagate. 

The  following  trees  can  only  be  raised  from  seed 
to  do  any  good  afterwards,  though  a  few  of  them 
will  throw  up  suckers,  which  can  be  taken  otf  and 
replanted :  jEscuIus  (Chestnut),  Aihnius,  Alnus 
(Alder),  Arbutus,  Betula  (Birch),  Carpinus  (Hornbeam), 
Carya  (Hickory),  Castanea  (Sweet  Chestnut),  Celiis 
(Nettle  tree),  Fqgus  (Beech),  Fraxiuus  (Ash),  Gledits- 
chia  (Honey  Locust),  Juglans  (Walnut),  Laburnum, 
Liquidambar,  Morus  (Mulberry),  Prunus,  Pyrus,  Quercus 
(Oak),  Sophora,  JJlmus  (Elm),  and  Zclkova.  The  varie- 
ties of  any  species  of  the  above,  and,  in  fact,  of  nearly 
all  hardy  trees,  must  be  budded  or  grafted  on  the 
species  they  are  forms  of,  but  an  exotic  species 
should  never  be  worked  on  the  native  representative 
of  the  genus — e.g.  ^sculus  flava  should  not  be  budded 
on  the  Common  Horse  Chestnut,  as  the  latter  is  far 
too  strong  a  stock  for  the  smaller-growing  ^sculus. 

Acer  (Maple)  and  Tilia  (Lime  or  Linden)  can  be 
raised  from  seeds  or  by  layering,  the  Lime  especially 
being  largely  propagated  from  layers,  which  soon 
form  strong  young  trees.  The  varieties  of  Maple 
are  best  worked  on  stocks  of  the  species  they 
belong  to. 

CratiTgus  (Thorn),  Catalpa,  and  Robiuia  (Locust 
tree),  can  be  raised  from  suckers  or  root-cuttings, 
if  seeds  cannot  be  got.     Any   of  their  varieties  are 


40  TREES  AND   SHRUBS 

usually  budded  or   grafted   on  stocks  of  the   parent 
species. 

Ilex  (Holly),  Magnolia,  Populns  (Poplar),  Platanus 
(Plane),  and  Salix  (Willow).  The  Holly  is  easily 
raised  from  cuttings  and  layers,  the  second  roots 
readily  when  layered,  and  the  latter  three  are  pro- 
pagated in  large  quantities  by  winter  cuttings.  The 
White  Poplar  {Populus  alba)  is  an  exception,  as  this 
can  only  be  increased  by  root-cuttings. 

Increasing  Hardy  Shrubs 

The  best  of  our  hardy  flowering  shrubs  are  grouped 
under  seven  natural  orders,  and  a  knowledge  of  the 
order  to  which  a  plant  belongs  is  in  most  cases  a  guide 
to  its  propagation,  as  the  majority  of  the  species  con- 
tained in  an  order  are,  as  a  rule,  increased  by  the 
same  methods. 

Berberide^. — This  contains  Akebia  and  Berberis, 
which  are  propagated  by  seeds,  cuttings,  or  layers. 
Berberis  stenophylla  and  B.  Netiberti  do  not  come  true 
from  seed,  so  that  one  or  both  of  the  other  methods 
mentioned  above  must  be  adopted. 

Leguminos^. — ^^In  this  order  such  genera  as 
Cyttsus  (Broom),  Genista  (Rock  Broom),  Spartium 
(Spanish  Broom),  Ononis,  Indigofera,  Colutea  (Bladder 
Senna),  Caragana  (Siberian  Pea  tree),  and  Cercis  (Judas 
tree)  should  be  raised  from  seed,  which  is  the  quickest 
and  best  method  of  propagation.  Cuttings  of  certain 
forms  of  Cytisiis  and  Genista  will  root  readily,  but 
the  plants  will  sometimes  die  off  just   as  they  have 


PROPAGATION   OF   HARDY   TREES     41 

attained  flowering  size.  Ulex  (Furze,  Whin,  or  Gorse) 
is  propagated  by  seeds  or  cuttings,  and  Wistarias  by 
seeds  or  by  layering. 

RoSACEiE. — This  includes  Pruntts,  the  shrubby 
forms  of  which  can,  in  the  majority  of  cases,  be 
increased  by  cuttings  or  layers  ;  Spircea  and  Kerria 
(Jews'  Mallow),  cuttings  of  which  root  readily  at 
almost  any  time  of  the  year  ;  Exochorda  (Pearl  Bush), 
must  be  raised  from  seed  to  do  any  good  ;  Rubus 
(Brambles),  some  of  which  can  be  propagated  by 
suckers,  and  the  remainder  by  pegging  the  points 
of  the  shoots  down  to  form  young  plants  ;  Rosa 
(Rose),  the  species  of  which  should  be  increased  by 
seeds,  cuttings,  or  layers,  though  seeds  will  not 
always  come  true,  as  Roses  become  hybridised  very 
readily  ;  and  Cotoneaster,  which  are  increased  by 
seeds,  cuttings,  or  layers. 

SAXiFRAGEiE. — In  this  order  Hydrangea,  Deutzia, 
Philadelphus  (Mock  Orange),  Escallonia,  and  Rihes 
(Flowering  Currant)  are  included.  All  are  easily 
propagated  by  cuttings  taken  in  almost  any  season 
of  the  year.  With  the  exception  of  Hydrangea, 
which  should  be  struck  under  glass,  all  the  mem- 
bers of  this  order  root  readily  outdoors  in  the 
winter. 

CAPRiFOLiACEiE. — This  order  contains  such  genera 
as  Sambucus  (Elder),  Viburnum,  Lonicera  (Honey- 
suckle), Symphoricarpus  (Snowberry  tree),  Abelia, 
Leyccsteria,  and  Diervilla.  All  are  easily  propagated 
by  cuttings  or  by  layering.  The  cuttings  can  be 
taken    at   almost    any   time    of    the    year,   and    root 


42  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

quickly,  the  young  plants  attaining  a  good  size  by 
the  end  of  the  second  year. 

Ericace^ — This  order  includes  all  the  so-called 
American  plants,  such  as  Perndtya,  Gaultheria,  Leu- 
cothoe,  Andromeda,  Picris,  Zenobia,  Erica  (Heath), 
Callima  (Common  Heather,  Ling),  Kalmia,  Ledum, 
Clethra,  and  Rhododendron  (including  Azalea).  These 
can  all  be  increased  by  seeds,  layering,  and,  in 
addition,  the  first  two  by  division  of  the  old  plants. 
Erica  and  Callima  can  also  be  increased  by  cuttings. 
Seedlings,  of  course,  make  the  best  plants,  but  layer- 
ing is  a  quicker  method,  and,  in  the  case  of  some 
of  the  smaller  Ericaceae,  one  of  the  easiest.  All  the 
Rhododendrons  will  not  root  from  cuttings,  though 
some  of  the  small-flowered  ones  strike  easily,  but 
practically  all  may  be  increased  from  layers.  A  few 
of  the  showy  garden  forms  cannot  be  raised  from 
layers,  and  have  to  be  grafted  on  stocks  of  the 
common  R.  ponticum  or  R.  catawbiense. 

Oleace^. — This  includes  both  deciduous  flowering 
shrubs  and  ornamental  evergreens,  such  as  Syringa 
(Lilac),  Chionanthus  (Fringe  irte),  Jasniinicm  (Jasmine), 
Forsythia,  Ligustrum  (Privet),  Phillyrcea,  and  Osmanthus 
being  represented.  The  first  two  are  best  propagated 
by  seeds  or  layers,  though  the  named  garden  Lilac 
is  usually  grafted  on  stocks  of  the  common  S. 
vulgaris,  a  silly  practice.  It  is  a  pitiful  business 
keeping  down  suckers  from  grafted  plants.  Ask  for 
Lilacs  on  their  own  roots,  and  much  vexation  will 
be  saved.  A  garden  should  be  a  place  of  rest  and 
pleasure,   not   a   hunting-ground   for   suckers.      The 


PROPAGATION  OF  HARDY  TREES  43 

other  genera  are  readily  raised  by  cuttings  taken  at 
almost  any  time  of  the  year,  or  by  layering. 

Although  the  above  orders  include  a  considerable 
number  of  our  best  shrubs,  several  plants  must  be 
specially  mentioned.  The  Clematis  is  increased  by 
seeds,  cuttings,  or  layers  in  the  case  of  the  species, 
but  unfortunately  the  garden  forms  are  usually 
grafted  on  C.  Viticella  or  C.  Flamtnula,  whereas  many 
can  be  propagated  by  cuttings,  and  practically  all 
will  root  when  layered.  Daphne  should  be  raised 
from  seeds,  or  by  layering,  though  a  common  prac- 
tice is  to  graft  all  the  rarer  Daphnes  on  D.  Mezereiaji, 
which  is  another  mistake,  especially  with  the  ever- 
green ones,  which  have  a  brief  existence  grafted  on 
a  deciduous  plant. 

In  the  absence  of  seeds  the  following  genera  must 
be  propagated  by  layers,  viz.,  Aticuba,  Chimonanthus 
(Winter  Sweet),  Halcsia  (Snowdrop  tree),  Hamamelis 
(Witch  Hazel),  Hippophac  (Sea  Buckthorn),  and 
Myrica  (Candleberry  Myrtle).  Cuttings  of  the  first 
will  root  readily  enough,  but  never  seem  to  succeed 
afterwards.  The  female  form  of  Hippophac  is  best 
raised  from  layers,  as  seedlings  usually  give  a 
large  percentage  of  male  plants.  Aralia  and  Rhus 
(Sumach)  are  increased  by  seeds  or  root-cuttings  ; 
BuddUia  japonica  is  best  raised  from  seeds,  and  the 
other  Buddleias  from  cuttings ;  and  practically  all 
other  hardy  shrubs  that  have  not  been  specially 
mentioned  are  easily  propagated  by  seeds,  cuttings, 
or  layers,  and  the  majority  of  them  by  all  three 
methods. 


44  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

Always  keep  a  plant  on  its  own  roots  whenever 
possible.  Budding  and  grafting  are  only  makeshifts  ; 
but,  of  course,  //  it  is  impossible  to  increase  a  tree  or 
shrub  by  any  other  means,  then  resort  to  budding 
or  grafting.  It  is  strange  that  layering  is  yet  only 
in  its  infancy.  We  have  gone  on  blundering  for 
generations,  and  propagating  wholesale  in  the  most 
uncertain  and  unsatisfactory  of  all  ways,  that  is,  by 
grafting  or  budding  when  neither  was  in  the  least 
expedient.  Such  tricks  have  hindered  the  develop- 
ment of  English  gardening. 


TULIP  TREE  AT  RANELAGH  (Winter) 


WINTER  BEAUTY  OF  LIME. 


A  WINTER  GARDEN  OF  TREES 
AND  SHRUBS 

The  budding  spring,  the  ripening  summer,  the  out- 
poured riches  of  harvest,  appeal  to  all,  physically 
if  not  spiritually.  But  to  hundreds  of  people  a 
winter  landscape  is  dreary  beyond  expression.  They 
never  dream  of  going  into  a  garden  during  the  dark 
months  ;  to  them  its  silent  lessons  are  but  a  dead- 
letter,  nor  would  they  ever  wake  to  the  beauty  of 
bare  boughs  nor  pause  to  note  the  strange  glow  of 
withered  Fern  fronds  in  the  grey  gloom  of  a  foggy 
day.  We  are  not  wholly  free  from  blame  in  this 
matter  in  so  far  as  our  gardens  are  concerned,  for 
spring  and  summer  and  autumn  all  have  their  share 
in  the  garden  plan,  while  winter,  too  often,  stands 
apart  uncared  for  and  unclothed.  Yet  how  much 
may  be  done  by  the  right  grouping  of  beautiful  trees 
and  shrubs  to  make  the  winter  garden  harmonious 
and  inviting. 

"  You  see,  it  takes  a  deal  of  insight  to  know 
what's  a-going  to  be,"  was  a  remark,  half-apologetic, 
half-regretful,  often  made  by  an  old  gardener  of  a 
school  now  gone  by,  when  matters  horticultural 
went  somewhat  athwart  of  his  calculations.  The 
words  recur  to  mind  as  containing  a  germ  of  truth 
beyond  the   meaning  of   the  speaker.     It   has   been 


46  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

well  said  with  regard  to  deeper  matters  that  fore- 
sight must  spring  from  insight,  and  it  may  be  taken 
also  as  a  foundation  principle  of  good  gardening. 
For  just  in  proportion  as  we  use  our  faculties  of 
insight  and  foresight  will  our  gardens  grow,  more 
or  less,  into  a  perfect  expression  of  our  sense  of  the 
ever-changeful,  never-ending  beauty  of  Nature. 

It  must  be  no  cursory  glance  given  to  get  rid  of 
an  unwelcome  duty.  We  must  look  deep  into  the 
meaning  of  things  as  they  are — a  meaning  which 
never  lies  wholly  on  the  surface — before  we  can 
forecast  them  as  they  are  going  to  be,  and  such 
insight  rarely  comes  by  intuition.  The  seeing  eye 
is  given  only  to  a  few,  though  with  some  it  is 
but  sleep-holden  and  needs  no  more  than  to  be 
awakened. 

The  things  that  are  and  the  things  that  are  to 
be.  Let  us  take  the  thought  as  company  and  try 
to  glean  some  of  Nature's  own  lessons  of  fitness. 
How  instinctively  we  seek,  for  a  winter  ramble, 
the  shelter  of  the  woodland  copse,  which  is  not  far 
distant  from  any  English  country  habitation.  The 
broad  grass  drive  is  hoar  with  frosty  rime  in  the 
shadow  of  the  bushes  and  crisp  under  foot.  Under 
the  trees  the  ground  on  either  side  is  carpeted 
with  Ivy.  The  lithe,  trailing  stems,  wreathed  with 
their  shining,  taper-fingered  leaves,  so  exquisitely 
pencilled,  are  cushioned  on  the  soft,  feathery  moss, 
or  twine  in  and  out  amongst  the  Hazel  stocks,  or 
creep  at  will  up  the  nearest  tree  trunk.  One  can 
scarcely  look   at    Ivy  on   a  winter's    day  without   a 


A   WINTER   GARDEN   OF   TREES     47 

thrill  of  admiration,  especially  this  woodland  sort, 
for,  mark  it  well,  Nature  never  encourages  the 
coarse-lived  Ivy  of  common  cultivation  within  her 
domains.  How  perfect  in  its  grace  is  this  fine- 
leaved  Ivy,  how  utterly  content  with  its  surroundings, 
how  resolutely  cheerful,  be  the  circumstances  of 
weather  or  situation  what  they  may  !  Clinging  lowly 
to  the  ground  or  mounting  to  the  topmost  branch 
of  some  tall  Pine,  it  is  equally  at  home,  and  why 
should  we  not  agree  with  that  good  naturalist,  Charles 
Waterton,  in  his  assertion  that  forest  tree  was  never 
injured  by  its  clasping  stems  ?  An  English  plant 
for  our  English  climate,  it  may  be  used  to  make 
beautiful  an  unsightly  building,  to  clothe  a  decay- 
ing tree  stump,  as  bush  or  border  or  mantle,  in 
a  hundred  different  ways,  yet  it  is  never  out  of 
character,  and  never  touches  a  jarring  note. 

Then  those  tall  Hollies,  see  how  dauntlessly  they 
stand  up  above  the  under-growth  of  Hazel.  How 
living  and  warm,  in  their  ruddy  glow,  are  the  cluster- 
ing berries  in  the  glint  of  the  fearless  leaves.  For 
expedience  sake,  their  lower  branches  have  been 
trimmed  away,  and  greatly  we  gain  by  it,  for  other- 
wise that  lovely  contrast  of  their  ashen-grey  stems 
would  be  hidden  from  our  eyes  ;  but  over  yonder 
a  fine  old  Holly  tree  stands  alone,  which  axe  and 
knife  have  left  untouched,  and  how  graceful  is  the 
curven  sweep  of  its  feathering  boughs.  No  foreign 
evergreen  can  excel  it  for  symmetry  of  form  or 
winter  garniture  of  leaf  and  fruit.  Life  is  astir,  too, 
in  the  brown  twigs  of  the  Hazel  bushes.     Tiie  infant 


48  TREES  AND   SHRUBS 

year  is  not  more  than  a  week  or  two  old,  yet  already 
the  tasselled  catkins  are  swinging  in  the  lightest 
rustle  of  the  sighing  wind,  and  begin  to  lift  up  their 
tiers  of  small  woolly  cowls  to  set  free  the  yellow 
pollen-dust.  And  so  we  may  go  on  our  way,  and, 
at  every  turn,  some  rugged  Yew,  or  clump  of 
red-stemmed  Scotch  Fir,  or  tapering  Spruce  with 
hanging  russet  cones,  will  stay  our  steps,  and  if  we 
look  and  listen,  they  will  tell  us  in  their  own  way 
the  story  of  their  perfect  fitness  for  our  homely 
English  landscape.  Or,  if  we  chance  to  be  in  one 
of  the  chalky  districts  of  the  South  Downs,  we  may 
come  upon  Box,  the  ever  young,  as  it  was  called  of 
yore,  or  Juniper,  in  its  bloom  of  silver  grey,  as 
precious  as  any,  to  add  to  the  tale  of  our  best  native 
evergreens. 

Now  it  is  to  a  wise  choice  of  evergreens  and  to 
their  rightful  placing  that  we  must  look  for  the 
basis  of  our  content  in  the  winter  garden.  The 
insight  of  our  forefathers  foresaw  the  solid  comfort 
of  the  rampart  of  Yew  which  was  fostered  of  old 
in  many  a  manor-house  garden.  It  caused  them 
to  fence  about  their  dwellings  on  north  and  east 
with  a  belt  of  sturdy  timber  trees,  to  meet  and  ward 
off  in  their  pliant  strength  the  roughest  winter  gales. 
It  planned  the  sheltered  nut-walk  and  the  pleached 
alley  and  the  cosy  settle,  carved  out  of  the  thick 
Box  bushes,  on  the  grassy  verge  of  the  bowling- 
green.  They  took  of  the  materials  at  hand,  and 
many  have  since  their  day  blessed  the  fore- 
sight   which    planted,  not    only  for    themselves,  but 


A   WINTER   GARDEN   OF   TREES     49 

for  their  children's  children.  That  they  were  not 
blind  to  the  rare  beauty  of  foreign  trees  many  a 
magnificent  Cedar  of  Lebanon  and  massive  Ilex,  or 
deciduous  tree — like  the  fine  Tulip  trees  at  Mackery 
End,  beloved  of  Charles  Lamb — bear  noble  testimony 
to  this  hour. 

Nothing,  perhaps,  in  the  wide  range  of  garden 
beauty  is  more  pictorial  than  an  ancient  Cedar, 
dusky  and  glaucous,  with  cavernous  shadows,  holding 
upright  the  smooth,  pale-brown,  rounded  cones  on 
its  flattened  branches,  or  some  grand  Silver  Fir 
standing  alone  in  its  solemn  symmetrical  beauty,  or 
even,  as  may  now  and  then  be  seen,  though  rarely, 
some  stately  Araucaria,  wind-sheltered,  whose  radiat- 
ing branches  sweep  down  upon  the  greensward. 
Others  there  are,  no  less  pictorial  perhaps,  nor  even 
less  exacting,  for  none  can  do  without  the  shelter 
of  a  good  position,  such  as  the  Stone  Pines,  with 
corrugated  trunk  and  green  spreading  head  ;  or 
again,  the  graceful  fragrant  Cypress  (C.  lawsoniana) 
of  more  recent  date,  with  its  slender  pyramidal 
growth  and  drooping  feathery  branches,  taking  on 
at  the  close  of  winter  the  ruby-red  of  the  catkins 
which  tell  of  the  coming  of  the  small,  bloom- 
powdered  cones. 

The  desperate  hurry,  the  incessant  crowding  out 
of  the  times  in  which  we  live,  give  little  encourage- 
ment to  the  sentiment  of  planting  for  posterity,  yet 
some  such  planting  is  continually  being  done.  This 
much  must  be  said,  that  the  last  fifty  years  have 
seen  the  introduction   of  numberless  fine  trees  and 

D 


so  TREES  AND   SHRUBS 

shrubs,  the  fitness  of  which  for  our  cUmate  time 
alone  could  test.  During  that  period  in  England, 
the  Mammoth  tree  of  the  Yosemite  Valley  (Sequoia 
gigantea)  has  been  planted  in  its  thousands,  and 
by  irony  of  fate,  the  giant  not  seldom  finds  itself 
cramped  within  the  limits  of  a  half-acre  plot.  But 
leaving  out  the  question  of  space,  it  is  a  tree 
utterly  unsuited  to  our  northern  climate,  unless 
under  exceptional  circumstances,  as  its  scorched 
and  fretted  branches  on  the  windward  side  suffi- 
ciently prove  ;  while  in  itself  it  is  not  nearly  so 
grand  or  suggestive  as  its  near-of-kin,  the  beautiful 
Californian  Redwood  (S.  sempervirens). 

Ah  !  that  burning  question  of  space,  how  it  comes 
between  us  and  our  highest  garden  aspirations ! 
Have  we  not  all  seen  the  Deodar  or  the  Araucaria 
trying  to  exist  in  a  narrow,  twelve-foot  forecourt,  and 
smiled,  if  we  have  not  rather  been  ready  to  weep, 
over  the  crass  absurdity  of  its  position  ?  But  such 
mistakes  are  made  every  day.  Let  us  think,  then, 
before  we  plant,  of  the  things  that  are  going  to  be, 
and  take  prudent  counsel  with  ourselves. 

Our  garden  resources,  nowadays,  are  beyond  all 
calculation  greater  than  those  of  our  forefathers, 
and  we  rejoice  and  are  glad  because  of  it ;  but  we 
should  let  nothing  oust  from  our  affections  the 
hardy  trees  and  shrubs,  native  and  naturalised,  that 
are  at  home  in  our  climate,  beautiful  in  themselves 
and  invaluable  in  their  fitness  to  give  shelter  to  the 
more  fastidious  immigrants  from  other  latitudes. 

Shelter,  in  fact,  is  as  the  keynote  to  the    winter 


A   WINTER   GARDEN   OF   TREES      51 

garden.  Beauty  is  killed  when  leaves  that  should 
be  green  and  smiling  are  bruised  and  brown,  when 
boughs  that  should  be  perfect  in  grace  and  curve 
are  twisted  and  tortured.  We  may  be  very  sure, 
too,  that  such  symptoms  of  discomfort  in  our 
gardens  will  re-act  in  disquiet  on  ourselves,  whereas 
the  mere  sight  of  tree  or  bush  standing  firm  in  its 
green  bravery  through  storm  and  stress  tends,  it 
may  be  unawares,  to  brace  and  uplift.  Even  the 
familiar  Laurel,  good  as  it  is  when  suitably  placed, 
and  used  not  too  freely,  is  constantly  scathed  and 
disfigured  in  damp  or  low-lying  localities.  For  the 
same  reason,  it  is  doubtful  whether  Rhododendrons 
should  be  planted  within  range  of  our  windows. 
Most  of  them,  in  severe  weather,  frightened  before 
they  are  hurt,  put  on  a  melancholy  air  and  droop 
of  leaf  which  is  apt  to  send  a  shiver  through  any 
shrinking  mortal  whose  vitality  is  already  low 
enough. 

The  bare  boughs  of  winter,  on  the  contrary,  are 
never  depressing.  They  sleep,  but  it  is  not  the 
sleep  of  death  ;  they  rest,  but  while  they  are  resting, 
we  feel  that  the  mystery  of  life  silently  works  out  the 
fulfilment  of  the  promise  of  re-awakening.  Mean- 
while, before  the  veil  of  leafage  hides  so  much  else 
that  is  beautiful  from  our  eyes,  we  see  the  things 
that  are,  tree  trunks  in  all  their  majesty  of  girth  and 
column  and  fencing  bark,  the  net-work  of  budding 
spray,  each  after  its  kind  distinct,  yet  each  in  its 
own  form  perfect.  Even  in  mid-winter,  the  brown 
gummy  buds  of  the  Horse  Chestnuts  begin  to  swell 


52  TREES  AND   SHRUBS 

at  the  ends  of  the  swaying  boughs,  and  the  Ash- 
buds,  as  they  make  ready  to  burst  their  bonds,  put 
on  a  deeper  hue. 

The  Beeches  keep  their  silken  green  tight  shut 
within  their  scale-bound  points,  and  will  not  let  it 
unfold  an  hour  too  soon  ;  but  look  at  the  lovely 
colouring,  now  silvern,  now  golden  green,  of  the 
Lichen-stains  on  the  smooth  grey  bark.  Contrast 
it  with  the  deeply-chiselled  ribs  of  the  Sweet  Chest- 
nut, the  rugged  armour-plates  of  the  Oak,  the  thin 
white  tissue  of  the  dainty  Silver  Birch.  It  is  this 
diversity,  these  contrasts,  which  make  up  the  charm 
of  winter,  while  the  sombre  green  of  Fir  and 
Yew  intermingling  with  the  leafless  trees  gives  just 
the  touch  of  warmth  and  comfort  which  winter 
lacks.  If  any  of  these  bless  our  gardens  with  their 
gracious  presence,  let  us  hesitate  long  before  any 
trivial  inconvenience  tempts  us  into  doing  away 
with  them.  A  single  group  of  Silver  Birches,  one 
spreading  Beech,  a  clump  of  Scotch  Fir,  with  a 
stretch  of  grass  beneath  them,  is  more  precious  to 
look  out  upon  in  the  winter  garden  than  all  the 
borders  and  rockeries  that  can  be  devised.  Urge 
as  we  may,  however,  for  their  own  sake,  the  fitness 
and  constant  delight  of  our  native  trees  and  ever- 
green shrubs,  we  plead  for  them,  no  less,  because 
by  their  well-advised  use  our  sheltered  gardens  may 
become  congenial  abiding-places  for  the  strangers 
we  may  invite  within  our  gates. 

Do  we  profit  as  much  as  we  might  by  the  wealth 
of  garden   beauty,  in  the  way  of  trees  and  shrubs, 


A   WINTER   GARDEN   OF   TREES      53 

which  for  every  intent  and  purpose  Hes  within  our 
reach  ? 

Take  Magnohas,  for  example.  They  are  not  sub- 
tropical trees,  as  we  are  apt  to  think,  but  fairly 
hardy,  and  the  Laurel  Magnolia,  so  well  known  as 
a  beautiful  covering  for  a  south  wall,  is  seldom 
enough  seen  in  standard  form.  Yet  it  is  one  of  the 
most  stately  of  evergreen  trees,  and  it  would  be  hard 
to  find  one  more  worthy  of  a  good  position,  sheltered 
from  north  and  easterly  winds.  The  whole  outline 
of  the  tree  is  noble,  with  its  broad,  shining,  russet- 
backed  leaves,  a  delight  to  look  upon  in  winter — nor 
is  it  shy,  when  full-grown,  of  bearing  in  late  summer 
its  scented  ivory-white  lily-cups.  It  is  too  much, 
however,  to  expect  the  lovely-sculptured,  crimson- 
flushed  cones,  which  in  warmer  climates  than  ours 
open  about  November  to  disclose  their  hanging 
scarlet  seeds.  Some  of  the  deciduous  Magnolias, 
too,  such  as  the  fine  Chinese  Yulan  {M.  conspiciia) 
and  the  bushy  white-flowered  Japanese  species  {M. 
slellata),  are  full  of  interest,  even  while  lifeless.  All 
through  the  winter  we  may  watch  the  gradual  filling 
out  of  the  hairy,  conical  flower-bracts,  until  at  length, 
in  very  early  spring,  the  impatient  buds  can  contain 
themselves  no  longer,  and  all  too  soon,  sometimes, 
push  them  olT  altogether  that  they  may  creep  out 
of  their  prison  bands. 

Every  one  has  his  private  calendar,  and  reckons 
the  seasons  by  a  computation  of  his  own,  but  we 
may  safely  say  that  four  long  months,  if  no  more, 
separate  the  falling  of  the  leaf  from  its  coming  again. 


54  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

Perhaps  we  ought  not  to  include  MagnoHas  amongst 
hibernal  flowers,  though  the  trees  are  often  white 
with  blossom  before  the  Larch  is  green  ;  but  the 
list  of  shrubs  which  bloom,  or  are  bright  with 
coloured  fruit  during  those  four  months,  would  sur- 
prise most  people  who  think  of  winter  only  as  the 
dead  season.  The  boughs  of  Sea  Buckthorn  are 
loaded  with  orange  berries.  Clusters  of  scarlet  peep 
out  of  the  fresh  green  of  the  Skimmia  bushes  and, 
so  long  as  the  birds  do  not  find  them  out,  Pernettya 
carries  a  crop  of  purple  and  crimson  and  pink  fruit 
more  showy  than  the  modest  white  flowers  of  summer. 
When  November  days  are  growing  dark,  Coronilla, 
in  sheltered  spots,  puts  forth  its  pale  clustering  yellow 
flowers.  Winter  Jasmine,  if  the  flowering  branches 
are  not  ruthlessly  pruned  away  in  autumn,  covers 
its  long  green  shoots  with  golden  stars.  The  ever- 
green Clematis  (C  calycind)  is  never  happier  than 
when  clinging  to  some  terrace  balustrade  where  it 
may  have  a  little  kindly  shelter,  which  it  repays  by 
wreathing  the  stone-work  with  garlands  of  finely-cut 
bronzed  foliage,  hung  with  creamy  freckled  bells. 
More  than  one  kind  of  hardy  Heath,  if  grown  in 
spreading  masses,  will  deck  the  garden  with  sheets 
of  colour  the  whole  winter  through. 

The  Chinese  Honeysuckle  {L.  Standishii)  arrays 
itself  in  its  fragile  white  flowers  as  early  as  January. 
Witch  Hazels  hang  their  bare  branches  with  twisted 
petals  of  gold  or  amber  or,  sometimes  (as  in  Hama- 
melis  zuccariniand),  borrow  the  pale-green  tint  of  the 
under   wing   of   a   brimstone    butterfly.     Soon    after 


A    WINTER   GARDEN    OF   TREES      55 

Christmas,  Mezereon  flushes  into  rosy  purple,  and 
bushes  of  Winter-sweet  {CItimouautlius  fragrans),  inde- 
pendent of  a  wall  (as  few  people  know),  will  breathe 
out  its  perfume  from  leafless  branches  studded  over 
with  waxen-yellow  flowers.  It  is  strange  how  many 
of  these  winter-blooming  plants  keep  their  leaves 
well  out  of  harm's  way,  brave  as  their  flowers  may 
be.  But  so  it  is,  and  so  we  learn  that  if  we  would 
gain  their  fullest  winter  beauty,  we  must  group  them 
with  evergreen  shrubs  as  foil  or  background. 

And  what  store  there  is  of  these  to  choose  from, 
not  green  only,  but  colour-tinged — Bcrberis  of  many 
kinds,  the  shining  ordered  leaf-rows  of  Azara,  the 
purple  tints  of  Maliouia  and  GauUkcria,  the  bronze  of 
Andromeda  buds,  the  deep  dull  green  of  Osmanthus, 
the  wine  red  of  Leucothoe,  the  pearl  grey  of  Atriplex, 
and  a  hundred  more  will  respond  to  our  beck  and 
call.  Only  we  must  choose  with  judgment,  for 
whether  our  lot  is  cast  in  north  or  south,  in  the 
black  east  or  soft  caressing  west,  makes  all  the  differ- 
ence to  our  choosing.  Only  be  sure  that  more 
important  still  than  climate  are  the  wind-breaks  we 
can  plan,  and  the  shelter  we  may  contrive.  Yet 
when  we  are  in  doubt  we  can  always  come  back 
with  satisfaction  to  the  quick-growing  hardiest  shrubs 
and  find  in  them  some  fit  setting  for  our  garden 
picture.  The  slender  angled  branches  of  green 
Broom,  the  rigid  spiny  Furze,  scented  Rosemary,  or 
hoary  Lavender — all  will  lend  their  varied  tints  and 
attributes  as  we  need  them.  And  if  a  pool  or  stream 
only   gives   us    opportunity,    what    can    surpass    the 


56  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

winter  colouring  of  osier  twigs — golden  and  crimson 
and  olive,  mirrored  in  still  water  or  broken  into  a 
thousand  reflections  by  the  ripple  of  a  running  brook. 

Perhaps,  amongst  all  the  wealth  of  winter  ever- 
green shrubs  the  rank  of  those  which  show  variega- 
tion is  too  much  exaggerated.  Popular  as  they  are, 
the  effect  is  not  always  good,  unless  more  than 
ordinary  care  is  taken  in  their  placing.  Some  few, 
like  the  best  golden  and  silver  Hollies  are  very 
beautiful,  though  not  all  of  these  are  improvements 
upon  the  finest  green  forms.  No  variegated  shrub, 
probably,  is  more  universally  grown  than  the  Aucuba, 
and  it  has  excellent  points  ;  it  is  hardy  in  constitu- 
tion, handsome  in  outline,  and  bold  of  leaf.  By  ill- 
luck,  as  it  happened,  more  than  a  hundred  years  ago, 
the  spotted  variety  was  sent  home  first  from  Japan, 
and  became  domiciled  in  English  gardens  and  rooted 
in  English  affections  before  the  far  more  worthy 
green  species  made  its  entry. 

It  is  but  a  private  opinion  and  not  given  as  dogma 
that  it  might  possibly  be  a  distinct  gain  to  gardens, 
large  and  small,  if  the  spotted  Aucuba  were  practi- 
cally banished  and  the  true  green-leaved  forms — 
some  of  which  are  generally  beautiful  when  well  set 
with  large  coral  berries — allowed  to  take  its  place. 
The  variegated  Oleaster  {Elceagnus  pungens),  a  remark- 
ably fine  shrub  when  taken  by  itself,  sadly  disturbs 
the  repose  and  dignity  of  the  garden  outlook  in 
winter,  though  doubtless  positions  might  be  found 
in  which  it  would  harmonise  with  its  surroundmgs. 

We  need  only  con  over,  mentally,  all  the    more 


A   WINTER   GARDEN   OF   TREES      57 

familiar  examples  of  shrub  variegation  to  find,  pro- 
bably, that  we  should  do  as  well  without  a  goodly 
proportion  of  them,  though  we  may  frankly  admit 
some  to  be  very  handsome.  The  secret  of  our 
discontent,  possibly,  lies  in  the  fact  that  variegation 
in  plants  that  are  normally  green  is  not,  in  its 
essence,  a  sign  of  health  but  of  wasting  sickness. 
In  any  case,  whatever  our  feelings  may  be  on  this 
particular  point,  it  is  well  worth  while  to  weigh  the 
merits  of  each  shrub,  variegated  or  green,  before 
we  plant  it,  not  only  individually,  but  in  relation  to 
its  neighbourhood  to  other  garden  associates,  and 
more  especially  with  regard  to  its  winter  aspect. 

Mr.  Bean  writes  as  follows  about  the  winter 
beauty  of  trees  and  shrubs :  "  Even  in  November 
and  December  there  are  trees  and  shrubs  that 
brighten  the  garden  with  their  coloured  bark  and 
fruits.  Although  not  abundant,  the  members  of 
this  class  are  not  used  so  extensively  as  they 
might  be. 

"Among  Willows,  for  instance,  there  are  the 
golden  and  red-barked  varieties  of  Salix  vitclliua. 
These,  though  scarcely  ever  seen,  are  capable,  when 
properly  treated,  of  producing  bright  warm  effects 
that  are  especially  charming  from  November  to 
February.  When  allowed  to  grow  naturally  this 
Willow — known  popularly  as  the  Golden  Osier — 
forms  a  graceful  tree  of  large  size.  Its  twigs  have  a 
golden  or  red  tinge,  according  to  the  variety,  but  on 
fully-grown  trees  these  twigs  are  not  large,  and  as  it 
is,  of  course,    the  bark   of   the   preceding  summer's 


58  TREES  AND   SHRUBS 

growth  only  that  is  coloured  no  very  marked  colour 
effect  is  produced.  To  obtain  a  really  bright  patch 
of  colour  it  is  necessary  to  plant  these  Willows  in 
goodly-sized  groups  and  to  prune  them  hard  back 
every  spring.  By  treating  them  in  this  way  a  great 
cluster  of  long,  wand-like  growths  is  made  every 
year,  the  bark  over  the  whole  of  which  becomes  a 
bright  yellow  or  red  as  winter  approaches.  An 
effective  group  is  produced  by  mixing  the  red  and 
yellow-barked  varieties. 

"  Another  striking  Willow  is  Salix  daphnoides.  The 
young  bark  of  this  species  is  covered  with  a  thick 
glaucous  or  vivid  blue-white  '  bloom.'  S.  acutifolia 
is  similarly  distinguished,  though  not  quite  so 
markedly.  Different  from  any  of  these  Willows, 
too,  is  the  variety  of  S.  iriandra,  with  purplish-brown 
bark.  To  bring  out  fully  the  ornamental  qualities  of 
these  Willows  they  should  be  treated  as  advised  for 
Salix  vitellina.  All  these  Willows  are  especially 
charming  near  the  edge  of  water.  Not  only  are 
their  moisture-loving  propensities  satisfied,  but  their 
beauty  is  doubled  by  reflection  in  the  water. 

"  Somewhat  similar  to  the  Willows  in  the  character 
of  their  bark,  but  useful  in  being  adapted  for  drier 
situations,  are  the  Cornels  (Corntts).  The  best  of  the 
genus  in  this  connexion  are  Corntts  alba  and  its  variety 
sibirica.  They  produce  bark  which  for  one  or  two 
seasons  remains  a  bright  red  during  the  time  the 
branches  are  leafless.  A  group  of  Cornus  alba,  with 
Cliionodoxa  Lucilice  or  Winter  Aconite  planted  thickly 
beneath,  gives  a  very  pleasing  bit  of  colour  early  in 


A   WINTER   GARDEN   OF   TREES      59 

the  year.     A  yellow-barked  form  of  Conius  stolonifcra, 
known  2ls  flaviramea,  deserves  mention. 

"  Several  shrubs  are  notable  for  the  particularly 
bright  green  of  their  bark.  The  forms  of  Kerria 
japonica  and  Neillia  are  very  bright  during  the 
winter  on  this  account,  but  still  more  effective  is 
a  near  ally,  Stephanandra  kanakce,  a  comparatively 
new  shrub,  also  from  Japan,  but  of  little  value  in 
any  other  respect.  Finally,  I  may  mention  the 
Rubuses  with  white  stems.  As  in  Salix  daphnoides, 
the  bark  is  covered  with  the  waxy  secretion  known 
as  '  bloom,'  and  of  a  blue-tinted  white.  Some  six 
or  seven  species  of  Rubus  have  this  character. 
Of  those  obtainable  from  nurseries,  R.  biflorus,  a 
Himalayan  species  often  to  be  had  from  dealers 
under  the  erroneous  name  of  Rubtts  leucodermis,  is 
the  best.  Dr.  A.  Henry  has  introduced  a  Chinese 
species,  Rubus  lasiosly/us,  which  is  even  better  than 
bifloms;  the  bloom  is  more  distinctly  blue,  and 
the  stems  sturdier  and  more  self-supporting.  The 
species  is,  however,  an  extremely  rare  one  in  cul- 
tivation. It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  repeat  how 
essential  it  is  that  these  Brambles  and  Cornels 
should  be  planted  in  bold  groups. 

"  Among  trees  the  most  noteworthy  as  regards  the 
colour  of  their  bark  are  the  Birches.  The  beauty 
of  the  Common  White  Birch  has  not  been  overlooked 
by  planters.  A  single  specimen  or  a  few  grouped 
together  make  a  bright  winter  picture  when  asso- 
ciated with  evergreens.  The  Canoe  Birch  of  North 
America    {Betula  papyrifera)   has   a    bark  of  an    even 


6o  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

purer  white  than  our  native  species.  The  Yellow 
Birch  (5.  Udea)  shows  warm  orange-brown  tints  on 
the  more  recently  exposed  surfaces  of  its  bark.  The 
bark  of  the  River  Birch  {B.  nigra)  is  not  brightly 
coloured,  being  of  a  dull  dark  brown,  but  it  gives  the 
tree  a  notably  curious  aspect  owing  to  the  way  it 
stands  out  from  the  trunk  and  branches  in  great 
ragged-looking  flakes. 

A  Flower  Garden  in  Winter 

"  It  is  possible  to  make  a  new  feature  in  gardens  by 
setting  apart  a  piece  of  ground  exclusively  for  the 
cultivation  of  trees,  shrubs,  and  bulbs — in  short,  any 
plants  that  flower  or  are  bright  with  fruit  or  bark 
between,  say,  the  beginning  of  November  and  the 
end  of  February.  One  might  term  it  '  an  out-door 
winter  garden.'  For  the  purpose  there  would  be 
required  a  well-drained  piece  of  ground,  the  soil  of 
which  was  fertile  and  open.  The  situation  should 
be  fully  exposed  to  the  south  and  west,  but  guarded 
well  on  the  north  and  east  sides  by  a  thick  belt  of 
evergreen  trees  and  shrubs.  The  shelter  would  be 
still  more  complete  if  the  site  sloped  rather  steeply  to 
the  south-west.  Such  shelter  would  be  welcome, 
not  only  to  the  plants  that  grew  there,  but  to  those 
who  might  visit  and  tend  them.  Some  of  the  more 
noteworthy  trees  and  shrubs  with  ornamental  barks 
I  have  already  mentioned.  Plants  that  carry  their 
fruit  into  winter  might  be  included,  such  as  the 
Hollies,    especially  the   yellow-berried    Holly  ;    Cra- 


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A   WINTER   GARDEN   OF   TREES      6i 

tcegus  Crus-Galli  and  C.  spathulata;  Cotoneaster  roiun- 
difolia,  which  is  the  best  of  all  the  Cotoneasters, 
and  frequently  carries  its  bright-scarlet  berries  till 
March  ;  and  Hippophce  rhamnoides,  the  Sea  Buck- 
thorn, whose  orange-coloured  fruits  are  borne  in 
such  profusion  and  retain  their  colour  till  past 
Christmas  if  the  frosts  are  not  too  severe.  The 
scarlet-fruited  Skimmia  japonica  and  its  varieties  are 
very  ornamental  during  the  winter  months,  but  of 
these  (as  well  as  the  Hippophae)  it  is  necessary  to 
grow  male  and  female  plants  together.  Groups  of 
variegated  evergreens  would  not  only  help  to  give 
shelter  and  warmth,  but  would  also  add  to  the 
brightness  of  the  garden.  The  best  of  them  are  the 
golden  and  silver  variegated  Eljeagnuses,  the  Hollies 
of  a  similar  character,  and  the  best  of  the  Aucubas, 
of  which  there  are  now  some  very  fine  forms  ;  the 
female  plants  are  also  very  ornamental  as  fruit- 
bearers.  Pinus  sylvestris  aurca,  a  variety  of  the 
Scotch  Pine  that  turns  golden  in  winter  but  is 
green  at  other  seasons,  and  Cupressus  macrocarpa  lutea 
are  the  two  best  Conifers  of  their  class.  Many  of  the 
variegated  Conifers  lose  most  or  all  of  their  colour  as 
autumn  and  winter  approach. 

"With  regard  to  the  trees  and  shrubs  that  bear 
flowers  between  November  and  February,  the  num- 
ber is  not,  of  course,  great  ;  still,  they  constitute  a 
group  that  is  larger,  perhaps,  than  is  generally  sup- 
posed. The  following  list,  which  comprises  all  that 
I  can  call  to  mind,  may  be  useful  even  to  those  who 
would  not  intend  to  bring  them  together  in  one  spot. 


62 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Some  country  houses  are  only  occupied  during  the 
shooting  and  hunting  seasons,  and  these  winter- 
flowering  plants  are  of  especial  value  in  such 
places. 

November 


Arbutus  hybrida. 

Hamamelis  virginica. 

„        Unedo  and  vars. 

Jasminum  nudiflorum. 

Daphne  Mezereum  grandi flora. 

Lonicera  fragrantissima. 

Elaeagnus  glabra,  macrophylla, 

„        Standishii. 

and  pungens  (all  delightfully 

fragrant). 

December  an 

d  January 

Chimonanthus  fragrans. 

Erica  carnea. 

Clematis  calycina. 

alba. 

Crataegus  monogyna  praecox 

Garrya  elliptica. 

(Glastonbury  Thorn). 

Viburnum  Tinus. 

Erica  mediterranea  hybrida. 

Febncary  and 

early  March 

Berberis  japonica. 

Hamamelis  zuccariniana. 

„        nepalensis. 

Prunus  davidiana  (pink  and 

Cornus  Mas, 

white  forms). 

Corylopsis  spicata. 

„        amygdalus   persi- 

Daphne  blagayana. 

coides. 

„        Laureola. 

Populus  tremuloides  pendula. 

,,        Mezereum. 

Parrotia  persica. 

„               „          van  alba. 

Pyrus  japonica. 

„        oleoides. 

Rhododendron  altaclarense. 

Erica  mediterranea. 

„              dauricum. 

Hamamelis  arborea. 

,,              nobleanum. 

„          japonica. 

„             prsecox. 

„          mollis. 

AUTUMN    COLOURS 

There  is  a  certain  amount  of  mystery  about  the 
autumn  colouring  of  the  foliage  of  hardy  trees  and 
shrubs  in  this  country,  and  we  have  never  yet  ascer- 
tained with  any  degree  of  exactness  the  conditions 
that  produce  the  richest  and  brightest  colours. 
Probably  the  conditions  most  favourable  generally 
are  provided  by  a  good  growing  season — that  is,  a 
warm,  moist  summer — followed  by  a  dry,  sunny 
autumn.  But  it  frequently  happens  after  what  one 
would  regard  as  favourable  seasons,  that  species 
which  are  usually  quite  trustworthy  in  this  matter 
fail  to  colour  well.  Probably  one  set  of  condi- 
tions does  not  suit  all  trees  and  shrubs  in  this 
respect.  To  produce  the  colouration  of  the  leaf 
just  before  it  falls  certain  subtle  chemical  changes 
in  its  composition  take  place.  And  to  bring  about 
these  changes  certain  conditions  in  regard  to  sun- 
light, temperature,  and  moisture  are  necessary.  But 
in  a  climate  such  as  that  of  Britain,  where  the 
seasons  are  never  alike  two  years  together,  we  can 
never  hope  to  obtain  the  same  regularity  of  autumnal 
colouring  that  characterises  the  vegetation,  for  in- 
stance, of  the  Eastern  United  States.  Still,  when 
all  is  said,  we  possess  in  our  gardens  a  large  number 

of  trees  and  shrubs  and  climbers  that  are  dehghtful 

63 


64  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

in  their  autumnal  livery  of  crimson,  purple,  scarlet, 
or  gold.  It  is  curious  that  every  season  we  may 
notice  species  not  usually  conspicuous  for  their 
autumn  tints  beautifully  coloured. 

An  over-vigorous,  sappy  growth,  often  the  result 
of  a  wet,  warm  autumn  or  too  rich  a  soil,  is  certainly 
detrimental  to  autumn  colouring.  Rhus  cotinoides,  an 
American  Sumach,  worth  growing  for  the  beauty  of 
its  colours  in  autumn,  is  one  of  the  most  unfailing 
in  this  matter.  But  young  plants,  put  out  in  well- 
trenched,  heavily-manured  soil,  will  often  fail  to 
colour  at  all  till  they  get  older  and  less  vigorous. 
The  most  beautifully-coloured  examples  of  this 
Sumach  that  we  have  seen  grow  in  rather  light 
sandy  soil.  We  have  frequently  noticed,  too,  that 
various  species  of  Vine  [Vitis)  when  starved  in  pots 
will  colour  exquisitely,  whilst  others,  planted  out  in 
the  ordinary  way,  completely  fail.  We  believe, 
therefore,  when  planting  with  a  view  to  the  produc- 
tion of  autumnal  colour,  any  great  enrichment  of 
the  soil  is  neither  necessary  nor  advisable,  provided 
it  is  of  moderate  quality  to  start  with. 

In  the  following  notes,  brief  mention  is  made  of 
some  of  the  best  trees,  shrubs,  and  climbers  that 
colour  in  autumn  : — 

Trees 

First  among  these  are  the  American  Red  Oaks. 
Undoubtedly  the  best  of  these  is  a  variety  of  Quercus 
coccinea  known  as  splendens  and  grayana.  This  not 
only  turns  to  a  fine  scarlet  crimson,  but  it  retains  its 


AUTUMN   COLOURS  65 

foliage  for  some  weeks  after  the  colour  has  been 
acquired — sometimes  almost  up  to  Christmas.  Other 
good  Oaks,  not  so  certain,  however,  as  the  preceding, 
are  Quercus  marylandica  (or  nigra),  Q.  heterophylla, 
Q.  imbricaria,  and  Q.  palustrts,  all  of  which  turn  red. 
The  Tupelo  tree  {Nyssa  sylvaticd)  turns  a  fine  bur- 
nished bronzy  red.  A  tree  remarkable  for  the  size 
of  its  leaves,  and  especially  for  the  rich  golden  yellow 
they  put  on  in  autumn,  is  Carya  tomentosa,  but,  like 
most  of  the  Hickories,  it  is  scarcely  known  in  gardens. 
Carya  sulcata  is  somewhat  similar.  The  Common 
Elm  is  usually  very  beautiful  in  the  soft  yellow  tints 
of  its  leaves  in  autumn,  but  another  Elm  of  more 
distinct  aspect  is  Ulmus  pumila,  a  low  tree  whose 
small  leaves  are  retained  till  late  in  the  year,  and 
turn  golden  yellow  before  they  fall.  Liquidambar 
styracijliia  has  long  been  valued  for  its  fading  foliage 
of  purple  red,  but  not  so  well  known  is  the  lovely 
yellow  of  the  Fern-like  foliage  of  the  Honey  Locust 
[Glcditschia  triacantlws).  The  Tulip  tree  {Liriodendron), 
the  Nettle  trees  {Celtis),  the  Zelkowas,  and  several  of 
the  Birches  turn  yellow,  one  of  the  best  of  the 
Birches  being  Betiila  corylifolia,  which  turns  a  rich 
orange  yellow. 

Among  commoner  trees  the  yellow  of  the  Horse 
Chestnut,  the  lovely  crimson  of  the  Wild  Cherry,  the 
golden  shades  of  the  Black  and  Lombardy  Poplars, 
add  much  to  the  beauty  of  every  autumn.  Several 
of  the  Maples  are  noteworthy  in  this  respect,  more 
especially  the  numerous  varieties  of  Japanese  Maples 
{Acer  pahnatiim   and   A.  japonicum),  these,   as  well   as 


66  TREES  AND   SHRUBS 

the  Mandshurian  Acer  Ginnala,  turning  to  various 
shades  of  red.  The  Common  Sycamore  and  Norway 
Maple  change  to  yellow,  but  Schwedler's  variety  of 
the  latter  becomes  red.  Other  trees  that  deserve 
mention  are  Amelanchter  canadensis,  whose  foliage 
changes  to  lovely  crimson  shades  in  autumn  ;  Kal- 
reuteria  japonica,  soft  yellow  ;  Pyrus  torminalis,  bronzy 
red  ;  Gingko  biloba,  pale  gold  ;  Cladrastis  tinctoria, 
yellow  ;  Parrotia  persica  and  Hamamelis,  bronzy  red 
and  yellow.  The  Common  Beech  is  nearly  always 
beautiful,  changing  first  to  yellow,  then  to  warm 
brown  tints.  Among  Conifers  the  yellow-leaved 
variety  (aurea)  of  the  Scotch  Pine  is  remarkable  in 
retaining  its  colour  during  the  winter  months  only, 
becoming  green  in  spring  and  summer.  Retinospora 
squarrosa  and  Cryptomeria  ekgans  turn  bronzy  red  in 
winter.  The  warm  red-brown  tints  of  the  decidtious 
Cypress  are  charming. 

Shrubs 

The  Sumachs  (Rhus)  furnish  some  of  the  most 
striking  of  autumn-colouring  shrubs  ;  the  best  of 
them,  R.  cotinoides,  has  been  already  described  ;  other 
fine  species  are  R.  typhina,  R.  glabra  (with  the  cut- 
leaved  variety  lactniata),  and  R.  Toxicodendron,  all  of 
which  turn  red.  The  Venetian  Sumach,  R.  Cotinus, 
becomes  yellow.  Berberis  Thunbergi,  which  dies  off 
a  rich  scarlet,  is  so  beautiful  in  autumn  that  on  some 
estates  it  has  been  planted  in  great  quantity,  not 
only  for  cover,  but  so  that  sportsmen  may  enjoy  its 
colour  during  the  shooting  season.     Its   evergreen 


AUTUMN   COLOURS  67 

ally,  B.  Aqiiifolium,  turns  a  glowing  red  or  purple 
after  the  first  frosts.  The  Ghent  Azaleas  almost 
always  colour  richly,  either  deep  glowing  crimson, 
bronzy  red,  or  gold  ;  and  of  other  ericaceous  plants 
the  warm  tints  of  Picris  mariana  and  the  rich  crimson 
of  the  Enkianthus  should  be  mentioned.  The  taller 
American  Vacciniums  {corymbosum  and  its  various 
forms)  are  always  lovely.  Our  native  Guelder  Rose 
{Vilmrnum  Opiilus)  becomes  crimson  in  autumn, 
whilst  the  Common  Hazel  and  Rhanmus  Fratigula 
often  produce  fine  effects  in  yellow.  The  feathery 
foliage  of  Spircca  Tliunbergi  is  singularly  beautiful 
when  it  changes  from  its  natural  pale  green  to 
crimson  ;  and  two  other  Japanese  shrubs  (both, 
unfortunately,  very  rare)  are  remarkable  for  their 
autumnal  beauty.  These  are  Disauihus  ccrcuiifolia, 
an  ally  of  the  Witch  Hazels,  lovely  claret  colour, 
and    Viburnum  ahiifolium^   crimson. 

Other  noteworthy  shrubs  are  Fothergilla  abii/olia, 
rich  red  ;  Euonymus  alatus,  crimson  ;  Dcutzia  crcnata^ 
yellow ;  and  Pyrus  arbutifolia,  red.  The  common 
Brambles  of  our  woods  should  not  be  passed  over 
without  mention  ;  they  turn  a  rich  glowing  red,  and 
for  their  autumnal  beauty  alone  may  be  used  as 
undergrowth  in  wilder  parts  of  the  garden  and 
woodland. 

Climbers 

First  among  these,  of  course,  is  Veitch's  Ampe- 
lopsis,  the  finest  of  all  deciduous  climbers  for  walls, 
being    self-supporting   and   changing   to   crimson    in 


68  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

autumn.  Vitis  Coigyietice  is  one  of  the  noblest  of  all 
Vines,  and  turns  crimson  also.  Other  Vines  useful 
in  this  respect  are  the  Teinturier  Vine,  purple  ; 
V.  Romanetiy  red  ;  and  the  Virginian  Creeper,  espe- 
cially that  variety  known  as  muralis  or  Engelmannii, 
which  clings  to  walls  or  tree  trunks  without  any 
artificial  support,  and  acquires  beautiful  red  shades 
in  autumn.  Among  Honeysuckles,  Lonicera  japonica 
var.  flexuosa  is  noteworthy  for  the  fine  red  purple  of 
its  decaying  leaves. 


TREES    AND    SHRUBS    WITH    FINE 
FRUITS 

The  most  important  of  all  the  groups  of  trees  and 
shrubs,  for  their  fruit,  is  the  one  comprising  the 
hardy  species  of  the  Rose  order.  This  includes,  of 
course,  besides  the  Roses,  such  trees  and  shrubs  as 
the  Thorns,  Crabs,  and  Cotoneasters.  Among  the 
the  Thorns  (Crataegus)  are  many  very  handsome 
sorts  giving  variety  in  size  and  colour  of  the  fruits. 
It  is  unfortunate  that  many  of  them  fall  early  and 
get  spoilt  by  birds.  At  the  same  time  birds  add  so 
greatly  to  the  delight  of  the  garden  that  we  may  well 
overlook  their  depredations.  By  many,  indeed,  these 
fruiting  trees  will  be  considered  worth  growing  for 
the  encouragement  they  give  to  bird-life.  It  may  be 
well  to  remind  planters  that  a  considerable  number 
of  these  fruiting  trees  and  shrubs  bear  male  flowers 
on  one  plant,  female  on  another.  People  are  often 
at  a  loss  to  understand  why  their  Sea  Buckthorns  or 
Aucubas  or  Skimmias  do  not  fruit,  when  the  simple 
reason  is  that  the  plants  are  all  male  (or  pollen- 
bearing),  or  that  the  female  ones  have  no  males  to 
fertilise  them.  As  a  general  rule,  if  these  shrubs 
are  grouped,  one  male  to  eight  or  ten  females 
is  a  proper  proportion.  As  plants  raised  from 
seeds    come    in    about    equal    proportions    of    both 


70  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

sexes,  it  is  necessary  to  select  the  females  and 
keep  just  sufficient  males  to  pollenise  them,  in  order 
that  the  full  beauty  of  the  species  as  a  fruit-bearer 
may  be  obtained.  With  Skimmias  and  Aucubas  the 
proper  proportions  can  be  obtained  by  means  of 
cuttings. 

The  following  hardy  trees  and  shrubs  are  the 
most  conspicuous  for  the  beauty  of  their  fruits  : — 

Arbutus  Unedo. — A  native  of  Western  Ireland, 
has  strawberry-like  fruits  of  a  bright-scarlet  colour. 

AiLANTUS  GLANDULOSA,  a  fine  tree  over  50  feet 
high,  is  very  beautiful  when  covered  with  its  red  and 
yellow-winged  fruits  ;  there  are  male  and  female 
plants. 

Aucubas,  grown  at  first  for  their  ornamental 
foliage  merely,  have  latterly  come  into  prominence 
as  fruit-bearers ;  the  female  plants  bear  clusters 
of  bright-red  berries  which  remain  long  on  the 
branches  and  are  very  attractive  in  winter. 

Berberis.  —  The  fruits  of  the  Berberries  are 
mostly  covered  with  a  plum-coloured  bloom  as  in 
B.  Aquifolium  and  B.  Darwinii,  but  none  of  them 
is  handsomer  than  our  native  B.  vulgaris  and  its 
varieties.  These  have  pendent  racemes  of  fruits, 
varying  in  colour  from  the  typical  orange  scarlet  to 
white,  purple,  and  black.  B.  Thtmbergi  coral-red, 
very  beautiful. 

Crat^GUS. — The  finest  of  all  the  Thorns  is  C. 
Pyracantha,  well  named  by  the  French  "  Buisson 
ardent."  This  shrub  or  small  tree  is  valuable  as 
a  graceful  evergreen,  and  when  clothed  (as  it  nearly 


TREES   WITH   FINE   FRUITS  71 

always  is  in  autumn)  with  its  brilliant  clusters  of 
orange-red  haws,  it  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
objects  in  the  garden.  It  is  quite  hardy  in  the 
open,  but  bears  fruits  more  abundantly  when 
planted  against  a  wall.  In  that  position  also  it 
is  more  easily  protected  from  birds,  which  soon 
destroy  the  beauty  of  plants  in  the  open.  The 
Cockspur  Thorn  (C.  Cms  Gallt)  has  several  varieties, 
all  producing  pendent  clusters  of  scarlet  haws.  The 
varieties  like  pyracantliifolia,  with  narrow  leaves  and 
Hat-topped  habit,  are  the  best  in  this  respect  ;  they 
retain  the  fruits  well  into  the  winter,  and  are  not 
eaten  by  birds  so  freely  as  many  are.  The  haws  of 
C.  cordata,  the  Washington  Thorn,  are  small,  but  a 
brilliant  orange.  C.  punctata,  C.  Azarolits,  and  C. 
pinnatifida  have  the  largest  haws  of  any,  and  they 
are  of  a  deep  red,  but  fall  early  ;  the  two  first, 
however,  are  variable,  and  forms  with  yellow  and 
other  coloured  haws  belong  to  them.  Those 
of  C.  macracantlia  are  bright  red,  and  in  favour- 
able years  are  so  plentiful  as  to  make  the  tree 
wondrously  beautiful.  C.  coccinca  and  C.  mollis  have 
also  red  haws,  larger  than  those  of  C.  macracantlia,  but 
they  fall  soon  after  they  are  ripe.  The  Common 
Hawthorn  is  pretty,  but  more  noteworthy  is  its 
variety  aurea,  with  bright  -  yellow  haws.  In  C. 
oliveriana  they  are  black.  The  Tansy-leaved  Thorn 
(C.  tanacctifolia)  has  large  yellow  fruits,  not  badly 
flavoured,  and  with  the  fragrance  of  Apples.  C. 
orknlalis  has  haws  of  a  bright  sealing-wax  red,  but 
in  its  variety  sanguinea  they  are  of  a  deeper  shade. 


72  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

COTONEASTERS.  —  Not  eiiough  use  is  made  of 
Cotoneasters  in  gardens.  They  grow  well  in  almost 
any  soil,  and  are  all  marked  by  elegant  or  neat  habit. 
They  are  very  pretty  when  in  flower,  but  it  is  in 
autumn,  when  laden  with  fruits,  that  they  attain 
their  greatest  beauty.  One  of  the  tallest  of  them  is 
C.  frigt'da,  and  this  bears  a  great  abundance  of  rich 
scarlet-red  berries  in  flat  clusters.  In  the  nearly 
allied  C.  bacillaris  they  are  almost  black.  C  rotun- 
difolia  is  a  dwarfer  shrub,  but  the  finest  of  all  the 
Cotoneasters  for  its  fruit  ;  it  grows  about  4  feet 
high,  and  has  small,  very  dark  green,  persistent 
leaves  ;  the  fruits  are  about  the  size  and  shape  of 
the  haws  of  the  Common  Hawthorn,  and  are  bril- 
liant scarlet  red ;  they  are  ripe  in  October,  and 
from  then  till  March  make  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
of  winter  pictures.  In  C.  hiixifolia  the  fruit  is  very 
abundant,  but  the  red  colour  is  not  so  bright  as  in 
the  preceding.  C.  horizontalis,  now  getting  to  be  a 
well-known  shrub,  has  very  pretty,  globose,  bright- 
red  fruits,  small  but  freely  borne.  C.  Sintonsii,  of 
medium  height,  has  brilliant  red  berries,  as  has 
C.  acuminata,  a  near  ally,  but  taller.  The  dwarfest 
section  of  Cotoneaster,  viz.,  thymifolia,  microphylla  and 
its  variety  glacialis  (or  congesta),  which  are  so  useful 
for  rockeries,  have  all  scarlet  berries. 

Celastrus  articulatus  is  a  vigorous  climber 
from  Eastern  Asia,  remarkable  for  the  great  beauty 
of  its  fruits,  which  are  golden  yellow  within,  and 
when  ripe  split  open  and  reveal  the  shining  scarlet- 
coated  seeds.     C  scandens  has  orange-coloured  seeds. 


TREES  WITH   FINE   FRUITS  73 

CORIARIA  JAPONICA  is  very  beautiful  in  autumn, 
when  it  succeeds  as  well  as  it  does  with  Canon  Ella- 
combe  at  Bitton,  the  fruits  being  covered  then 
with  the  persistent  petals  which  are  of  a  lovely  coral 
red. 

CORNUS  CAPITATA  {Benthamia  fragifera)  only  suc- 
ceeds to  perfection  in  the  south-western  counties ; 
its  strawberry-like  red  fruits  are  very  handsome. 

COPROSMA  ACEROSA  is  a  dwarf  New  Zealand  shrub 
suitable  for  the  rockery ;  it  has  variously-shaded, 
transparent,  blue-green  berries. 

El^AGNUS  MULTIFLORA  (or  E.  longipes)  is  the  most 
ornamental  in  the  genus  wijth  regard  to  its  fruits. 
They  are  remarkably  abundant,  orange-coloured,  and 
specked  with  reddish  scales. 

EuONYMUS  europ.eus,  our  native  "  Spindle  tree," 
is  most  beautiful  in  autumn,  when,  after  a  favourable 
season,  it  is  covered  with  its  open  red  fruits  revealing 
the  orange-coloured  seeds  within. 

Fraxinl'S  mariesii  is  one  of  Messrs.  Veitch's  in- 
troductions from  Japan,  and  is  a  dwarf  tree,  one  of 
the  "  Manna  "  Ashes  ;  the  thin  keys  are  of  a  bronzy- 
red  colour  and  pretty. 

Gleditschia  triacanthos  is  the  "  Honey  Locust." 
The  pods  are  not  brightly  coloured,  being  at  first 
green,  then  brown,  but  they  are  long,  thin,  and 
wavy,  like  crooked  scimitars,  and  hanging  in  numbers 
on  the  tree  ;  have  a  very  curious  and  (in  this  country) 
uncommon  aspect. 

Hedera  (Ivy).— Some  of  the  ''tree"  forms  of  Ivy 
produce  berries  freely ;  the  most  ornamental  of  them 


74  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

are  the  red,  yellow,  and  orange-coloured  varieties  of 
H.  Helix  arborescens. 

Hymenanthera  crassifolia,  from  New  Zealand, 
is  a  dense-growing,  stiff-branched,  dwarf  shrub, 
chiefly  noteworthy  for  the  white  berries  it  bears. 

Hypericums. — H.  Androscemum  and  H.  datum  pro- 
duce rather  handsome  clusters  of  black  fruits. 

HiPPOPHAE  rhamnoides,  the  Sea  Buckthorn,  is  one 
of  the  most  brilliantly  coloured  of  all  berry-bearing 
shrubs.  It  produces  them  in  marvellous  profusion, 
and  they  are  bright-orange  coloured.  Birds  do  not 
molest  the  berries,  and  unless  caught  by  severe  frosts 
(which  turn  them  grey)  they  lighten  the  garden 
wonderfully  up  to,  and  sometimes  after,  the  New 
Year.  The  necessity  of  growing  both  sexes  of  plants 
has  already  been  noted,  but  isolated  females  may  be 
artificially  impregnated  by  shaking  pollen  over  them 
when  in  flower. 

Ilex  (Holly). — The  berries  of  the  Holly  are  so 
well  known  that  we  need  only  mention  the  yellow- 
berried  one  (Jructu-luieo),  which  is  not  common,  but 
very  effective  in  winter. 

LiGUSTRUM. — The  Privets  are  of  little  consequence 
as  fruit-bearing  shrubs,  and  only  L.  swense  need  be 
mentioned ;  it  is  frequently  very  striking  in  early 
winter,  being  covered  then  with  great  clusters  of 
purple-black,  shot-like  berries. 

Lycium  chinense. — Nearly  all  the  Box  Thorns  in 
this  country  belong  to  this  species.  As  for  L.  europceum 
and  L.  barbarum,  the  names  are  very  common,  but 
the  plants  themselves  very  rare.     L.  chinense  is  very 


TREES   WITH   FINE   FRUITS  75 

ornamental  in  the  fall  of  the  year,  its  long  graceful 
branches  being  well  furnished  with  rich  red  berries. 
L.  rhombifolium  is  one  of  its  forms. 

Magnolia  tripetala  is  often  very  striking  in  the 
fall  of  the  year  because  of  its  large  upright  fruits  of 
a  reddish-purple  colour. 

Maclura  aurantiaca,  the  "  Osage  Orange,"  bears 
a  remarkable  orange-coloured  fruit  2  to  3  inches 
in  diameter.  The  tree  is  quite  hardy,  but  we  have 
not  heard  of  its  bearing  fruit  in  this  country.  This 
is  perhaps  because  male  and  female  flowers  occur 
on  different  plants. 

Pernettya  MUCRONATA. — First  among  ericaceous 
plants  for  beauty  in  fruit  is  this  Magellanic  plant 
and  its  varieties.  It  is  dwarf  and  bushy,  with  small 
white  flowers  followed  by  enormous  quantities  of 
berries  about  the  size  of  peas.  These  vary  in  colour 
from  white  to  deep  crimson,  and  are  undoubtedly 
some  of  the  most  valuable  of  all  hardy  berry-bearing 
shrubs. 

Paliurus  australis  (Christ's  Thorn)  has  fiat, 
disk-like  fruits,  freely  borne  in  suitable  years  ;  they 
are  green,  and  if  not  particularly  ornamental,  are 
very  quaint  and  interesting. 

Ptelea  trifoliata. — The  same  may  be  said  of 
the  abundant  clusters  of  hop-like  fruits  seen  in  this 
tree. 

Pyrus. —  In  this  genus,  which  includes  the 
Mountain  Ash,  the  Crabs,  and  the  White  Beam  trees, 
there  is  a  great  wealth  of  beautiful  fruiting  trees. 
The   Mountain    Ash    or    Kowan  tree  (P.  Aucuparia), 


76  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

when  laden  with  its  hanging  corymbs  of  rich  scarlet 
berries  is  a  delightful  picture,  and  it  reaches  its  full 
beauty  in  August.  Not  so  well  known  is  the  variety 
fructu-luteo,  with  yellow  fruits.  A  near  relative  of  the 
Rowan  tree  is  P.  americana,  its  New  World  re- 
presentative, but  it  is  not  so  beautiful.  The  fruit 
is  almost  identical,  but  the  tree  is  of  a  stiff  and  less 
graceful  aspect.  The  new  P.  thianschanica,  which 
also  belongs  to  the  Rowan  tree  group,  has  bright- 
red,  globose  berries.  Perhaps  of  all  the  genus 
Pyrus,  none  on  the  whole  are  so  beautiful  in  autumn 
as  the  Crabs.  P.  haccata,  the  Siberian  Crab,  with  its 
bright-red,  cherry-like  fruits,  and  P.  Rtngo  from 
Japan,  with  bright-yellow  ones,  are  the  best  of  the 
true  species.  The  hybrid  "  John  Downie  "  Crab  is 
also  very  beautiful  in  autumn. 

The  flowering  Quinces  are  not  particularly  at- 
tractive in  regard  to  the  colour  of  their  fruits,  but 
some  of  them — notably  those  of  the  dwarf  Pyrus 
Maulei — are  very  sweetly  scented. 

Some  very  handsome  fruits  are  borne  by  the 
various  White  Beam  trees  {Pyrus  Aria  and  its  allies). 
Perhaps  the  best  of  them  is  P.  lanata  (or  Sorbus 
majesticd),  which  has  flat  clusters  of  bright-red 
berries.  But  many  of  the  varieties  of  P.  Aria  itself 
are  very  attractive.  One  of  the  latest  additions  to 
this  group  is  P.  alnifolia,  a  neat-habited  small  tree 
from  Japan  and  China.  It  has  oblong  coral-red 
fruits. 

Rosa. —  Beauty  at  fruiting  time  is  an  almost 
proverbial    attribute    of    the    Roses.     None  is  more 


TREES   WITH   FINE   FRUITS  77 

beautiful  than  our  native  Dog  Rose  (R.  canina). 
Though  in  many  an  Enghsh  hedgerow,  an  out- 
of-the-way  corner  in  many  a  garden  might  be  given 
up  to  the  Dog  Rose  and  its  varieties  for  the  sake 
of  their  wealth  of  scarlet  hips  in  autumn.  R. 
tomeulosa  and  R.  mollis  are  other  red-fruited  natives 
of  Britain.  Al!  the  members  of  the  Scotch  Rose 
group  {pwtpinellifolia)  have  black  fruits.  Of  exotic 
species,  one  of  the  most  valuable  is  R.  rtigosa;  its 
fiat,  orange-shaped  hips  are  so  abundant  and  brightly 
coloured  that  they  make  a  brilliant  picture.  R.  micro- 
phylla  has  yellow  prickly  fruits,  whilst  those  of  R. 
macrophylla  are  pear-shaped  and  scarlet.  The  deep- 
crimson  hips  of  R.  potnijera,  covered  with  bristly 
hairs  like  large  gooseberries,  are  as  remarkable  as 
any.  Some  of  the  American  species,  although  the 
fruits  are  usually  small,  are  handsome,  such  as  R. 
nulkana  and  R.  Carolina.  The  elongated,  pear-shaped 
fruits  of  R.  alpina  and  its  variety  pyrenaica  are  bright 
red,  and  have  a  pleasant,  resinous  odour  when 
rubbed. 

Rhaphithamnus  cyanocarpus  can  only  be  grown 
outside  against  a  wall,  or  in  Cornwall  or  similar 
localities,  but  where  it  will  succeed  it  is  well  worth 
growing,  not  only  for  its  pale-blue  flowers,  but  for 
the  bright-blue  fruits  that  follow  them. 

Some  of  the  Rhamnus,  such  as  the  native  R. 
catharticus  and  R.  Frangula,  bear  abundant  crops 
of  purple-black  berries. 

The  dense  pyramidal  fruit-clusters  of  the  Stag- 
horn    Sumach    {Rhus    typhina)    are    often    attractive, 


78  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

being  covered  with  crimson  hairs.  Those  of  R. 
glabra  are  similarly  coloured. 

RUBUS  PHCENICOLASIUS  has  Spread  in  cultivation 
recently,  and  has  beautiful  scarlet  berries.  It  is 
hardy  enough,  but  birds  are  so  attracted  by  the 
bright  colour,  that  it  requires  protection  from  them 
when  in  fruit. 

Sambucus. — The  scarlet-berried  Elder,  S.  race- 
mosits,  is  by  far  the  handsomest  of  the  genus, 
but  although  it  flowers  freely  enough,  it  is  very 
uncertain  in  producing  its  fruits.  S.  glanca, 
from  the  West  United  States,  produces  large,  flat 
clusters  of  blue-white  berries,  and  there  is  a 
striking  white-fruited  variety  of  S.  nigra  called 
leiicocarpa. 

The  Snowberry  {Symphorkarpus  racemosus)  should 
always  have  a  place  in  the  garden  for  the  sake  of  its 
clusters  of  large  pure  white  berries,  which  remain 
long  on  the  plants. 

Viburnum. — There  are  several  very  handsome 
fruiting  species  in  this  genus,  no  finer,  however,  than 
the  native  V.  Opiihis,  or  Guelder  Rose,  with  red 
fruits,  and  its  variety  fructii-htteo  with  yellow  ones. 
In  the  other  native  species,  V.  Lantana,  they  are  at 
first  red,  ultimately  black.  Several  of  the  Viburnums 
are  noteworthy  for  the  blue  or  blue-black  fruits  ;  of 
these  are  dentatum,  mollef  cassinoides,  and  midiim. 
Those  of  the  evergreen  V.  Tinus  are  also  dark  blue, 
but,  as  with  the  other  blue-fruited  species,  they  are 
not  frequently  borne  in  profusion  in  the  average 
climate  of  Britain. 


TREES   WITH   FINE   FRUITS  79 

VlTIS  HETEROPHYLLA  and  its  variety  humulifoliaf 
bear  singularly  beautiful  clusters  of  pale  china-blue 
berries.  To  induce  them  to  fruit  freely,  however, 
the  plants  require  a  warm,  sunny  wall,  and  rather 
restricted  root-room. 


WEEPING  TREES   AND   THEIR  USES 

It  is  not  at  all  easy  to  define  special  uses  for  trees 
of  weeping  habit,  but  it  is  safe  to  use  them  nearly 
singly  and  not  in  immediate  connexion  with  trees 
of  quite  upright  form.  The  point  in  the  weeping 
tree  is  a  certain  grace  of  drooping  line,  such  as  one 
enjoys  in  the  drooping  racemes  of  many  of  the 
papilionaceous  flowers  such  as  Wistaria,  Laburnum, 
and  Robinia.  Nothing  is  gained  by  accentuating 
the  peculiarity  by  a  direct  association  with  trees  of 
an  opposite  way  of  growth.  It  is  better  rather  to 
place  the  weeping  trees  near  rounded  masses  of 
shrub  and  small  tree — for  example,  a  Weeping  Birch 
would  group  well  with  a  clump  of  Rhododendrons. 

Near  water  weeping  trees  seem  to  be  specially 
effective.  An  instance  of  this  is  shown  in  the 
familiar  Weeping  Willow,  but  one  at  a  time  seems 
as  much  as  is  wanted. 

As  a  general  rule,  we  strongly  advocate  planting 
in  groups,  whether  in  the  case  of  trees,  shrubs,  or 
flowering  plants,  but  the  weeping  trees  are  less 
suited  for  grouping  than  any  others.  One  Weeping 
Willow  is  all  very  well,  but  a  whole  grove  of  them 
would  be  monotonous  and  tiresome. 

The  habit  of  some  of  the  weeping  trees  can  be 
directly  turned  to  account  in  the  making  of  arbours 


WEEPING   ASH;     PALACE  GAh'DIiXS.  DALKEITH. 


WEEPING  TREES  AND  THEIR  USES     8i 

and  pergolas  ;  for  by  planting  the  large-leaved 
Weeping  Elm  or  the  Weeping  Ash  at  the  back  and 
on  each  side  in  the  case  of  an  arbour,  or  alternately 
on  each  side  of  the  walk  for  a  pergola,  a  living 
shelter  may  be  made  in  a  very  few  years.  The 
trees  in  this  case  are  standards  pollarded  at  about 
8  feet  from  the  ground,  the  form  in  which  they 
are  generally  sent  out  from  the  nursery. 

(i.)  Naturally  Pendulous  Species  and  Varieties, 
i.e.  Coming  True  from  Seed 

Asterisk  denotes  those  to  choose  first. 

Tilia  (Lime  or  Linden)  petiolaris. 
Genista  aethnensis  (shrubby). 

*  Prunus  pendula  (Weeping  Japanese  Cherry). 
Forsythia  suspensa  (shrubby). 

*  Salix  (Willow)  alba  caerulea  pendula. 
vitellina  pendula. 
babylonica. 

„  annularis. 

„  Salamoni. 

elegantissima. 

(ii.)  Pendulous  Varieties  that  have  originated  as 
"  Sports,"  propagated  by  Grafts,  Cuttings,  or 
Layers 

*  Ilex  (Holly)  Aquifolium  (green  and  variegated). 
Acer  (Maple)  Negundo  pendula. 

Rhus  Cotinus  pendula. 

Laburnum  vulgare  pendulum  (Weeping  Laburnum). 

Cytisus  scoparius  pendulus. 

Caragana  (Pea  tree)  arborescens  pendula. 

Sophora  japonica  pendula. 

F 


82  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

*  Prunus  Amygdalus  pendula  (Weeping  Almond). 

*  ,,  Avium  pendula  (Weeping  Wild  Cherry). 
„  acida  semperflorens. 

*  „  Mahaleb  pendula  (Weeping  Mahaleb  Cherry). 
„  Padus  pendula  (Weeping  Bird  Cherry). 

*  Crataegus  Oxycantha  (Hawthorn),  red  and  white  flowered. 
Sambucus  nigra  pendula  (Weeping  Elder). 

*  Fraxinus  excelsior  pendula  (Weeping  Ash). 

„  ,,         aurea  (golden-leaved)  pendula. 

„  „         pendula  wentworthii. 

„         parviflora  pendula. 
Ulmus  (Elm)  americana  pendula. 
campestris  pendula. 

„  antarctica  pendula. 

„  suberosa  pendula. 

fulva  pendula. 
montana  pendula. 

,,        Pitteursii  pendula. 
Zelkowa  crenata  pendula. 
Morus  (Mulberry)  alba  pendula. 

*  Betula  (Birch)  alba  pendula. 

*  „  „  „    Youngi. 

„  ,,  „    purpurea  pendula. 

Alnus  (Alder)  incana  pendula. 
Carpinus  (Hornbeam)  Betulus  pendula. 
Coryllus  Avellana  (Common  Hazel)  pendula. 
Quercus  (Oak)  pedunculata  pendula. 
,,  ,,      rubra  pendula. 

*  Fagus  (Beech)  sylvatica  pendula. 

„  „  „         miltonensis. 

„  „  „         remillyensis. 

*  Salix  (Willow)  Caprea  pendula. 
■*     „  ,,         purpurea  pendula. 

„  „  „        Scharfenbergensis. 

,,  „         repens  argentea. 

*  Populus  tremula  (Aspen)  pendula. 

*  „        tremuloides  pendula. 


WEEPING  TREES  AND  THEIR  USES     83 


(iii.)  Conifers 

Cupressus  lawsoniana  glauca  pendula. 
,,  „  gracilis  pendula. 

,,  ,,  pendula  vera. 

„  „  gracillima. 

,,         nootkatensis  pendula. 
Cedrus  atlantica  pendula. 
Gingko  biloba  pendula. 
Juniperus  (Juniper)  virginiana  pendula. 
Larix  europsa  (Common  Larch)  pendula. 
Thuya  orientalis  pendula. 

„       flagelliformis. 
Taxodium  distichum  (Deciduous  Cypress)  pendulum. 
Tsuga  canadensis  pendula. 
Taxus  (Yew)  baccata  pendula. 

„  ,,  „       gracilis  pendula. 

„  „  „       Dovastoni.     There  is  a  fine  specimen 

of  this  in  Barron's  nursery  at  Bor- 
rowash. 


THE    USE    OF   VARIEGATED   TREES 
AND   SHRUBS 

The  best  use  of  trees  and  shrubs  with  coloured  or 
variegated  foliage  is  not  very  easy  to  determine, 
though  it  may  be  possible  to  give  a  few  useful 
suggestions.  The  usual  way  of  planting  them  here 
and  there  among  mixed  masses  of  evergreen  and 
deciduous  growths  is  perhaps  the  worst  way  of  all. 
All  good  planting  must  be  done  with  much  thought 
and  care,  and  these  plants  of  coloured  foliage,  that 
are  necessarily  more  conspicuous  than  others,  want 
the  most  careful  placing  of  any. 

One  excellent  use  of  evergreen  trees  and  shrubs 
with  golden  colouring,  such  as  the  Gold  Hollies, 
Cypresses,  Yews,  and  Privets  is  to  make  them  into 
a  cheerful  bit  of  outdoor  winter  garden.  The  Gold- 
leaved  Privet  is  a  delightful  thing  in  early  winter, 
and  though  Wild  Privet,  untouched  by  the  knife,  is 
a  deciduous  shrub,  the  clipped  Privets  of  our  gardens 
usually  hold  their  leaves  throughout  the  winter. 
With  these  the  variegated  Japan  Honeysuckle  might 
be  freely  used,  much  of  its  yellow  veining  turning 
to  a  bright  red  in  winter.  Cassinia  fulvida  is  another 
good  winter  shrub  with  its  tiny  gold-backed  leaves. 
The  pretty  bushes  of  this  neat  New  Zealander  are 


THE    USE   OF   VARIEGATED   TREES     85 

apt  to  grow  somewhat  straggling,  but  the  crowded 
httle  branches  are  the  very  thing  that  is  wanted 
through  the  winter  as  cut  greenery  to  go  with  winter 
flowers,  whether  hardy  or  from  under  glass.  If 
these  are  cut  a  foot  long  the  bush  is  kept  in  shape, 
and  a  valuable  supply  of  stuff  for  house  decoration 
is  provided. 

A  half  or  even  quarter  acre  of  well-arranged 
planting  of  these  gold-variegated  shrubs  has  a  sur- 
prisingly cheery  effect  in  winter,  making  a  kind  of 
sunlight  of  its  own  when  skies  are  grey,  and  a  com- 
fortable shelter  when  winds  are  keen. 

In  summer,  too,  it  will  be  beautiful  if  the  spaces 
between  the  shrubs  are  cleverly  planted,  for  pre- 
ference, with  plants  of  white  or  pale-yellow  flowers, 
such  as  White  Foxglove,  (Enothera  laniarckiana,  white 
and  pale-yellow  Hibiscus  ficifolius,  Liliiims  awatum, 
gigantcum,  speciosum,  and  longifolium  ;  White  Everlast- 
ing Pea  trained  loosely  through  any  near  branches  ; 
Nicotiana  affinis  and  N.  sylvestris ;  and  close  to  the 
path  hardy  Ferns  of  pale-green  frondage,  such  as 
the  Lady  Fern  ;  with  clumps  of  plants  of  golden 
foliage  like  the  Gold  Valerian  and  Gold  Nettle.  A 
shrub  of  variegated  foliage,  planted  without  special 
attention,  and  coming  suddenly  in  a  grouping  of 
others  of  an  average  green  colour  is  made  unduly 
conspicuous.  It  should  be  led  up  to  by  neighbours 
whose  colouring  gradually  assimilates  with  its  own. 
The  sudden  effect  of  colouring  is  all  very  well  in 
the  nurseryman's  show  borders,  where  the  object 
is  to  attract  attention  to  showy  individuals,   but  in 


86  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

our  gardens  we  want  the  effect  of  well-arranged 
pictures  rather  than  that  of  shop  windows. 

A  variegated  plant  to  be  of  real  value  in  the 
garden  must  have  clear,  bright,  and  abundant  red 
and  yellow  or  white  markings,  not  dotted  or  merely 
margined  with  colour.  So  many  worthless  shrubs 
with  poor  variegation  have  been  named  and  offered 
for  sale  that  it  is  unwise  to  buy  them  from  a  catalogue. 
We  may  repeat  the  advice  already  given,  which  is 
to  see  them  first. 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  coloured  foliage  are  of 
several  kinds.  Most  common  of  all  are  those  which 
have  leaves  blotched  or  edged  with  golden  or  creamy 
yellow  and  white,  such  as  the  variegated  Hollies  and 
Elaeagnuses.  Then  there  are  those  which  are  only 
coloured  at  a  certain  season,  like  Neillia  opulifolia  aurea. 
This  has  leaves  of  a  beautiful  self  yellow  colour 
when  they  unfold  in  spring,  but  become  green  as 
the  summer  advances  ;  or  the  variegated  Plane 
{Platanus  acerifolia  Suttneri),  which  is  only  variegated 
in  late  summer  and  autumn. 

Finally,  there  are  those,  like  the  Purple  Hazel  or 
Purple  Beech,  which  have  leaves  of  one  colour  and 
remain  almost  of  the  same  shade  whilst  they  are  on 
the  tree. 

On  the  whole  the  plants  that  retain  their  colour 
till  late  summer  and  autumn,  or  acquire  it  then,  are 
most  valuable,  because  very  few  trees  and  shrubs 
are  then  in  flower. 

Variegated  trees  and  shrubs  must  not  be  planted 
too  plentifully,  and  studiously  avoid  all  spotty  effects. 


THE   USE   OF   VARIEGATED   TREES     87 

Many  a  garden  would  be  improved  by  bringing  the 
variegated  shrubs  it  contains  together  so  as  to  pro- 
duce a  few  broad  masses  of  colour.  Some  of  these 
shrubs,  like  Spath's  Cornel,  or  the  Golden  Elder,  may, 
in  large  gardens  especially,  be  planted  alone  in  large 
beds  or  groups.  The  large  trees,  like  the  Purple 
Beech,  can  stand  by  themselves. 

The  following  list  contains    one  hundred    of   the 
finest  of  variegated  trees  and  shrubs : — 

Trees 

Acer  Negundo  variegatum,  creamy  white. 
„     Negundo  aureutn,  golden  entirely. 
„     platanoides  Schwedleri,  soft  red  in  spring. 
„     Pseudo-platanus  flavo-marginatum,  the  "  Corstorphine  " 
Sycamore,  one  of  the  largest  of  variegated  trees. 
Alnus  glutinosa  aurea,  wholly  yellow. 
Betula  alba  purpurea,  wholly  purple. 

Castanea  sativa  aureo-marginata,  the  variegated  Sweet  Chest- 
nut, perhaps  the  best  of  all  large  trees,  with  parti-coloured 
leaves. 
Catalpa  bignonioides  aurea,  wholly  golden,  and  most  effective 

in  summer  and  autumn. 
Fagus  sylvatica  purpurea.     Of  the  Purple  Beeches  there  are 
now  numerous  forms,  such  as  atropurpurea,  cuprea, 
purpurea,   pendula  (weeping),  and   "Swat  Magret" 
(the  darkest  of  all). 
„      sylvatica  variegata,  white. 
„      sylvatica  tricolor,  various  shades  of  red  and  purple  ; 

beautifully  coloured,  but  not  vigorous. 
„      sylvatica   var.    Zlatia,   entirely   pale   golden    green    in 
spring,  but  for  a  short  time  only. 
Fraxinus  americana  aucubsfolia,  richly  mottled  with  yellow. 
Ilex  Aquifolium.     The  variegated    Hollies,  both   silver  and 


88  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

golden,  are  now  very  numerous ;  among  the  best  are 
argentea  marginata,  argentea  pendula,  Golden  Queen, 
Silver  Queen,  Golden  King,  flavescens,  latifolia  aureo- 
marginata,  maderensis  variegata,  Watereriana,  aureo- 
medio  picta,  aureo-pendula,  handsworthensis. 
Laburnum  vulgare  foliis  aureis,  all  yellow, 
Platanus  acerifolia  Siittneri,  very  pure  white  with  scarcely  any 

green  on  late  growth. 
Populus  deltoidea  aurea,  all  yellow. 
Prunus  cerasifera  atropurpurea  (P.  Pissardi),  lovely  claret  red 

when  young,  becoming  dull  purple  in  summer. 
Pyrus  Malus  neidwetzkyanus.     In  this   Apple  not  only  the 
leaves,  but  the  wood  and  fruit  are  purplish  red. 
,,     Aria  chrysophylla,  yellow. 
Quercus  Cerris  variegata,  the  white  variegated  Turkey  Oak. 
„        pedunculata  Concordia,  a  lovely  clear  yellow,   but 

apt  to  burn. 
„        pedunculata  purpurea,  wholly  red  purple. 
„         rubra,  crimson. 
Robinia  Pseudacacia  aurea,  yellow. 

Ulmus  campestris,  "  Louis  Van  Houtte,"  the  best  Golden  Elm. 
,,      campestris  viminalis  variegata,  a  charming  white-varie- 
gated, small-leaved  Elm. 

Conifers 

Abies  concolor  violacea,  glaucous  blue. 
Cedrus  atlantica  glauca,  glaucous  blue. 

Cupressus  lawsoniana ;  numerous  varieties,  of  which  gracilis 
pendula  aurea,  lutea  (very  hardy),  Silver  Queen, 
and  albo-variegata  may  be  mentioned, 
nootkatensis  lutea,  yellow-tipped  twigs, 
obtusa  aurea,  yellow, 
obtusa  nana  aurea,  dwarf  yellow, 
pisifera  plumosa  aurea,  yellow, 
macrocarpa  lutea,  the  best  yellow  Conifer  in  mild 
districts. 


ELM  AGNUS  PUNGENS  {Kew). 


THE   USE   OF   VARIEGATED   TREES     89 

Juniperus  chinensis  aurea,  gold-tipped. 

Picea  orientalis  argenteo-spica,  young  shoots  pale  yellow. 
„      pungens  glauca,  the  best  "  blue  "  Conifer. 

Pinus  sylvestris  aurea,  golden  in  winter,  green  in  spring  and 
summer. 

Taxus  baccata  aurea,  "  Golden  Yew  " ;  a  Barronii. 
,,      baccata  fastigiata  aurea,  "Golden  Irish  Yew." 
„      baccata  semper-aurea,  golden  more  or  less  throughout 
the  winter. 

Thuya  (Biota)  orientalis  aurea,  yellow  in  summer. 

Shrubs  or  Small  Trees 

Acerpalmatum  atropurpureum,  purple.  There  are  many  forms 
of  this  Japanese  Maple— cut-leaved,  purple,  and  golden — 
but  this  is  the  hardiest. 

Aralia  chinensis  albo-variegata.  This  is  one  of  the  most  promis- 
ing new  variegated  shrubs.  It  is  sold  as  Dimorphanthus 
mandschuricus  var.  variegatus. 

Atriplex  Halimus,  silvery  grey  entirely. 

Aucuba  japonica,  many  forms,  yellow  or  creamy  white. 

Berberis  vulgaris  foliis  purpureis,  one  of  the  best  purple  shrubs. 

Buxus  sempervirens  aurea,  "Golden  Box." 

Corylus  maxima  atropurpurea,  a  dark-purple,  very  effective 
variety  of  the  Cob-nut. 

Cornus  Mas  aurea  elegantissima,  yellow. 
„       Mas  variegata,  white. 

Elaeagnus  pungens  aurea,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  variegated 
evergreens. 
„         pungens  variegata,  white. 

Euonymus  japonicus  albo-marginatus,  very  good  for  the  south 
coast. 
,,  japonicus  ovatus  aureus,  same  as  preceding,  but 

yellow. 

Ligustrum  (Privet)  ovalifolium  foliis  aureis,  the  best  variegated 
shrub  for  hedges  and  for  rough  usage. 

Neillia  opulifolia  lutea,  yellow  in  spring  only. 


90  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

Philadelphus  coronaiius  foliis  aureis,  yellow  in  the  spring  and 
early  summer  and  very  bright  then,  gradually  gets  green 
afterwards. 

Ptelea  trifoliata  aurea,  yellow. 

Rhamnus  Alaternus  variegatus,  white. 

Rhus  Cotinus  atropurpureus,  purple. 

Symphoricarpus  orbiculatus  variegatus,  yellow. 

Sambucus  nigra  foUis  aureis,  yellow,  retaining  its  colour  well 
till  autumn. 
,,  racemosa   plumosa   aurea,  a    beautiful    cut-leaved 

Golden  Elder. 

Dwarf  Shrubs  and  Climbers 
Acanthopanax  spinosum  variegatum,  pretty,  white-variegated, 

dwarf,  and  slow-growing., 
Arundinaria  auricoma,  the  best  yellow- variegated  hardy  Bamboo. 
„  Fortunei,     the     best     white -variegated     hardy 

Bamboo. 
Cornus  alba  Spaethii,  probably  the  finest  of  all  yellow-varie- 
gated dwarf  shrubs,  never   "scorching"  in  the  hottest 
summers. 
Euonymus  radicans,  the  white-variegated  form  of  this  plant 
is  useful  as  a  carpet  in  shady  positions  where  grass  will 
not  grow. 
Hedera  Helix  (Ivy),   numerous  varieties,  both  shrubby  and 
climbing — arborescens  variegata,  chrysophylla,   discolor, 
maderensis  variegata,  sulphurea,  canariensis  argentea. 
Jasminum  nudiflorum  foliis  aureis  and 

,,  officinale    foliis    aureis,    variegated   climbers   with 

yellow  leaves ;  the  latter  is  the  more  ornamental, 
but  is  delicate  in  constitution. 
Kerria  japonica  foliis  variegatis,  white. 
Lonicera  japonica  aureo-reticulata.     The  veins  of  this  climber 

are  beautifully  "picked  out"  in  gold. 
Osmanthus    Aquifolium    ilicifolius    variegatus,   a    holly-like, 
white-variegated   shrub   useful   in   the   milder 
parts  of  the  kingdom. 


THE   USE   OF   VARIEGATED   TREES     91 

Osmanthus  Aquifolium     purpureus,     the     hardiest     of    the 

Osmanthus. 
Pieris  japonica  variegata,  white. 
Ribes  alpinum  pumilum  aureum,  gi^lden  in  spring. 
Rubus  ulmifolius  variegatus,  veins  of  the  later  leaves  golden. 
Salix  repens  argentea,  a  prostate  silvery-leaved  Willow,  makes 

a  pretty  weeping  shrub  if  trained  up  at  first. 
Santolina  Charaoecyparissus,  silvery  white  entirely. 
Vitis  heterophylla  variegata,   a  pretty,  blue-berried  climber, 
but  tender ;  the  variegation  is  rosy  white. 
„      inconstans  purpurea,  a  purplish  form  of  the  popular 

"  Ampelopsis  Veitchii." 
,,      vinifera  purpurea,  deep  purple. 
Vinca  minor,  white  and  yellow-marked  forms. 


TREES  AND  SHRUBS  FOR  SEA-COAST 

In  planting  trees  and  shrubs  near  the  sea,  two  im- 
portant matters  must  be  considered — (i) fierce  gales; 
(2)  salt  spray.  As  a  protection  against  storms  much 
may  be  done  by  planting  quick-growing  things,  such 
as  Poplars  and  Willows,  and  in  this  sheltered  area 
more  permanent  trees  and  shrubs  may  be  put.  This 
way  of  planting  for  shelter  where  bleak  places  are 
to  be  clothed  with  trees  and  shrubs  is  universally 
adopted  in  some  form  or  other,  sometimes  in  the 
shape  of  hedges  or  belts,  and  in  the  other  cases 
the  plants  are  all  placed  much  thicker  together  than 
they  are  to  permanently  remain,  thus  forming  a 
compact  mass  against  which  the  wind  makes  little  or 
no  impression.  In  this  last-named  case  continual 
thinning  will  be  necessary  as  they  grow  up,  for  if 
left  too  long  the  plants  become  weak,  and  the 
advantage  gained  by  the  thicker  planting  is  then 
completely  lost.  A  beautiful  seaside  shrub,  and 
the  best,  too,  for  forming  shelter  hedges  of  low  or 
medium  height  is  the  Tamarisk,  which  retains  its 
freshness  throughout  the  season  till  the  autumn, 
however  much  exposed  to  the  sea. 

It  is  difficult  to  make  a  list  of  trees  and  shrubs 
suitable  for  seaside  planting  around  the  British 
Isles,  as  the  coast-line    is  so  varied,  and  the  action 


TREES   FOR   SEA-COAST  93 

of  the  Gulf  Stream  has  great  influence  on  the 
vegetation  of  many  parts  of  our  western  coasts. 
As  no  hard  and  fast  line  can  be  drawn,  the  first 
list  contains  those  trees  and  shrubs  that  may  be 
regarded  as  thoroughly  hardy,  unless  otherwise 
specified,  and  the  second  list  those  that  are  avail- 
able for  planting  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  in  the 
south  and  west  of  England,  and  in  some  parts 
of  Ireland. 

Trees 

Acer  platanoides  (Norway  Maple). 
,,    Pseudo-platanus  (Sycamore). 
Alnus  (Alder)  of  sorts.     Will  thrive  only  in  damp  places. 
Ash,  Mountain. 

Betula  alba  (Birch)  and  varieties. 
Carpinus  Betulus  (Hornbeam). 

Cerasus  (Cherry),  particularly  C.  Avium  and  C.  Mahaleb. 
Crataegus  (Thorn)  of  sorts. 

Cupressus  macrocarpa  (Monterey  Cypress).  Of  rapid  growth. 
Fagus  sylvatica  (Beech)  and  varieties. 

Fraxinus  excelsior  (Common  Ash).    F.  Ornus  (Flowering  Ash). 
Ilex  Aquifolium  (Holly)  and  varieties. 
Laburnum. 

Pinus   austriaca  (Austrian  Pine).     One  of  the  best  Firs  for 
bleak  seaside  places, 
contorta  (Twisted  Pine).     A  small  tree, 
insignis    (Grass-green    Pine).     More   tender   than    the 

others. 
Laricio  (Corsican  Pine).     Equal  to  the  Austrian  Pine 

for  seaside, 
muricata  (Prickly-coned  Pine).     A  dwarf  tree. 
Pinaster  (Cluster  Pine).     Delights   in    the   neighbour- 
hood of  the  sea. 
montana  (Mountain  Pine).     A  shrub  or  small  tree. 


94  TREES  AND   SHRUBS 

Populus  alba  (Abele  or  White  Poplar).     All  the  Poplars  grow 
quickly. 
„        deltoidea  (Canadian  Poplar). 
,,        fastigiata  (Lombardy  Poplar). 
,,        nigra  (Black  Poplar). 
Prunus  cerasifera  (Cherry  Plum). 
Padus  (Bird  Cherry). 
,,       Piss^rdi  (Purple-leaved  Plum). 
Pyrus  Aria  (White  Beam  tree). 
„      Aucuparia  (Mountain  Ash). 
„      prunifolia  (Siberian  Crab). 
„      Sorbus  (Service  tree). 
Quercus    Cerris    (Turkey    Oak).       Good    loam     suits    this 
best. 
,,        Ilex  (Evergreen  or  Holm  Oak). 
Salix  (Willow)  of  sorts.     Prefer  a  moist  soil. 
Ulmus  (Elm)  of  sorts,  particularly  Wych  Elm. 

Shrubs 

Atriplex  Halimus  (Sea  Purslane).     Will  grow   close   to   the 

water. 
Aucuba  japonica  (Aucuba).     Few  evergreens  equal  this. 
Berberis  (Barberry),  Aquifolium,  Darwinii,  dulcis,  and  steno- 

phylla. 
Buxus  (Box)  and  its  varieties. 
Cerasus   Laurocerasus   (Common    Laurel)   and   C.  lusitanica 

(Portugal  Laurel). 
Cistus  Gum.     Does  well  at  Felixstowe,  Suffolk. 
Colutea   arborescens   (Bladder   Senna).     Will   grow   in    very 

sandy  soil. 
Corylus  Avellana  (Hazel)  and  varieties. 
Cotoneaster  of  sorts.     All  these  are  good  for  the  purpose. 
Cytisus  (Broom)  of  sorts. 

Daphne  Laureola  (Spurge  Laurel).     Will  grow  in  shade. 
Deutzia  crenata,  D.  crenata  flore-pleno,  D.  gracilis,  D.  Lemoinei. 
Elseagnus  of  sorts.     All  of  these  are  good. 


TREES  FOR   SEA-COAST  95 

Euonymus  europaeus  and  E.  latifolius  (Spindle  trees),  and 
the  evergreen  E.  japonicus  and  its  varieties.  This  last 
is  one  of  the  most  valuable  evergreens,  but  it  is  rather 
tender. 

Ficus  Carica  (Common  Fig). 

Forsythia  suspensa.     A  charming  rambling  shrub. 

Halimodendron  argenteum  (Siberian  Salt  tree). 

Hippophse  rhamnoides  (Sea  Buckthorn).  The  finest  seaside 
shrub  or  small  tree  that  we  have;  grows  well  in  damp  sands. 

Leycesteria  formosa. 

Ligustrum  (Privet)  of  sorts. 

Lycium  barbarum,  L.  europaeum  (Box  Thorn). 

Olearia  Haastii  (Daisy  bush). 

Osmanthus  ilicifolius  and  varieties. 

Philadelphus  (Mock  Orange)  of  sorts. 

Phillyraea  angustifolia,  latifolia,  media,  and  vilmoriniana. 

Prunus  spinosa  flore-pleno  (Double-flowered  Sloe). 

Pyrus  japonica  (Japan  Quince). 

Ribes  aureum  (Golden-flowered  Currant). 

„      sanguineum  (Flowering  Currant)  and  varieties. 

Rosa.     The  different  wild  Roses  and  Rosa  rugosa. 

Rubus  (Bramble).  The  double-flowered  and  cut-leaved  forms 
are  very  ornamental. 

Salix  (Willow)  of  sorts.     All  prefer  moist  soil. 

Sambucus  (Elder)  of  sorts. 

Skimmia  japonica.     Valuable  for  its  bright-red  berries. 

Spartium  junceum  (Spanish  Broom).  Will  grow  almost  any- 
where. 

Spiraea  of  sorts.  There  is  a  great  variety  of  these  beautiful 
flowering  shrubs. 

Symphoricarpus  racemosus  (Snowberry). 

Syringa  (Lilac)  of  sorts. 

Tamarix  gallica  and  T.  tetrandra.  Delightful  shrubs  for  sea- 
side. 

Ulex  europaeus  (Furze  or  Gorse),  with  the  double-flowered 
and  dwarf  kinds. 


96  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

Viburnum  Opulus  and  V.  Opulus  sterile  (Snowball  tree). 
Weigelas  of  sorts,  particularly  Abel   Carriere,   Candida,  and 
Eva  Rathke. 

For  the  west   of    England   and  other    very   mild 
districts  the  following  may  be  added  : — 

Arbutus  Unedo  (Strawberry  tree). 

Aralia  Sieboldii. 

Azara  microphylla. 

Benthamia  fragifera. 

Buddleia  globosa. 

Ceanothus  of  sorts. 

Choisya  ternata. 

Desfontainea  spinosa. 

Escallonias  of  sorts. 

Fabiana  imbricata. 

Fuchsias,  hardy  kinds. 

Garrya  elliptica. 

Griselinia  littoralis. 

Grevillea  rosmarinifolia,  G.  sulphurea. 

Hydrangea  Hortensia. 

Laurus  nobilis  (Sweet  Bay). 

Myrtus  communis  (Myrtle). 

Pittosporum  crassifolium. 

Rhamnus  Alaternus  and  varieties. 

Veronicas  of  sorts. 

Viburnum  Tinus  (Lauriistinus). 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS   FOR  WIND-SWEPT 
GARDENS 

Few  trees  and  shrubs  are  happy  in  bleak  and  ex- 
posed gardens.  The  hardiest  should  be  used  to  form 
a  shelter  belt,  as  every  leaf  and  twig  helps  to  break 
the  force  of  the  wind,  whereas  solid  obstacles,  such 
as  walls,  merely  serve  to  divert  its  course.  In  plant- 
ing spots  much  exposed  to  the  wind,  put  the  trees 
much  closer  than  it  is  intended  they  should  remain 
permanently,  as  the  young  plants  serve  to  shelter 
one  another,  and  encourage,  therefore,  a  quicker 
growth.  When  they  get  crowded,  gradually  thin 
them  out.  The  trees  and  shrubs  should  always  come 
from  exposed  nurseries,  as  the  growth  is  stout  and 
sturdy.  Growth  made  in  warm  valleys  is  more 
sappy.  The  following  trees  and  shrubs  can  be 
depended  upon  in  most  windy  places : — 

Trees 

Acer  platanoides  (Norway  Maple)  and  Acer  Pseudo-platanus 
(Sycamore).  While  not  equal  to  some  of  the  trees  men- 
tioned, these  Maples  do  well  in  many  places  and  form  a 
distinct  feature. 

Betula  alba  (Common  Birch).  An  extremely  graceful  tree  and 
a  universal  favourite. 

Crataegus  Oxyacantha  (Hawthorn).     The  principal  effect  of 


98  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

exposure   is    to    make   the   growth   more   stunted    than 
would  otherwise  be  the  case. 

Fagus  sylvatica  (Beech).  Long  recognised  as  a  good  shelter 
tree,  its  value  in  this  respect  is  increased  by  the  fact  that 
many  leaves  often  shrivel  on  the  branches  instead  of 
dropping,  thus  giving  additional  protection  in  winter. 

Fraxinus  excelsior  (Ash).  The  wide-spreading  roots  of  this 
anchor  it  securely  in  position,  and  the  leaves  do  not 
weigh  down  the  branches  to  any  great  extent. 

Ilex  Aquifolium  (Holly).  Though  of  slow  growth  when  young, 
this,  when  once  established,  grows  away  freely  and  is 
indifferent  to  wind. 

Larix  europsea  (Larch).  This  is  well  known  as  a  nurse  tree 
for  bleak  places. 

Picea  (Abies)  excelsa  (Norway  Spruce).  One  of  our  com- 
monest Conifers,  hence  it  is  often  used  as  a  nurse  tree 
for  choicer  subjects. 

Pinus  austriaca  (Austrian  Fir).  The  best  of  all  evergreens  for 
bleak  places ;  Pinus  Cembra  (Swiss  Stone  Pine),  of  slow 
growth,  but  very  ornamental,  and  does  not  mind  the 
wind. 

Pinus  Laricio  (Corsican  Pine,  or  Black  Pine).  As  indifferent 
to  exposure  as  P.  austriaca,  P.  montana  (dwarf),  and  P. 
sylvestris  (Scotch  Fir),  a  well-known  native,  which  often 
crowns  high  hill-tops. 

Populus  alba  (Abele),  P.  fastigiata  (Lombardy  Poplar),  P. 
deltoidea  (Canadian  Poplar),  P.  nigra  (Black  Poplar), 
and  P.  tremula  (Aspen).  In  low-lying  districts  all  these 
Poplars  are  of  rapid  growth,  but  in  exposed  places  they 
make  much  slower  progress.  Even  then  they  grow 
quicker  than  most  shelter  plants,  and  are  valuable  for 
making  an  effective  display  more  quickly  than  some  of 
the  more  permanent  subjects.  These  can  all  be  readily 
cut  back  within  reasonable  limits  if  desired. 

Quercus  Robur  (Oak). 

Robinia  Pseudacacia.      The  false  Acacia  is  one  of  the  best 


THE  LOMBARDY  POPLAR. 


TREES  FOR  WIND-SWEPT  GARDENS     99 

town  trees  we  have ;  indeed,  it  does  well  almost  every- 
where. 

Salix  alba  (White  Willow).  This  will  pass  unscathed  through 
fierce  storms.  In  fairly  dry  spots  the  rate  of  progress  is 
much  slower  than  in  moister  soil,  but,  as  a  set-ofT,  the 
silvery  hue  of  the  foliage  is  more  pronounced. 

Ulmus  (Elm).  The  best  of  the  Elms  for  this  purpose  is  the 
Wych  Elm. 

Shrubs 

A  triplex  Halimus  (Sea  Purslane).     A  silvery-leaved,  free-grow- 
ing shrub,  indifferent  to  soil  or  situation. 
Berberis  (the  Barberry).     The  best  of  these  are  the  strong- 
growing    Berberis   aristata,    and    the   common    Berberis 

vulgaris,  with  its  several  varieties. 
Cerasus  Laurocerasus  rotundifolia.    One  of  the  hardiest  forms 

of  our  Common  Laurel. 
Colutea  arborescens  (Bladder  Senna).     The  golden  flowers  in 

early  summer  and  the  large  inflated  seed-pods  in  autumn 

are  both  attractive. 
Cotoneaster  buxifolia,  Nummularia,  and  Simonsii.    These  are 

all  pretty  berry-bearing  shrubs. 
Cytisus    albus    (White    Broom),    Cytisus    scoparius    (Yellow 

Broom),  and  its  varieties. 
Deutzia    crenata  flore-pleno.      A  handsome  flowering  shrub 

and  the  most  robust  of  its  class. 
Euonymus  europaius  (Spindle  tree).      The  fruits  of  this  are 

very  ornamental  in  the  autumn. 
Halimodendron  argenteum   (Siberian   Salt   Bush).     A  pretty 

rambling  shrub,  with  silvery  leaves. 
Juniperus  communis  and  J.  Sabina  (Savin).     The  fact  that 

these  Junipers  are  evergreen  is  a  point  in  their  favour. 
Ligustrum   ovalifolium,  ovalifolium   elegantissimum,  and  vul- 

gare.     These  Privets  are  well  known  for  planting  where 

the  conditions  are  none  too  favourable. 
Lycium  europaeum  (Box  Thorn).    A  rambling  shrub  holding 

its  own  almost  anywhere. 


loo  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

Osmanthus  of  sorts.     Holly-like  evergreen  shrubs. 
Philadelphus  coronarius  (Mock  Orange).     Though  less  showy 

than  some  others,  this  is  decidedly  the  hardiest. 
Phillyraea  vilmoriniana.     A  valuable  evergreen  with  deep-green, 

leathery  leaves. 
Pinus  (Mountain  Pine).    This  member  of  the  Fir  family  is  but 

a  shrub  in  stature.     It  is  at  home  in  bleak  spots. 
Potentilla  fruticosa  (Shrubby  Cinquefoil).     A  low  shrub  that 

produces  its  golden  blossoms  in  July  and  August. 
Rosa  canina  (Dog  Rose)  and  Rosa  rubiginosa  (Sweetbriar) 

are  general  favourites. 
Rubus  (Bramble).     The  cut-leaved,  the   double  white,   and 

double  pink  are  ornamental. 
Spartium  junceum  (Spanish  Broom).    However  bleak,  this  will 

produce   its    comparatively   large    pea-shaped    blossoms 

throughout  the  summer. 
Staphylea  pinnata  (Bladder  Nut).     The  bladder-like  seed-cap- 
sules are  striking  in  the  autumn. 
Symphoricarpus    racemosus   (Snowberry).     Grows  anywhere, 

and  produces  its  large  white  berries  in  great  profusion. 
Viburnum  Opulus  (Guelder  Rose).  A  pretty  native  shrub. 
Ulex  europsea  (Common  Furze).     The  double  form  of  this 

is  remarkably  showy. 


CORSICAN  PINE  THEE  WALK.  35  YEARS  OLD. 


l|i^,;^_ 

i 
1 

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\ 

1 

CONIFERS    (INCLUDING    PINES)    IN 
ORNAMENTAL  PLANTING. 

Those  who  take  a  serious  interest  in  their  gardens 
and  other  planted  grounds  are  so  rapidly  acquiring 
a  better  comprehension  of  the  art  in  its  wider  aspects, 
and  are  so  willingly  receptive  of  further  suggestion, 
that  we  emphasise  a  lesson  that  we  have  often  tried 
to  teach,  namely,  the  importance  of  planting  in  large 
groups  of  one  thing  at  a  time,  and  of  a  right  choice. 
There  is  no  more  common  mistake  made  than  that 
of  planting  just  the  wrong  things  in  the  wrong  places. 
Thus  we  see  plantations  of  Spruce  on  dry,  sandy 
hill-tops,  from  whence  the  poor  trees  must  look  with 
longing  eyes  to  their  true  home  in  the  moist,  alluvial 
soil  of  the  valley-bottom  below.  In  mixed  plantations 
we  see  Conifers  from  many  climes  and  all  altitudes, 
all  expected  to  do  equally  well  in  perhaps  one 
small  space  of  garden  ground.  If  in  a  projected 
plantation  there  is  space  for  only  fifty  trees,  how 
much  better  it  would  be  first  to  ascertain  which  out 
of  a  few  kinds  would  be  best  suited  to  the  soil  and 
general  conditions  of  the  place,  and  then  out  of  this 
selection  to  choose  the  one  that  best  fits  the  planter's 
own  liking  and  will  be  most  in  harmony  with  the 
further  planting  scheme  that  he  has  in  view.  In  this 
way  he  will  obtain  that  unity  of  effect  that  alone  can 


I02  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

make  a  garden  or  piece  of  planted  ground  pictorial 
and  restful,  and  enable  to  serve  as  a  becoming  setting 
to  the  brightly-coloured  flowering  plants  that  will 
then  show  their  proper  value  as  jewels  of  the  garden. 

In  this  restrained  and  sober  use  of  trees,  and 
especially  of  Conifers,  it  is  well  to  plant  them  of 
several  ages,  the  youngest  to  the  outer  edges  of  the 
groups.  If  there  is  plenty  of  space  it  will  be  all  the 
better  to  plant  the  trees  in  hundreds  rather  than  in 
fifties,  or  in  any  case  in  spaces  large  enough  to  see 
one  whole  picture  of  one  good  tree  at  a  time. 
Where  such  a  planting  was  wisely  made  from  forty 
to  sixty  years  ago  how  fine  the  effect  is  to-day,  as 
in  the  case  of  the  grand  growth  of  Douglas  Firs  at 
Murthly.  No  one  seeing  so  fine  an  example  of  the 
use  of  one  tree  at  a  time  could  wish  that  the  planta- 
tion had  been  mixed,  or  could  be  otherwise  than 
deeply  impressed  with  the  desirability  of  the  plan. 

One  such  large  group  can  always  be  made  to 
merge  into  another  by  intergrouping  at  the  edges, 
beginning  by  an  isolated  tree  of  group  B  in  the 
further  portion  of  group  A,  then  a  group  of  two  or 
three  of  B,  until  the  process  is  reversed  and  the 
group  is  all  of  B,  with  single  ones  of  A  giving  place 
to  all  B.  There  is  no  reason  why  the  same  principle 
should  not  be  used  with  two  or  three  kinds  of 
combined  grouping,  but  then  it  should  be  of  trees 
harmonious  among  themselves,  as  of  Spruce  and 
Silver  Fir,  or  of  such  things  as  represent  the  natural 
mixture  of  indigenous  growth.  Thus  the  Yew,  Box, 
Viburnum,   Dogwood,   Privet,  and   Thorn  of  a  wild 


MAlDtL.MiAiH  IREE  [Ginki^o  biloha,  syn    Salisbuna  adiantifolia)  ; 
FROG  MORE. 


MAIDENHAIR  TREE  AT  KEW. 


CONIFERS  AND   PINES  103 

chalky  waste  might  be  taken  as  a  guide  to  planting 
some  of  these  with  nearly  allied  foreign  kinds.  But 
the  important  thing  in  all  such  planting  is  to  have 
the  satisfactory  restfulness  and  beauty  of  harmony 
that  can  only  be  obtained  by  the  right  and  limited 
choice  of  material. 

Although  a  few  Conifers  are  deciduous,  such  as 
the  Maidenhair  tree  {Ginkgo  biloba),  Taxodium  distichuvi, 
the  Golden  Larch  [Pscudolarix  Kampfert)^  and  the 
true  Larches,  the  great  bulk  of  the  family  consists 
of  evergreens.  It  is  to  the  Coniferje,  indeed,  that 
bek)ng  the  only  hardy  evergreen  trees  which  in 
stature  and  size  rival  the  large  deciduous  trees  of 
cool  temperate  latitudes.  Although  our  only  native 
Conifers  are  the  Yew,  the  Scotch  Pine,  and  the 
Juniper,  there  is  a  sufficient  variety  of  soil  and 
climate  within  the  limits  of  the  British  Isles  to 
provide  suitable  conditions  for  nearly  the  whole  of 
the  family.  It  is  only  a  few  subtropical  species  that 
cannot  be  accommodated.  This  does  not  imply  that 
the  whole  of  the  hardy  Conifers  can  be  grown  satis- 
factorily in  any  one  place.  In  even  the  best  Conifer 
localities  there  are  some  species  that  will  not  reach 
perfection,  and  in  the  general  run  of  gardens  there  is 
a  considerable  proportion  of  species  about  which 
the  same  must  be  said.  This  fact,  however,  has 
often  been  overlooked. 

The  extreme  popularity  of  Conifers,  which  was  at 
its  height  from  forty  to  fifty  years  ago,  undoubtedly 
led  to  the  enriching  of  the  parks  and  gardens  of  this 
country    with    what    are    now,    in    many    instances. 


I04  TREES   AND  SHRUBS 

magnificent  specimens.  To  realise  how  great  that 
enrichment  was,  one  has  only  to  mention  such 
places  as  Dropmore,  Murthly  Castle,  Ochtertyre. 
But  Conifer  planting,  from  both  artistic  and  merely 
cultural  points  of  view,  was  overdone.  Conifers 
began  to  fall  an  undue  proportion  of  space  in  gardens, 
and  displaced  to  a  large  extent  the  beautiful  flower- 
bearing  deciduous  vegetation  whose  seasonable  varia- 
tions give  such  charm  and  interest.  With  all  their 
symmetry  and  richness  of  hue,  the  popular  species 
of  Abies  and  Picea  often  have  a  heavy,  even  sombre, 
aspect.  Heavy  masses  of  Pine,  Spruce,  and  Fir  can 
never  give  that  changing  aspect  in  the  landscape  that 
comes  with  deciduous  vegetation.  The  tender  tints 
of  spring,  the  flowers,  the  gold  and  purple  of  autum.n, 
it  is  to  these  that  the  seasons  of  our  northern 
latitudes  owe  their  greatest  delights. 

Perhaps  the  worst  of  all  the  uses  to  which  Conifers 
have  been  put  is  that  of  forming  long  avenues 
across  parks.  It  is  difficult  to  understand  the 
frame  of  mind  that  would  prefer  rows  of  Araucaria, 
Abies  nobilts,  or  other  similar  things — however  well 
grown  and  pyramidal  they  might  be — to  a  noble 
vista  of  Chestnut,  Oak,  or  Lime,  with  its  canopy  of 
branch  and  foliage  overhead.  Conifers  can,  however, 
be  used  effectively  for  forming  short  avenues  within 
the  garden  itself,  especially  in  the  more  trimly-kept 
parts. 

The  practice  that  is  frequently  adopted  of  forming 
a  pinetum  and  bringing  together  the  members  of 
this  family  in  one  part  of  the  grounds  is  a  very  good 


CONIFERS   AND   PINES  105 

one.  It  is  far  better  than  sprinkling  them  indis- 
criminately over  the  whole  garden.  At  the  same 
time,  where  sufficient  space  is  not  available  for  the 
formation  of  a  pinetum  they  may  be  used  in  their 
proper  proportion  with  other  evergreens  in  various 
parts  of  the  garden.  Single  specimens  on  lawns  of 
Abies,  Picea,  and  of  many  other  genera  are  always 
effective,  and  nothing  in  the  whole  range  of  native 
or  foreign  trees  is  more  stately  and  picturesque  than 
the  Cedar  of  Lebanon.  How  much  do  we  of  the 
present  day  owe  to  those  who  a  century  or  more 
ago  planted  this  tree  so  abundantly  in  this  country  ! 
Before  planting  Conifers  largely  in  any  garden 
where  they  are  to  be  grown  for  their  purely 
ornamental  qualities,  a  study  should  be  made  of 
the  species  planted  in  other  gardens  where  the 
conditions  as  to  soil,  moisture,  and  altitude  are 
similar.  On  the  peaty  formations  in  Surrey  and 
Hampshire  where  Rhododendrons  succeed  so  well, 
many  Conifers  thrive  exceedingly  well  also.  The 
Common  Spruce  and  its  allies  are  nearly  all  failures 
on  light  dry  soil,  especially  where  the  subsoil  is 
gravel.  In  places,  however,  where  the  Spruces  fail, 
the  Common  Larch  and  the  Lawson  Cypress  succeed 
well.  In  chalk  districts  many  Conifers  refuse  to 
grow,  but  the  following  are  among  those  that  thrive  : 
Abt'es  magytifica,  A.  nobilis,  A.  uordmamiiana,  and  A. 
Pwsapo,  the  Cedars,  Cupressus  lawsouiana,  C.  rnacro- 
carpa,  and  C.  nooikatmsis,  the  Maidenhair  tree,  the 
Junipers,  the  Thuyas,  the  Yews,  and  the  following 
Pines :    Pinus   Laricio   and    P.    austriaca,   the    Scotch 


io6  TREES  AND   SHRUBS 

Pine,  P.  excelsa,  and  P.  Pinaster.     Most  of  the  Pines, 
too,  are  happy  on  gravelly  or  stony  ground. 

None  of  the  Silver  Firs  (Abies)  or  Spruces  (Picea) 
are  good  trees  for  planting  at  the  seaside,  unless 
there  is  sufficient  shelter  to  break  the  force  of  the 
wind,  and  even  then  there  are  very  few  that  will 
succeed.  The  species  most  suitable  for  planting 
where  there  is  a  thick  outer  belt  are  Abies  nobilis, 
A.  lasiocarpa,  A.  nordmamiiana,  and  A.  pectinata,  the 
Common  Silver  Fir.  Of  the  Spruces,  Picea  nigra  and 
/'.  alba,  the  North  American  Spruces,  succeed  better 
than  the  Norway  Spruce,  P.  excelsa,  but  these,  like 
the  Silver  Firs,  must  have  the  shelter  of  a  good  wind 
break  ;  Picea  parryana,  P.  pungens,  and  P.  Engelmanni 
will  not  succeed  in  exposed  places,  even  in  inland 
localities,  and  fail  entirely  by  the  sea.  The  Conifers 
that  will  thrive  by  the  sea  are  very  few,  and  probably 
not  more  than  half-a-dozen  kinds  can  be  trusted. 
The  finest  of  all  is  undoubtedly  Pinus  Pinaster,  which 
is  essentially  a  sea-coast  Pine,  revelling  in  storms  and 
sprays.  P.  maritima,  closely  allied,  is  equally  suitable. 
Then,  for  warmer  parts,  is  the  Aleppo  Pine  {P. 
halepensis),  but  is  only  for  southern  and  warm 
coasts.  P.  insignis  is  somewhat  hardier,  and  stands 
the  sea  gales  fairly  well,  and  P.  austriaca,  and  its 
relative,  P.  Laricio,  are  both  excellent,  specially  for 
making  the  first  barrier  against  the  winds.  The 
hardy  Scotch  Pine  [P.  sylvestris),  if  planted  in  large 
masses  grows  well,  but  does  not  luxuriate  close  to 
the  sea,  and  is  especially  liable  to  be  browned  in 
foliage  by  the  salt  spray. 


VARIETY  TENUIFOLIA   OF  CORSICAN   PINE  (Pinus  Laricio). 


CONIFERS   AND   PINES  107 

Besides  the  Pines  the  finest  of  all  Conifers  is  the 
Monterey  Cypress  (Cupressus  macrocarpa),  which  one 
sees  hardy  everywhere  on  the  coast  in  these  islands  ; 
it  grows  finer  than  it  does  in  its  home  on  the 
Pacific  coast.  It  makes  a  fine  front  barrier  against 
the  wind,  especially  when  mixed  with  the  foregoing 
Pines.  The  variety  C.  lamhertiana  is  also  excellent. 
There  are  two  other  Conifers  which,  though  not 
much  planted  by  the  sea-coast,  will,  we  believe, 
prove  reliable  ;  these  are  Ccdrus  atlantica  and  Thuja 
giganlca  (sometimes  called  T.  Lobbii).  A  third  Conifer 
that  we  have  seen  doing  well  by  the  sea  is  Abies 
Piusapo,  but  it  must  have  a  temporary  shelter 
in  its  small  state.  This  subject  of  seaside  planting — 
the  most  difficult  in  a  tree  planter's  practice — is  an 
important  one,  and  it  is  only  possible  to  treat  the 
matter  generally. 

The  Conifer  family  is  especially  noteworthy  for 
the  way  many  of  its  species  vary.  Not  only  is 
this  propensity  evidenced  in  such  characters  as  the 
colour  of  the  leaf  and  the  differences  in  habit  ;  it 
shows  itself  more  remarkably  sometimes  in  the  form 
and  texture  of  the  leaf  and  mode  of  branching. 
So  great  is  the  difference  between  some  forms  of 
certain  species  of  Conifers  that  they  have  been 
placed  in  different  genera.  What  are  generally 
known  as  Retinosporas,  for  instance,  are  really 
nothing  more  than  forms,  "  states "  the  botanists 
term  them,  assumed  by  various  species  of  Thuya 
and  Cupressus.  Strictly  speaking,  Rcliuospora  has 
no  separate  existence   as    a   genus.     This,  however, 


io8  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

is  a  botanical  phase  of  the  matter.  Horticulturally 
we  are  more  concerned  with  such  variations  as 
adapt  the  plants  to  various  garden  purposes.  Many 
quaint  and  dainty  forms  of  large  trees  are  very 
suitable  for  the  rock-garden  in  association  with  other 
alpine  plants.  The  Common  Spruce,  for  instance, 
has  given  birth  to  many  pigmy  forms.  The  Yew, 
the  Scotch  Pine,  and  various  others  have  ''  sported  " 
in  a  similar  way.  But  no  hardy  tree  varies  so 
much,  perhaps,  as  the  Lawson  Cypress  when  raised 
from  seed.  The  species  has  assumed  almost  every 
shade  of  colour  that  Conifers  do  assume,  and  every 
form  of  growth.  Beautiful  golden,  variegated,  pen- 
dulous, and  erect  varieties  have  been  raised,  and  not 
only  from  the  Lawson  Cypress,  but  from  many  other 
Conifers  also.  The  Golden  Yews,  the  yellow  form 
of  the  Monterey  Cypress,  and  the  golden  variety  of 
the  Scotch  Pine,  may  be  recommended  to  those  who 
require  this  colour,  although  in  the  Pine  it  only  shows 
itself  in  winter.  The  blue-white  or  glaucous  hue 
that  is  more  or  less  present  in  most  Conifers,  shows 
itself  most  conspicuously  in  the  Blue  Spruce  {Picea 
pungens  glauca),  in  Cedrus  atlantica  glauca,  in  the 
new  Cork  Fir  from  Arizona  [Abies  lasiocarpa  var. 
arizonica),  and  in  Abies  concolor  violacea. 

The  Propagation  of  Conifers 

Many  mistakes  have  been  made  in  propagating 
the  Coniferae,  and  to  make  matters  still  worse,  the 
old  erroneous  doctrines  are  still  preached  and 
practised.     The   unpopularity   of   certain  species  of 


Cy   o 
to    ?; 


C3  ^ 

^  ? 

b.  -S 

O  5 

bj  ^ 

^  -2 

SI 


CONIFERS   AND   PINES  109 

Abies,  Picea,  and  Pinus  is  due  to  a  great  extent 
to  the  practice  of  grafting  them  on  unsuitable  stocks. 
For  instance,  the  species  of  Abies  are  worked  on 
A.  pedinata,  of  Picea  on  P.  excelsa,  and  of  Pinus 
on  P.  sylvestris  or  P.  Laricio.  In  addition  to  this, 
such  methods  and  stocks  are  still  spoken  of  as  the 
correct  ones  to  use ;  though,  to  take  one  genus 
alone,  what  kind  of  a  specimen  Abies  bradeata, 
A.  nobiiis,  or  A.  concolor  would  make  in  twenty 
year's  time  if  worked  on  A.  pedinata  we  should 
not  like  to  say — certainly  very  poor,  even  if  they 
lived,  which  is  doubtful.  It  may  be  laid  down  as 
a  law  that  species  of  Coniferae  should  never  be 
grafted  but  raised  from  seed,  which  can  always  be 
obtained  through  English  firms.  With  varietal  forms 
of  Coniferae  that  will  not  come  true  from  seed  or 
that  cannot  be  struck  as  cuttings,  grafting  must 
be  resorted  to,  and  if  young  plants  of  the  type 
species  are  used  as  stocks  the  results  will  be  fairly 
satisfactory.  In  the  case  of  some  of  the  more 
highly  variegated  Cupressus,  &c.,  grafting  is  really 
the  best  method  of  propagation,  as  these  forms  are 
mostly  of  weak  constitution  and  are  not  satisfactory 
from  cuttings.  In  the  following  list  the  best  methods 
of  propagation  are  given  with  each  genus,  together 
with  special  mention  of  those  forms  which  are  of 
indifferent  growth  though  not  difficult  to  propagate: — 
JUNIPERUS, — The  Junipers  should  be  raised  from 
seeds,  though  some  of  them  do  fairly  well  if  propa- 
gated by  cuttings.  The  green  and  glaucous  varieties 
of  /.  chinensis,  J.  excelsa,  J.  virginiana,  and  /.  communis 


no  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

root  easily  from  cuttings,  or  can  be  layered  with 
success.  The  variegated  forms  are  best  grafted  on 
stocks  of  the  species  they  belong  to,  and  /.  Sabina 
(the  Savin)  and  its  varieties  are  easily  raised  from 
cuttings  or  layers,  the  latter  being  a  very  easy  way 
of  propagating  them. 

CUPRESSUS. — This  genus  is  divided  into  two 
sections,  viz.,  the  true  Cypresses,  represented  by 
C.  macrocarpa,  C.  sempervirens,  &c.,  and  Chamaecy- 
paris,  of  which  Cupresstis  lawsoniana  is  the  best 
known  species.  With  the  former  section  seeds 
are  the  best  means  of  reproducing  the  species, 
while  the  few  varieties  should  be  grafted  on  stocks 
of  the  parent  species.  The  handsome  C.  macrocarpa 
var.  lutea  especially  should  be  worked  on  the  type,  as 
it  is  practically  a  failure  from  cuttings,  and  if  grafted 
on  C  lawsoniana^  as  is  sometimes  done,  it  makes  a 
short,  stumpy  bush  instead  of  a  typically  tall  colum- 
nar tree.  In  the  Chamsecyparis  section  Cupressus 
lawsoniana,  C.  nootkatensis,  C.  obtusa,  C.  pisifera,  and 
C.  ihyoides  are  the  only  species,  though  there  are 
a  host  of  varieties  attached  to  them,  the  forms  of 
the  three  latter  species,  in  fact,  including  all  the 
various  plants  more  commonly  known  under  the 
generic  title  of  Retinospora.  The  species  should 
be  raised  from  seed,  which  is  easily  obtainable  and 
germinates  readily,  or  in  default  they  will  root  from 
cuttings.  The  varieties,  with  a  few  exceptions,  are 
quickly  propagated  by  cuttings,  those  that  require 
to  be  grafted  being  C.  lawsoniana  var.  lutea,  the 
variegated    forms    of    C.    nootkatensis,    and    C  obtusa 


:DRUS  DECUKRENS  at  FRGGMORE  {about  65  feet  IngJi). 


CONIFERS   AND   PINES  in 

vars.  nana,  nana  attrea,  and  filifera  aurea.  The 
forms  of  C.  thyoides  also  do  well  when  raised  from 
layers. 

Thuya. — These  are  propagated  in  much  the  same 
way  as  the  Cupressus,  viz.,  the  species  by  seeds,  and 
the  varieties  by  cuttings  or  by  grafting  in  the  case  of 
the  one  or  two  highly  variegated  forms.  Some  of 
the  green  or  glaucous  varieties  of  both  Cupressus 
and  Thuya  will  come  fairly  true  from  seed,  from 
40  per  cent,  to  70  per  cent,  being  the  usual  quantity 
of  seedlings  true  to  name.  Variegated  forms  from 
seed  either  come  green  or  a  mongrel  mixture  of 
green  and  variegated. 

LiBOCEDRUS. — This  should  be  raised  from  seed, 
as  when  grafted  on  Thuja  orientalis — a  too  common 
method  of  propagation — it  makes  a  miserable  speci- 
men. The  middle  pair  of  scales  in  the  cone  of 
Libocedrus  alone  contain  fertile  seeds. 

SciADOPiTYS  and  Taxodium. — These  can  only  be 
propagated  by  seeds,  and  the  young  plants  should 
have  a  fairly  moist  position  with  plenty  of  leaf- 
mould  or  peat  to  grow  in  afterwards. 

Sequoia. — The  two  species  of  Sequoia  should 
be  raised  from  seed,  and  the  three  or  four  varieties 
be  grafted  on  the  type  species. 

Cryptomeria. — This  only  contains  one  species, 
viz.,  C.  japonica,  which  can  only  be  obtained  from 
seed,  or  by  cuttings  ;  and  the  varieties  root  readily 
as  cuttings,  though  one  or  two  of  the  weaklier  ones 
do  better  if  grafted  on  C.  japonica. 

Araucaria. — Propagate  by  seeds,  which,  though 


112  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

sometimes  difficult  to  obtain,  germinate  freely  and 
quickly. 

TsuGA. — The  Hemlock  Spruces  are  easily  and 
quickly  obtained  from  seeds,  and  one  or  two  will 
strike  from  cuttings  ;  the  varieties  do  best  when 
grafted  on  the  species  they  belong  to,  though  T. 
pattoniana  var.  glauca,  more  commonly  known  as 
Abies  hookeriana,  will  come  fairly  true  from  seed, 
about  75  per  cent,  being  the  usual  quantity  if  the 
seed  is  obtained  from  good  plants. 

PiCEA. — This  genus  has  been  mentioned  before 
as  being  commonly  grafted  on  P.  excelsa  (the 
Common  Spruce),  which  is  an  easy  way  of  obtain- 
ing young  plants,  which,  however,  cannot  be  recom- 
mended to  form  good  specimens  in  after  years. 
The  species  of  Picea  should  all  be  raised  from  seed, 
and  the  many  named  varieties  of  P.  excelsa  should  be 
grafted  on  the  parent  species.  At  least  one-half  the 
plants  of  P.  Engelmanni  var,  glauca  and  P,  pungens  var. 
glauca  (the  Californian  Blue  Spruce)  will  be  found 
true  to  name  when  raised  from  seeds,  while  their 
superiority  afterwards  over  grafted  plants  is  evident. 

Cedrus,  Larix,  and  Pseudolarix. — It  should 
always  be  remembered  that  these  three  are  quite 
distinct  genera,  and  for  purposes  of  propagation 
should  never  be  used  in  conjunction  with  each 
other,  the  first  being  evergreen  and  the  two  latter 
deciduous.  The  species  of  all  three  should  be 
raised  from  seed  ;  the  varieties  of  Cedrus  should 
be  grafted  on  that  genus,  the  forms  of  Larix  on  the 
Larch,  though  the  geographical  forms  of  the  Common 


CONIFERS  AND   PINES  113 

Larch,  such  as  var.  rossica  and  var.  sibt'n'ca,  usually 
come  true  from  seed.  Pseudolarix  Kcempferi,  the 
only  representative  of  the  genus,  must  be  raised 
from  seed,  as  if  grafted  on  the  Larch  they  will 
not  thrive  for  long. 

Abies. — In  this  genus  some  of  the  most  handsome 
Conifers  are  found,  and  also  some  of  the  most 
difficult  to  grow.  All  the  Abies  should  be  propa- 
gated by  seeds,  but  if  seed  of  the  varieties  cannot 
be  obtained  then  they  must  be  grafted  on  the 
parent  species. 

PsEUDOTSUGA.  —  This  genus  only  contains  one 
species,  viz.,  P.  Douglasii  (the  Douglas  Fir),  which 
is  propagated  readily  by  seed,  the  seedlings  being 
of  rapid  growth  and  soon  form  good  plants.  The 
few  varieties  are  grafted  on  the  type,  though  the 
majority  will  come  fairly  true  from  seed,  which, 
however,  is  not  always  to  be  obtained. 

PiNUS. — Perhaps  no  Conifer  adds  so  much  to  the 
beauty  of  the  landscape  in  winter  as  the  Pine.  All 
the  species  should  be  raised  from  seeds,  and  any 
green  or  glaucous  varieties  can  also  be  propagated 
in  the  same  way  if  seeds  can  be  obtained.  The 
golden,  dwarf,  and  variegated  Pines  must  be  grafted 
on  the  species  they  are  varieties  of. 

Taxace^  is  usually  associated  with  Coniferae, 
from  which  it  differs  chiefly  by  the  seed  being 
nearly  or  quite  enclosed  in  a  fleshy  envelope  in- 
stead of  in  a  cone,  the  fruit  of  some  resembling 
a  small  Plum,  but  a  typical  fruit  is  seen  in  that 
of  the  Common  Yew.     The  hardy  genera  are  Ginkgo 

H 


114  TREES  AND   SHRUBS 

biloba  (the  Maidenhair  tree),  which  is  propagated 
from  seed — the  plant  is  deciduous  and  slow  grow- 
ing ;  Cephalotaxus  and  Torreya  are  propagated  by 
seeds,  cuttings,  or  layers. 

Taxus  (the  Yew). — There  are  only  three  or  four 
species  of  Taxus,  but  there  are  a  great  many  varieties 
of  the  Common  Yew,  many  being  very  handsome. 
The  species  are  easily  raised  from  seeds,  layers, 
or  cuttings.  The  first  two  methods  are  the  best, 
cuttings  being  very  slow  in  growth,  but  as  seed 
is  very  plentiful  in  most  years  this  is  the  quickest 
and  best  means  of  propagation.  Some  of  the 
varieties  will  come  true  from  seed  ;  the  Irish  Yew, 
however,  must  be  struck  from  cuttings,  as  seedlings 
never  come  true.  The  more  highly  variegated  Yews 
grow  quickest  when  grafted  on  the  Common  Yew, 
and  as  they  always  keep  good  in  after  years  this 
method  can  for  once  be  recommended. 

Propagate  Prumnopitys  and  Saxegothea  by 
seeds,  cuttings,  or  layers. 

Conifers  at  Murthly  Castle,  Perthshire 

The  following  account  of  a  great  Conifer  garden 
in  Scotland  is  important,  as  showing  how  certain  of 
the  better-known  species  have  behaved  during  the 
last  fifty  years  or  so.  It  is  taken  from  the  Garden  of 
May  19,  1900  : — 

The  second  quarter  of  the  present  century  saw 
the  introduction  of  a  large  number  of  Conifers 
hitherto  unknown  to  English  gardens.  Their  culti- 
vation was  eagerly  taken  up,  and  especially  in  Scot- 


JlLAL'ii'  Ul-  A.\CILNT  iLll'^  AT  MURH1LY. 


CONIFERS   AND    PINES  115 

land,  a  land  whose  general  conditions  seem  highly 
favourable  to  a  considerable  number  of  species,  much 
success  has  been  attained.  It  may  still  be  premature 
to  state  with  any  degree  of  assurance  what  may  be 
the  ultimate  suitability  of  many  of  these  Conifers  for 
growth  in  our  islands.  The  lifetime  of  a  tree  is  not 
comprised  within  its  first  sixty  years,  and  such  a 
length  of  time  is  all  too  short  to  prove  the  ultimate 
success  of  any  new  tree,  though  within  that  space 
it  may  come  to  a  magnificent  size  and  apparent 
promise.  Such  a  state  is  shown  by  the  splendid 
Douglas  Firs  in  the  grounds  of  Murthly  Castle, 
Perthshire,  where  also  many  another  exotic  Conifer 
is  grown  in  quantity. 

These  words  of  Sir  William  Thiselton-Dyer,  that 
formed  part  of  his  opening  address  on  the  second 
day  of  the  Conifer  conference  of  the  Royal  Horti- 
cultural Society  in  1891,  may  here  be  quoted  : — 

"  Any  one  who  had  not  travelled  in  Scotland  could 
form  no  idea  of  the  extent  to  which  rare  Conifers 
were  cultivated  in  that  country,  and  the  splendid 
development  which  they  attained.  The  chairman, 
by  way  of  illustrating  these  remarks,  directed  the 
attention  of  the  audience  to  some  large  photographs 
representing  specimens  of  Coniferae  to  be  seen  at 
Murthly  Castle,  Perthshire,  where  they  flourished, 
and  where  stately  and  magnificent  examples  70  feet, 
80  feet,  and  100  feet  high  were  to  be  met  with. 
Such  trees  could  only  be  seen  in  Scotland,  and  were 
the  result  of  a  peculiar  association  of  physical  condi- 
tions.     In  the  south-west  of   England  it  was  impos- 


ii6  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

sible  to  find  a  parallel,  though  even  on  the  sunburnt 
soil  of  Kew  good  specimens  of  the  Pines  proper  were 
occasionally  to  be  seen.  With  regard  to  the  Abies, 
however  —  that  section  of  Conifers  of  which  the 
Spruces  may  be  taken  as  a  type — a  state  of  things 
prevailed  in  Scotland  which  could  not  be  rivalled  in 
England.  On  the  other  hand,  the  climate  in  the 
south-west  of  the  latter  country  was  fairly  suitable 
for  some  other  Conifers,  and  many  of  the  fine 
Mexican   Pines  could  be  grown  there." 

Of  the  remarkable  Douglas  Fir  at  Dropmore,  Mr. 
Charles  Herrin  on  the  same  occasion  says  :  "  The 
monarch  Douglas  Fir,  planted  in  1830,  has  attained 
a  height  of  120  feet,  girth  of  trunk  11  feet  9  inches, 
with  beautiful  spreading  branches  sweeping  the 
ground,  covering  a  diameter  of  64  feet.  The  leaves 
are  also  of  a  glaucous  hue,  equalling  in  that  respect 
many  of  the  plants  now  sold  from  nurseries  under 
the  name  of  Douglasi  glauca.  .  .  .  Many  trees  have 
since  been  raised  from  its  seeds  and  planted  out  on 
the  estate;  one,  planted  in  1843,  is  now  78  feet 
high,  with  a  girth  of  trunk  of  8  feet  2  inches, 
spreading  39  feet  in  diameter  at  base  ;  a  perfect 
specimen." 

By  comparing  the  growth  of  the  latter  tree  with 
the  Murthly  table,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  trees 
make  their  growth  much  more  rapidly  in  Scotland. 
The  Murthly  Conifers  were  all  planted  by  Sir  William 
and  Sir  Douglas  Stewart.  The  present  owner,  Mr. 
Steuart  Fothringham,  who  measured  the  trees  in 
1 89 1    in    anticipation    of    the   visit   of    the    Scottish 


CONIFERS   AND   PINES  117 

Arboricultural  Society,  on  learning  that  we  should 
be  glad  to  know  their  increase  of  growth  since  that 
date,  has  been  so  good  as  to  have  the  same  trees 
measured  again,  the  increase  being  shown  by  the 
subjoined  table  on  p.  118. 

Mr.  Fothringham  also  furnishes  the  following 
remarks :  "  The  measurements  were  all  carefully 
taken  by  sending  men  or  boys  up  the  trees,  not  by 
dendrometers,  and  are,  I  believe,  correct.  There 
are  something  like  eighty  or  a  hundred  different 
varieties  growing  at  Murthly,  but  some  of  them  are 
young  and  only  experiments.  Those  measured  and 
noted  are  the  most  striking ;  they  are  nearly  all 
gowing  in  large  numbers.  The  remarks  appended 
to  the  table  are  made  by  Mr.  James  Laurie,  the 
gardener,  who  knows  Conifers  well.  The  only  addi- 
tional notes  I  have  made  are  the  following :  Abies 
Menzicsi  will  never,  in  my  opinion,  supplant  the 
Spruce.  Abies  orientalis  is  not  as  free-growing  as  the 
Spruce,  but  quite  as  hardy.  Araucaria  imbricata. — 
Many  of  these  were  damaged  by  severe  frost.  Cedrus 
Dcodara  will  not,  in  my  opinion,  live  to  great  age  in 
our  climate.  Cuprcssus  thyoides. — This  particular  tree 
was  so  much  broken  by  branches  blown  off  its 
neighbour  that  I  cut  it  down.  Pinus  monticola  has 
been  attacked  by  a  parasitic  growth  that  is  likely  to 
destroy  all  the  young  growth  and  probably  the  trees. 
Jiinipcnis  rccurva  was  severely  injured  by  the  hard 
frost.  By  the  hard  frost  I  mean  the  winter  of 
1894-5.  In  February  1895,  the  thermometer  was 
for  several  days  below   o   F'ahr.,  and  on  one  night 


ii8 


TREES   AND  SHRUBS 


1 

i 
1 

m 

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1  -0 

1 

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0 

^  ^fj'^  ^S5^S^  •  -J^  •  -^  •  • 

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•    •    ■t^dcf>dds-^o    ■    '■    '■    '■    '■ 

_l 

ely.     (<r)  Most  of  these  have  lately  got  a 
and  young  ones  are  growing  from  seed. 
ig,  drooping  branches,     (g-)  About  sixty 
rty-five  to  forty  years  of  age.      (/)  Two 
0  back.     («0  Will  become  a  handsome 
possibly  500  years.     Many  others  of  the 

tsrOWeOHOoSS^vOON         TUDCOirilsci 

0  w  vo  Th  tN  CO  ONvo  ^\d  4tt<.(s  -^j-^coTt- 

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t>.ONMciM    :h    ^M^-d^co:^ 

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I-I  0                     0 

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are  six  others  about  the  same  size,  and  all  are  growing  fre 
r  some  were  killed  by  frost  in  1894-5.     They  cone  freely 

-  (/)  A  beautiful  tree  quite  distinct  from  the  others  ;  lo 
wn  but  probably  not  less  than  150  years.  (/)  Probably  thi 
%uJu"ll^}^''  tree  measures  29  feet.     (/)  Inclined  to  g 

either  by  birds  or  wind.  Coned  last  year.  (0)  Very  old  • 
wer  branches  being  quite  table-form.                 V  v     ery  01a  , 

1 

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3 
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dv  d>  uS  ^vd  N  00   Tf  lA.^D   re  M-vd   H   ri-  CO  CO    : 

:  :  :  :  :  i  :  i  ;  :  :  ;^  ;  ; 

VO    CT>       >OCO    OVVO    N          -^VO          cow    COCO 

1 

r  ^   '  -^ V-      ground  this  tree  measures  16.9  ;  cones  freely.     (6)  There 
ungoid  disease,  viz    pendendrum.     (^  Many  of  these  lost  braVche,s 
U)  A  great  niany  others  about  the  same  size,  and  all  perfectly  healthv 
trees  growing  in  the  grounds  averaging  50  cubic  feet.^  (i)  Age  unkno 
trees,  recently  taken  out,  measured  12  cubic  feet  and  14  cubilfeet  ^ 
tree.     Loned  last  year.     Some  fertile.     («)  Very  apt  to  lose  its  leader 
same  age  and  sue.     (/)  Quite  a  different  form  from  the  others,  the  lo 

Wellingtonia,  planted  1857  (a) 
Abies  Menziesi,  planted  1845  {d\ 
Pinus  monticola,  planted  1850  (c)     .         [ 
Araucaria  imbricata,  planted  1847  (d) 
Abies  Pinsapo,  planted  1847     . 
magnifica,  planted  1867  . 
„       Douglasi,  planted  1847  {e) 
grandis,  planted  1852 
albertiana,  planted  i860  . 
,,       nobilis,  planted  1847 

nordmanniana,  planted  1854   . 

,,       hookeriana,  planted  1862  (/)  . 

Cedrus  Deodara,  planted  1842  ( p-)    . 

Libani {h)      

Cryptomeria  japonica,  planted  1852 
Libocedrus  decurrens  (?)  . 
Thuja  gigantea,  planted  1862   . 
Cupressus  lawsoniana,  planted  1859  (/)   . 
Spanish  Chestnut      .         .         .                  . 

Silver  Fir  (/)      .         .         .         .         .         [ 
Cupressus  lawsoniana  erecta  viridis  .         [ 
Abies  ajanensis,  planted  1885  . 

,,     brachyphylla,  planned  1885  (/«) 

..     Veitchii,  planted  1885  {») 

,,     amabilis,  planted  1885    . 

,,     concolor  violacea,  planted  18815       ! 
English  Yew  (0) 

English  Yew     .....'.' 
Abies  albertiana  (at  Roman  Bridge)'(;>) 

,,     orientalis,  planted  1852   .         .         [ 

,,     smithiana,  planted  1857  . 
Pinus  Jeffreyi 

CONIFERS   AND   PINES  119 

went  to  11'  below  o.  This  shows  that  all  these  trees 
will  stand  great  cold  at  the  time  of  year  that  it  is 
likely  to  come,  but  late  frosts  in  spring,  when  the  sap 
has  begun  to  rise,  are  detrimental  to  the  young 
shoots  of  those  that  start  their  growth  early  in  the 
season.  There  are  at  Murthly,  besides  Conifera^, 
fine  specimens  of  Yews,  Oaks,  Beech,  Spanish  Chest- 
nut, Horse  Chestnut,  and  Sycamore." 


CARE   OF   OLD   TREES 

The  charm  of  many  an  estate  is  not  the  garden  or 
the  woodland,  but  the  monarchs  that  for  years  have 
weathered  the  winter  storm  and  stand  out  as  noble 
specimens  of  their  family.  The  trees  may  have  some 
historic  associations,  but  whether  this  is  so  or  not, 
when  they  begin  to  decay  efforts  are  made  to  save 
them  from  absolute  death.  Decay  is  harmful  and 
objectionable  in  park  and  garden,  and  we  are  not 
sure  that  this  matter  of  decay  in  trees  has  been 
so  well  considered  as  it  might  be,  as  bearing  upon 
the  health  of  other  trees  and  of  mankind  also.  A 
tree  may  be  picturesque  in  decay,  but  we  prefer  it 
in  health  and  beauty.  Experts  are  frequently  asked 
for  remedies  to  arrest  decay  in  old  trees. 

The  two  principal  causes  of  decay  are  starvation 
at  the  root  and  injury  by  storms  and  disease.  Such 
trees  as  the  Beech  and  Horse  Chestnut,  that  root 
close  to  the  surface  of  the  soil — quite  different  to 
the  Oak — may  often  be  invigorated  by  covering  the 
ground  with  a  few  inches  of  good  soil  or  short 
manure.  Artificial  watering,  during  prolonged 
drought,  when  thoroughly  done,  is  also  very  helpful 
to  the  tree.  Trees  with  large  crowns  of  branches 
are  frequently  seen  thinly  furnished  with  foliage,  and 
altogether  sickly  owing  to  unhealthy  or  insufficient 


CARE   OF   OLD   TREES  121 

roots.  The  balance  between  top  and  bottom  has 
been  destroyed.  To  restore  it  in  some  degree  the 
top-growth  may  be  reduced  by  pruning  out  and 
shortening  back  branches  here  and  there,  wherever 
it  can  be  done  without  spoihng  the  appearance  of 
the  tree.  This  demands  careful  judgment,  but  some 
old  and  sickly  trees  may  certainly  be  restored  in  a 
measure  by  this  help.  It  is  of  no  value  in  the  case 
of  trees  with  decayed  trunks,  nor  with  those  like 
our  Common  Oak,  which  will  not  break  from  old 
wood.  But  Elms,  Robinias,  and  Red  Oaks  are 
among  those  that  respond  to  this  treatment. 

Old  trees  with  insecure  branches  can  often  be 
saved  from  destruction  by  fastening  the  niain 
branches  together  on  to  the  trunk.  The  common 
practice  of  putting  an  iron  collar  round  the  branch 
is  a  mistake.  The  iron  prevents  the  branch  expand- 
ing naturally  and  ultimately  chokes  it.  A  better 
way  is  to  use  a  strong  iron  rod  with  a  plate  at  the 
end,  and  instead  of  supporting  the  branch  by 
encircling  it,  a  hole  is  bored  right  through  the 
centre  of  it,  through  which  the  rod  is  pushed  from 
the  outer  side.  In  this  way  the  weight  is  borne  by 
the  iron  plate,  which  should,  by  removing  sufficient 
bark,  be  allowed  to  fit  close  in  to  the  wood.  New 
bark  will  gradually  close  over  and  hide  the  plate, 
and  instead  of  an  ugly  collar  cutting  into  the  wood, 
the  only  evidence  of  artificial  aid  is  the  rod  coming 
from  the  inner  side  of  the  branch. 

Branches  or  snags  that  have  to  be  removed  should 
be  sawn  off  quite  close  to  the  trunk  or  larger  branch 


122  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

from  which  they  spring.  When  a  stump,  even  not 
more  than  a  few  inches  long,  is  left,  the  new  bark 
and  wood  are  unable  to  close  over  it,  and  the  wood 
ultimately  decays  and  acts  as  a  medium  for  mois- 
ture and  fungoid  diseases.  A  coating  of  liquid  tar 
over  the  wound,  renewed  once  or  twice  until  the 
new  bark  has  closed  over,  is  a  sure  protection  against 
these  evils. 

Trees  decayed  in  the  centre,  with  only  an  outer 
layer  of  healthy  wood,  are,  of  course,  doomed,  but 
by  filling  up  all  holes  in  the  earlier  stages  of  decay, 
and  thus  keeping  out  moisture,  their  term  of  hfe  can 
be  lengthened  by  many  years. 

Holes  made  by  woodpeckers  can  sometimes  be 
plugged  up  with  a  piece  of  Oak.  This,  if  left  on  a 
level  with  the  bark,  will  often  enable  the  latter  to 
close  over  the  hole.  Large  holes  may  be  filled  with 
cement,  or  even  built  up  with  bricks,  the  surface 
being  made  water-tight  and  tarred  over. 


ALDERS  SEAR   WATER  {Catkin  time). 


WHITE   WILLOW  (SaUx  alba)  nv   WATERSIDE. 


TREES    AND    SHRUBS    FOR    WATERSIDE 

Many  of  the  brightest  garden  pictures  at  the  present 
day  are  by  the  well-planted  pond  or  lakeside,  where 
shrubs  of  large  growth  are  grouped  to  give  colour 
through  summer  and  winter. 

The  wild  plants  of  the  riverside  are  in  themselves 
for  the  most  part  large  of  stature  and  important  of 
appearance.  When  one  sees  the  upright  growth  and 
large  leaves  of  the  Great  Water  Dock  (Rumex)  and 
the  broad  round  ones  (2  feet  or  more  across)  of  the 
Butter-Bur  (Petasites),  and  the  beds  of  the  Common 
Reed  (Phragmites),  8  to  lo  feet  high,  with  its 
great  brown-black  plumes,  and  the  curious  bright- 
green  Horsetail  (Equisetum),  and  the  rosy  banks  of 
Willow-herb  and  Loose-strife,  and  the  calm  wide 
breadths  of  the  white  Water  Lily  in  the  still  back- 
waters ;  when  we  see  all  these  lessons  that  Nature 
teaches  by  the  riverside  we  perceive  that  for  the 
best  of  good  effect  of  waterside  gardening  we  need 
not  be  afraid  of  planting  things  of  bold  growth 
largely. 

When  we  come  to  garden  plants  there  are  many 
families  that  are  never  so  happy  as  when  close  to 
water,  or  in  soil  that  always  feels  the  cool,  moistening 
influence  of  water  within  a  few  feet  below  them. 
Such  are  the  whole  range  of  the  larger  herbaceous 


124  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

Spiraeas,  some  of  them  plants  of  great  size.  Then 
we  have  the  Thalictrums,  the  autumn  -  flowering 
Phloxes,  the  stately  Heracleum  ;  Telekia,  Bamboos, 
Arundo  Donax,  the  Swamp  and  Meadow  Lilies  of 
the  northern  states  of  America  ;  and  coming  to 
smaller  though  scarcely  less  important  plants,  the 
Scarlet  Lobelias,  Oriental  Poppies,  many  Irises,  the 
Michaelmas  Daisies,  and  Day  Lilies  ;  all  these  thrive 
by  the  waterside. 

There  are  many  shrubs  that  prefer  a  moist  place, 
such  as  the  Guelder  Rose  and  the  beautiful  North 
American  Halesia,  Quinces,  Rhododendrons,  Azaleas, 
and  Kalmias,  while  the  lovely  Fritillaries,  Globe- 
flowers,  and  the  double  Cuckoo-flowers  love  damp 
grassy  spaces.  We  think  we  may  safely  advise  those 
who  are  making  gardens  by  river  or  lake  to  go 
forward  and  plant  with  confidence,  only  selecting 
such  things  as  are  mentioned  below. 

As  the  things  named  are  described  elsewhere  in 
this  book  a  list  only  is  given. 

Trees  and  Shrubs  for  Swampy  Places 

Willows  (Salix)  in  great  variety :  S.  alba  (White 
Willow),  S.  babylonica  (Babylonian  Weeping  Willow), 
S.  purpurea,  S.  p.  pendula  (American  Weeping  Willow), 
S.Caprea,  S.  C./'^«^?</a  (Kilmarnock  Weeping  Willow), 
Cardinal  Willow  and  Golden  Willow — both  these  are 
very  beautiful  in  winter  ;  the  stems  of  the  former  are 
crimson,  and  of  the  latter  golden  yellow,  and  make 
a   remarkable    picture   of    intense   colouring  ;     plant 


.  ^'^^^^ 


*: 


TREES   FOR   WATERSIDE  125 

them  in  large  groups — S.  daphnoides  (the  White- 
stemmed  Willow),  S.  fragilis  (Crack  Willow),  S.  /". 
hasfordiana  (Red-barked  Willow),  and  5.  hippophaifulia 
(Sea  Buckthorn-leaved  Willow). 

Populus  alba  (White  Poplar),  P.  canadensis  (Canadian 
Poplar),  P.  nigra  (Black  Poplar),  Lombardy  Poplar, 
and  B.  trewula  (the  Aspen).  But  the  Poplars  must 
not  be  overdone,  and  by  pond  or  lakeside  are 
Ci'ten  out  of  place.  In  such  places  the  Cardinal  and 
Yellow-barked  Willow,  Sea  Buckthorn,  and  similar 
shrubs  are  more  appropriate. 

Common  Alder,  with  its  many  varieties  —  Cut- 
leaved,  the  Golden-leaved,  and  such  as  Alnus  incatia 
and  A.  serrnlata. 

Taxodium  disiichum  (Deciduous  Cypress)  ;  tender 
green  in  spring  and  brownish  red  in  autumn,  when 
the  leaves  change  colour. 

Hippophce  rhamnoides  (the  Sea  Buckthorn). 

Trees  and  Shrubs  for  Moist  (but  not 
Swampy)  Soil 

Berberis  Darwinii  (Darwin's  Barberry),  B.  Thun- 
bergi  (for  its  beautiful  autumn  leaf-colouring),  Birch, 
Dogwoods,  Corntts  alba  and  varieties  ;  the  variety 
sibirica  has  brilliant-red  stem.s.  Cotomaster  buxifolia, 
C.  frigida,  C.  Nummularia,  C.  Simon sii ;  Ash,  Myrica 
Gale  (Sweet  Gale)  and  M.  asplenifolia ;  Ledum  palustre^ 
Nyssa  aquatica  (Tupelo  tree).  Mountain  Ash,  Ouercus 
aquatica  (Water  Oak),  0.  pahtstris  (Swamp  Oak)  ; 
Rhamnus  Frangula  (Buckthorn).     Roses  with  brightly- 


126  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

coloured  heps  —  Rubus  hijlorus  (White  -  stemmed 
Bramble),  R.  friilicosus  fl.  pi.  (Double  Pink  Bramble), 
R,  laciniatus  (Cut-leaved  Bramble),  R.  spedabilts  (Sal- 
mon Berry).  Sambucus  racemosa  (Red-berried  Elder), 
Spircea  Douglasii,  S.  hypertcifolia,  S.  lindleyana ; 
Tamarisk.  Viburnum  Opulus  (Guelder  Rose)  ;  when 
this  native  shrub  is  weighed  down  with  the  rich  red 
berry-clusters,  it  is  a  remarkable  colour  picture,  and 
the  autumn  leaf  tints  add  to  its  beauty. 

Of  Conifers,  mention  may  be  made  of  Tsuga 
canadensis,  Abies  Menziesii,  Cupressus  thyoides,  and 
Thuja  gigantea. 

Bamboos  :  Select  those  of  robust  growth,  such 
as  Arundinaria  japonica  {Bambusa  Metake),  A.  Simoni, 
A.  Vettchtif  and  A.  palmata ;  Phyllostachys  viridi- 
glaucescens  and  P.  mitts. 


TREES  AND  SHRUBS  FOR  THE  ROCK 
GARDEN 

If  we  think  of  the  changes  in  gardening  terms  which 
have  occurred  during  the  last  quarter  of  a  century, 
there  is  surely  significance  in  the  gradual  transition 
from  the  Rock  Garden  or  Alpine  Garden  into  the 
more  imposing  Rock  Garden  of  our  present-day 
language.  It  points  to  the  bolder  grouping — now 
happily  adopted  in  most  good  gardens  and  more  in 
accordance  with  Nature's  pattern — which  includes 
evergreen  and  flowering  shrubs  as  well  as  the  close- 
growing  alpine  plants,  gem-like  in  their  brilliant 
colours,  which  in  earlier  days  were  alone  considered 
suitable  for  the  purpose.  The  principle  is  now 
generally  recognised  that  the  "  unstudied  picturesque- 
ness  of  Nature  may  be  brought  into  the  rule  and 
line  ordering  of  our  gardens,"  and  the  better  con- 
struction and  government  of  the  Rock  Garden  gives 
greater  scope  for  the  carrying  out  of  this  worthy 
effort. 

In  enumerating  suitable  shrubs  for  the  Rock 
Garden,  more  than  ordinary  care  should  be  exercised 
in  their  selection,  in  view  of  the  greater  difficulty 
of  rectifying  mistakes  in  such  positions.  We  must 
not  be  led  away  by  the  beauty  of  a  shrub,  for 
instance,  during  its  time  of  flowering  alone,  without 


128  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

considering  its  character  at  other  seasons  and  its 
adaptability  to  its  special  surroundings.  A  due  sense 
of  proportion  will  also  hold  us  back  from  planting 
a  spreading,  hungry-natured  shrub  in  limited  space, 
or  where  it  would  rob  and  over-run  more  valuable 
but  weaker  plants.  Such  considerations  as  these 
must  be  left  to  the  planter  who,  in  his  turn,  must 
be  guided  by  the  incidental  circumstances  of  his 
particular  locality.  It  is  only  possible  here  to  set 
down  some  of  the  best  shrubs  available  for  the 
purpose,  and  to  indicate,  in  a  very  general  way,  the 
positions  for  which  they  are  suitable. 

Occasionally,  where  there  is  ample  space,  a  deci- 
duous tree  of  low  growth  may  be  planted  to  great 
advantage.  Not  long  ago,  in  a  picturesque  district 
bordering  on  Western  Germany,  a  mental  note  was 
made  of  the  excellent  effect  of  Wild  Medlar  trees, 
scarcely  more  than  good-sized  bushes,  growing  about 
the  boulders  and  overhanging  the  edge  of  quarried 
rocks.  The  white  flowers  in  spring,  and  the  fine 
form  and  tint  of  the  russet-brown  fruit  as  it  gradually 
swells  during  the  summer  months  give  this  tree  a 
peculiar  claim  on  our  attention  where  the  position 
is  suitable.  But  in  planning  the  main  features  of 
the  Rock  Garden,  we  naturally  turn  our  thoughts 
first  to  evergreen  trees  and  shrubs,  because  the 
plants  grown  in  such  positions,  being  usually  either 
alpine  or  herbaceous,  are  mostly  in  abeyance  during 
the  winter,  and  it  is  desirable  that  the  rockery,  no 
less  than  every  other  part  of  the  garden,  should 
be  interesting  even  if  it  cannot  be  gay,  during  the 


TREES   FOR   THE   ROCK   GARDEN     129 

period  of  rest.  A  specimen  Holly  or,  in  exceptionally 
mild  climates,  a  tall  bush,  from  8  to  10  feet  high, 
of  Pittosponim  taidnlatum,  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
of  New  Zealand  evergreen  trees,  may  be  so  placed, 
for  example,  as  to  be  exceedingly  pictorial  ;  but,  as 
a  rule,  we  must  keep  our  shrubs  to  an  average 
maximum  height  of  not  more  than  from  4  to  5  feet, 
and,  generally  speaking,  those  of  still  lower  stature 
are  better  suited  to  the  ordinary  Rock  Garden. 

Some  of  the  small-growing  Conifers,  from  their 
compact  habit  and  distinct  character,  are  especially 
well  fitted  to  .break  the  outline  and  to  give  contrast. 
We  think  of  Pines  and  Spruce  Firs  and  Cedars  as 
majestic  trees,  and  it  is  only  when  one  comes  to 
study  them  in  their  manifold  varieties  that  we  find 
how  many  of  these  range  from  a  height  of  only  a 
few  inches  to  3  feet,  or  at  most  to  4  feet. 

Some  species,  it  is  true,  do  not  lend  themselves 
gracefully  to  the  dwarfing  process,  becoming  clumpy 
and  inelegant,  but  this  charge  cannot  be  brought 
against  many  of  the  Cypresses  and  Junipers.  Several 
of  the  smaller  Conifers,  besides,  give  the  advantage 
of  distinct  variations  of  colour  with  the  changing 
seasons.  Reference  is  not  now  made  to  the  golden 
and  silver  forms,  so-called,  which  occur  in  most  of 
the  genera,  and  put  on  their  brightest  tints  in  spring, 
but  to  the  deeper  winter  colouring  assumed,  e.g.  by 
^Cuprcssus  thyoides  (  =  Retmospora  ericoides),  which  alters 
its  summer  tone  of  dark  green  to  purple  brown  on 
the  approach  of  cold  weather  ;  or  by  Cryptomeria 
elcgans,  a  little   less  hardy,  which  changes  to   a   fine 

I 


I30  TREES  AND   SHRUBS 

shade  of  bronzy  crimson.  Like  other  plants,  Conifers 
differ  greatly  as  to  constitution,  and  judgment  must 
be  used  in  their  choice.  The  dwarf  alpine  form  of 
the  Common  Juniper  [Juniperus  communis  nana)  is  very 
hardy  and  slow-growing,  never  becoming  too  ram- 
pant for  the  smallest  Rock  Garden,  and  shares  the 
blue-grey  tint  which  is  so  characteristic  of  this  beau- 
tiful species.  Very  distinct  from  it  is  the  lovely 
prostrate  Savin  (/.  Sabina  procumbens),  one  of  the 
best  of  evergreen  shrubs  for  the  Rock  Garden,  and 
one  most  restful  and  satisfying  to  the  eye  at  all  times 
in  its  deep  tones  of  sea  green. 

Cupressus  pisifera,  almost  plumose  in  one  of  its 
many  variations,  and  C.  obtusa,  both  better  known 
perhaps  under  the  garden  name  of  Retinosporas,  are 
admirable,  and  may  be  used  either  in  the  normal  or 
the  dwarf  forms  according  to  the  greater  or  less 
space  at  command.  Almost  the  last  tree,  probably, 
which  one  would  expect  to  see  draping  the  vertical 
face  of  a  rock  is  the  Spruce  Fir,  yet  a  weeping  variety 
{Picea  excelsa  pettdula)  is  exceedingly  effective  in  such  a 
position  as  a  foil  to  hanging  masses  of  richly-coloured 
Aubrietias  or  Golden  Alyssum,  while  it  looks  well  at 
all  seasons.  Mention  may  here  be  made  of  a  remark- 
able Conifer,  Cimninghaniia  sinensis,  of  great  beauty 
and  very  distinct  character,  which  takes  the  shape, 
in  our  climate,  of  a  spreading  bush,  though  in  its 
native  habitat  it  grows  into  a  tree  of  noble  dimen- 
sions. It  is  suitable  only  for  a  Rock  Garden  of 
some  boldness  of  construction,  with  which  a  mild 
climate  and  a  sheltered  position  are  fortuitously  com- 


TREES   FOR   THE    ROCK   GARDEN     131 

bined,  but  under  such  happy  circumstances  a  phice 
sliould  certainly  be  found  for  this  handsome  and 
httle-known  China  Fir. 

Another  uncommon  coniferous  shrub,  also  very 
distinct  and  more  generally  useful  than  the  last,  is 
Podocarpus  alpina.  Though  a  native  of  Tasmania,  it 
grows  at  high  elevations,  and  is  able  to  resist  severe 
frost.  Dark  green  in  foliage,  only  about  2  feet  in 
height,  and  of  a  somewhat  spreading  nature,  it  is 
never  out  of  place  in  the  Rock  Garden,  whether  large 
or  small. 

From  Conifers  we  may  pass  to  Veronicas,  certain 
of  which  might  almost  be  mistaken  for  some  min- 
ute form  of  Cypress.  Of  this  character  is  a  small 
group  known  in  New  Zealand,  the  natural  habitat  of 
a  large  number  of  shrubby  species,  by  the  apposite 
name  of  Whipcord  Veronicas.  Being  themselves 
alpine,  are  particularly  well  suited  for  grouping  with 
low-growing  mountain  plants.  Six  species  or  varieties 
of  this  interesting  section  grow  naturally  at  elevations 
ranging  from  7000  to  4000  feet,  and  are  much  more 
hardy  than  is  generally  supposed.  These  are  :  V. 
cupressoides,  V.  c.  var.  variabilis,  V.  lycopodioides,  V. 
Armstrongii,  V.  Hectori,  V.  logauioides. 

The  form  of  V.  cupressoides,  known  as  variabilis, 
was  mistaken,  on  its  first  introduction,  for  a  distinct 
species,  V.  salicornioides^  and  may  still  be  met  with 
under  that  name.  The  small  violet  or  white  flowers 
of  these  miniature  evergreen  shrubs  are  not  perhaps 
much  to  be  taken  into  account,  but  they  have  a 
distinct  value  of  their  own  as  rock-work  greenery. 


132  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

There  are  other  dwarf  New  Zealand  Veronicas  of 
a  leafy  character,  differing  essentially  from  these 
mimetic  species,  such  as  V.  carnosula  and  V.  pingiii- 
folia,  also  inhabiting  regions  5000  feet  above  the 
sea-level,  which  are  suited  for  localities  with  average 
advantages  of  climate.  Others  again,  such  as  V. 
Lyallii,  V.  glauco-ccerulea,  and  V.  hulkeana,  though  they 
grow  naturally  at  lower  altitudes,  and  must  be 
reckoned  only  half-hardy,  may  yet  be  serviceable  for 
Rock  Gardens  on  the  southern  sea-board,  or  on  the 
west  coast  of  Scotland.  Belonging  to  the  larger-grow- 
ing and  more  familiar  species  of  Shrubby  Veronica, 
mention  may  be  made  of  a  good  purple-flowered 
hybrid,  of  very  compact  growth,  known  as  Purple 
King,  which  is  exceedingly  ornamental  from  its  free- 
flowering  habit.  Many  of  the  losses  sustained  amongst 
these  interesting  New  Zealand  shrubs  are  owing  to 
drought  rather  than  to  frost,  and  their  extreme  sus- 
ceptibility to  dryness  at  the  root  is  a  fact  not  recog- 
nised as  it  should  be. 

Hardy  Heaths  are  of  the  utmost  value  in  the  Rock 
Garden,  and  range  in  height  from  the  6  feet  or  more 
of  Erica  arhorea  to  the  6  inches  of  the  well-known 
E.  carnea,  and  can  be  used  in  rough  places,  where 
more  delicate  plants  might  not  thrive.  A  sudden 
emergency  once  arose  in  the  experience  of  the  writer, 
when  a  shelving  mass  of  earth  had  to  be  shored-up 
as  quickly  as  possible  with  such  material  as  lay  ready 
to  hand  at  the  moment.  This  happened  to  be  found 
in  a  heap  of  ugly,  yellowish,  water-worn  boulders  of 
great   size,  which   abound  in  that  particular  locality. 


CISTUSES  AND  HOSES  IN  THE  ROCK  GARDEN. 

{In  the  left  lower  corner,  Cistus  hirsiitus  ;  middle.  Rosa  alba  ;  to  tight, 

R.  riigosu  Mine.  Georges  Briiant.) 


DWARF  Slinrns  ON  ROCK  (.AlWJiN. 


TREES   FOR   THE   ROCK   GARDEN     133 

at  no  great  distance  below  the  ground-level,  and 
must  be  dug  out  when  any  deep  trenching  has 
to  be  done.  There  was  no  time  to  be  wasted  in 
facing  the  stones,  which  would  have  made  them 
more  sightly,  and  they  had  to  be  used  as  they  were. 
Fortunately  a  large  consignment  of  the  best  hardy 
Heaths  had  lately  arrived  from  the  Darley  Dale 
Nurseries,  and  were  immediately  seized  upon  to 
cover  up  the  ugliness  of  the  hastily-built-up  barricade. 
Boulders  and  Heaths,  however,  took  to  each  other 
kindly,  in  spite  of  a  soil  by  no  means  specially  suitable, 
and  with  the  addition,  later,  of  a  few  good  kinds  of 
Cistus  and  other  shrubs,  the  bank  still  remains  as 
happy  a  bit  of  rough  planting  as  could  be  desired. 

Of  the  taller  Heaths,  E.  arborea  is  somewhat  tender, 
and  is  not  so  generally  useful  as  E.  mediterranca  or 
E.  codonodes.  A  hybrid  form — E.  mediterranea  X  E. 
carnea — is  excellent,  and  comes  into  fiower  about 
Christmas,  in  advance  of  either  of  its  parents,  when 
its  pale-purple  spikes  are  very  welcome,  and  are  quite 
distinct  from  the  rosy-red  flowers  of  E.  carnea.  The 
foliage  of  hardy  Heaths  is  never  unsightly,  but  the 
persistent  dead  flowers  are,  and  these  should  always 
be  clipped  off  as  soon  as  their  beauty  is  over,  or  the 
new  growth  will  break  away  above  the  withered 
flowers,  leaving,  in  many  cases,  straggling  and  un- 
clothed branches.  The  omission  of  this  needful 
work  every  season  is  a  fruitful  source  of  the  ragged- 
ness  which  brings  some  discredit  on  these  otherwise 
attractive  plants. 

Many  flowering  shrubs  of  the  same  natural  order 


134  TREES  AND   SHRUBS 

as  Heaths,  but  unlike  them  in  general  appearance, 
such  as  the  Alpine  Rhododendrons,  R.  ferrugineum 
and  R.  hirsutum,  and  the  less  well-known  but  very 
beautiful  and  distinct  R.  racemosum,  as  well  as  some 
of  the  miniature  varieties  of  Azalea  indica,  notably 
R.  obtusa  and  its  forms,  seem  peculiarly  suitable  for 
the  Rock  Garden.  Again,  where  rock  meets  more 
level  ground,  and  the  trickle  of  a  stream  can  be  so 
directed  as  to  give  moisture  without  sogginess,  a 
considerable  number  of  peat-loving  evergreen  shrubs 
belonging  to  the  same  order,  of  the  type  of  Gaultheria, 
Vaccintmn,  and  Pieris,  may  be  used  with  excellent 
effect.  Gaultheria  Shallon,  indeed,  is  a  singularly  fine 
shrub  in  any  position,  and  is  not  very  exacting  in 
any  of  its  requirements.  Growing  about  2  feet  high, 
with  purple  leaf-tints  in  winter,  and  spikes  of  white 
waxy  flowers,  brightly  tinged  with  red,  in  spring, 
which  are  followed  by  purple  fruit,  few  things  can 
surpass  it  in  its  way.  For  carpeting  moist  spots,  the 
little  G.  proctimbeus,  which  rises  scarcely  3  inches 
from  the  ground,  will  fill  a  useful  place  with  its 
winter  colouring  of  crimson  brown.  Shrubs  of  this 
class  are  well  worth  study  by  those  whose  locality 
admits  of  their  cultivation. 

For  dry,  sunny,  and  stony  banks  Rock  Roses  may 
be  chosen,  but  the  position  must  be  wind-screened, 
a  more  important  factor  in  the  question  of  their 
hardiness  than  cold.  The  large-growing  Gum  Cistus 
is  well  known  and  tolerably  hardy  everywhere,  and 
so  also  is  C.  laurifolius,  but  there  are  several  most 
desirable   species   of    dwarfer    growth,    such    as    the 


TREES   FOR   THE   ROCK   GARDEN     135 

white,  crimson-spotted  C.  lusitanicus,  the  pink-flowered 
C.  villosus,  the  bright-red  C.  crispus,  and  the  pure 
white  C.  florcntinnsy  which  are  quite  happy  in  sheltered 
rock  walks  especially  by  the  sea  ;  they  have  been 
also  grown  with  success  in  many  colder  situations 
inland.  The  Cistineae,  at  best,  are  somewhat  short- 
lived, and  lose  vigour  and  power  of  resistance  as 
they  grow  older.  Keep  up,  therefore,  young,  thrifty 
stock  by  yearly  cuttings  to  fill  up  inevitable  gaps, 
which  is  a  matter  of  no  cultural  difficulty.  Where 
Rock  Roses  are  out  of  the  question,  their  place  may 
worthily  be  filled  by  the  hardier  shrubby  Helian- 
thcmums,  though  they  differ  greatly  from  Cistineae 
in  their  trailing  habit  and  smaller  flowers.  The 
breadths  of  brilliant  colour  given  by  these  Sun  Roses 
while  in  bloom  are  invaluable,  and  may  be  enjoyed 
to  the  full  in  almost  any  locality,  while  the  many 
variations  of  tint,  from  deep  green  to  ashen  grey,  in 
their  leafage  should  also  be  taken  into  consideration, 
as  it  increases  their  usefulness  when  out  of  flower. 

No  list  of  good  shrubs  for  the  Rock  Garden  would 
be  complete  without  some  reference  to  Yuccas,  which 
for  all  practical  purposes  must  be  included  under 
that  head.  Groups  of  these  magnificent  plants,  with 
their  sub-tropical  effect,  cannot  be  surpassed  for 
nobility  of  outline  and  stateliness  of  flower.  To  do 
them  full  justice,  they  must  have  space  to  develop 
their  grand  proportions,  but  this  may  often  be  found 
on  the  ridge  or  upper  slope,  even  in  rock-work  of 
limited  character.  Y.  gloriosa,  with  its  fine  form, 
y.  recurva,  and   the   stemless    Y.  Jlaccida,  of   smaller 


136  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

growth,  are  amongst  the  best  and  hardiest  kinds, 
and  to  these  may  be  added  Y.  angnstifolia,  another 
valuable  and  nearly  stemless  species. 

It  is  only  possible,  in  restricted  space,  to  touch 
in  a  very  cursory  way  upon  a  few  of  the  available 
groups  of  dwarf-growing  shrubs.  Many  more  than 
have  been  mentioned  will  occur  readily  to  the  minds 
of  those  who  are  at  all  conversant  with  plants,  such 
as  Abelia  rupestris,  Magnolia  stellata,  several  beautiful 
species  of  Daphne,  some  of  the  St.  John's  Worts,  of 
low-growing  Cytisus,  and  others  which  may  be  classed 
under  the  head  of  miscellaneous.  The  subjoined 
list,  though  it  does  not  pretend  to  be  exhaustive, 
will  be  found  of  use,  either  for  purposes  of  winter 
greenery  or  for  summer  embellishment,  by  those 
who  are  seeking  good  and  suitable  dwarf  shrubs 
for  planting,  under  varied  conditions  in  the  Rock 
Garden. 

DWARF  SHRUBS  FOR  THE  ROCK  GARDEN 

Hardy  Evergreen 


Buxus  sempervirens  vars. 

Cotoneaster  buxifolia. 

Dansea  Laurus  (Alexandrian 
Laurel). 

Gaultheria  Shallon. 

Lavandula  vera  (Laven- 
der). 

Mahonia  Aquifolium. 

Osmanthus  Aquifolium. 

Pernettya  mucronata. 


Rosmarinus  officinalis  (Rose- 
mary). 
Skimmia  Foremani. 
Veronica  (Whipcord). 

,,         cupressoides. 

,,         cup.  var.  variabilis. 

„         Armstrongii. 

„         Hectori. 

,,         loganioides. 

„         lycopodioides. 


TREES   FOR   THE    ROCK   GARDEN     137 


Conifers 


Cupressus  obtusa  nana. 

„         pisifera. 

„         thyoides. 
J uniperus  communis  nana. 

,,        Sabina  prostrata. 


Picea  excelsa  clanbrassiliana. 

„      ex.  pendula. 

„      ex.  pumila  glauca. 
Podocarpus  alnina. 
Taxus  baccata  and  vars. 


Hardy  Flowering  Shrubs 


Amygdalus  nana. 
Azalea  (Rhododendron) 
amoena. 
,,      indica  and  vars. 
„      mollis. 
Cytisus  Ardoini. 
,,      Kewensis. 
,,      purpureas. 
Daphne  blagayana. 
,,       Cneorum. 
,,       Mezereum. 
Dryas  octopetala. 
Erica  carnea. 
„      ciliaris. 
„     codonodes. 
„     mediterranea. 
,,     ni.  hybrida. 
Genista  gerinanica. 

,,        pilosa. 
Helianthemuni  vars. 
Hypericum  moserianum. 
,,  olympicum. 

„  patulum. 

Kalmia  angustifolia. 
„       glauca. 


Magnolia  stellata. 
Olearia  Haastii. 
Ononis  rotundifolia. 
Philadelphus  microphyllus. 
Phlomis  fruticosa. 
Polygala  Chamaebuxus. 
Rhododendron  ferrugineum. 
„  hirsutum. 

,,  racemosum. 

Rosa  lutea. 

,,     pimpinellifolia. 
„     xanthina  (Ecae). 
Rubus  arcticus. 
Spiraea  arguta. 
,,       Bumalda. 
„      decumbens,  5:c. 
Veronica  buxifolia. 
„        carnosula. 
„        pinguifolia. 
„        linifolia. 
Yucca  angustifolia. 
„       filamentosa, 
„       fil.  var.  flaccida. 
„       gloriosa. 
recurvifolia. 


38 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Flowering  and  other  Shrubs  for  Sheltered 
Situations  and  Mild  Climate 


Abelia  rupestris. 
Cistus  albidus. 
„      crispus. 
„      lusitanicus. 
„      villosus. 
Coronilla  Emerus. 

,,        glauca. 
Daphne  Dauphini. 

„        Genkwa. 
Desfontainea  spinosa. 
Dracaena  australis. 
Fabiana  imbricata. 
Escallonia  macrantha. 
,,         montevidensis. 
„         philippiana      and 
hybrids. 
Eugenia  Ugni. 
Fatsia  japonica. 
Grevillea  rosmarinifolia. 
Helianthemum  formosum. 
Linum  arboreum. 
Myrtus  communis. 
,,      box  leaved. 


Olearia  dentata. 
Ozothamnus  rosmarinifolius. 
Philesia  buxifolia. 
Pittosporum  Tobira. 

,,  undulata. 

Rhododendron. 
Rosa  berberifolia. 
Rubus  rossefolius. 
Swainsonia  alba. 
Trachycarpus  excelsa 

(Chinese  Fan  Palm). 
Vtronica  chathamica. 

„         epacridea. 

„         Fairfieldii. 

„         glauco-coerulea. 

„         pimeleoides. 

,,         speciosa. 

,,         Traversii. 

,,         Purple  King  (hyb.). 

Conifers. 

Cryptomeria  elegans. 
1     Cunninghamia  sinensis. 


For  Moist  Peaty  Soil  at  the  Foot  of  Rocks 


Andromeda  polifolia. 
Bryanthus  erectus. 
Cassandra  calyculata. 
Cassiope  tetragona. 
Daboecia      polifolia      (Irish 

Heath). 
Gaultheria  procumbens. 
Ledum  palustre. 
Leucothoe  axillaris. 

„         Catesbaei. 
Lycopodium  dendroideum. 


Myrica  asplenifolia. 

„       Gale. 
Pieris  floribunda. 

,,     japonica. 
Rhodothamnus  chamaecistus. 
Salix  reticulata. 
Selaginella  Douglasii. 
Vaccinium  crassifolium. 

„  uliginosum. 

,,  Vitis-idaea. 

Zenobia  speciosa. 


TRl-E  IS  COURSE  Of 


Rl-MOVAL    WITH  ONE  OE  BARRON'S 
MACHINES. 


REMOVAL   OF   LARGE   TREES   AND 
SHRUBS 

Probably  no  garden  operation  requires  more  time 
and  labour  than  the  proper  removal  of  large  trees 
and  shrubs  from  one  part  of  a  garden  to  another. 
Time,  as  it  will  take  two,  or  even  three,  days  to 
remove  a  large  tree  to  a  distance  ;  and  labour,  as  the 
services  of  from  eight  to  twelve  men  will  be  required 
to  accomplish  the  work.  It  is  not,  therefore,  an 
operation  to  be  lightly  undertaken  or  got  through 
in  a  hurry. 

Before  proceeding  to  describe  the  various  ways  of 
moving  large  specimen  plants,  it  will  be  well  to  con- 
sider the  trees  and  shrubs  that  are  generally  required 
to  be  moved.  Three  numbered  lists  are  given 
arranged  according  to  the  roots  of  the  shrubs  or 
trees — that  is,  those  that,  when  they  have  stood  for 
some  time  in  one  place,  are  most  alike  as  regards 
the  way  their  roots  are  placed  together  ;  and  the  lists 
are  also  some  guide  when  transplanting,  as  the 
chances  of  life  after  removal  are  greatest  in  No.  i, 
less  in  No.  2,  and  considerably  lower  in  No.  3. 

No.   I.  No.  2.  No.  3. 

Arbutus. 
Aucuba. 
Bay  Laurel. 


Andromeda. 

Ailantus, 

Azalea. 

Alder. 

Clethra. 

Almond. 

140 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


No. 


No.  2. 


No. 


Kalmia. 

Amelanchier. 

Carya. 

Rhododendron. 

Ash. 

Catalpa. 

Vaccinium. 

Beech. 

Cotoneaster. 

Birch. 

Diospyros. 

Box. 

Elaeagnus. 

Celtis. 

Halesia. 

Chestnut. 

Hamamelis. 

Crataegus. 

Hippophae. 

Elm. 

Holly. 

Flowering  Cherries. 

Liquidambar. 

Hornbeam. 

Laurel  (Common). 

Horse-Chestnut. 

,,        (Portugal). 

Laburnum. 

Magnolia. 

Lime. 

Osmanthus. 

Malus. 

Phillyrsa. 

Maple. 

Rhamnus. 

Mulberry. 

Styrax. 

Oak. 

Tulip  Tree. 

Peach. 

Viburnum. 

Plane. 

Walnut. 

Poplar. 

Yew. 

Pyrus. 

Robinia. 

Coniferae. 

Willow. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  Conifers  are  mentioned  in 
the  third  Ust,  and  even  in  nurseries  where  they  are 
regularly  moved  the  mortality  amongst  them  is  very 
high  ;  and  the  removal  of  large  Conifers  should  never 
be  attempted  except  with  a  transplanting  machine, 
and  expert  men  to  handle  it.  As  a  rule,  it  will  be 
found  cheaper  and  better  to  buy  young  plants  than 
to  attempt  the  removal  of  large  ones  that  have  stood 
for    some    years    without    root    disturbance.       Such 


REMOVAL   OF   LARGE   TREES         141 

flowering  shrubs  as  Spircea,  PhiladelplmSy  Kerria,  Ribes, 
&c.,  can  be  safely  moved  without  much  trouble,  as 
they  make  a  mass  of  roots  which  will  hold  a  good 
ball  of  soil  unless  it  is  very  dry.  All  are  practically 
certain  to  live  if  carefully  planted  and  well  watered 
afterwards. 

There  are  several  ways  of  moving  large  trees,  the 
simplest  and  quickest  being  by  a  proper  transplant- 
ing machine,  which  consists  of  a  framework  on 
wheels  fitted  with  a  system  of  rollers  and  levers. 
For  moderately-sized  trees,  say,  to  about  12  feet 
high,  a  two-wheeled  machine  is  sufficient.  This  is 
moved  by  eight  or  ten  men.  For  trees  above  12 
feet  high  a  four-wheeled  machine  is  required,  with 
two,  or  perhaps  three,  horses  to  draw  it.  The  first 
will  take  a  ball  of  soil  weighing  from  two  to  three 
tons,  the  latter  anything  to  ten  tons,  or  even  more. 

In  preparing  the  tree  for  the  small  machine  the 
ball  is  made  round,  and  slightly  smaller  than  the 
width  of  the  machine,  a  trench  being  cut  round  the 
tree  to  a  depth  of  3  feet  or  so,  the  actual  depth 
depending  on  the  roots,  but  the  soil  should  be  re- 
moved a  foot  lower  than  the  lowest  roots.  On  no 
account  undermine  the  ball  until  the  proper  depth 
has  been  reached.  A  proper  machine-pick  is  the  best 
thing  to  use  under  the  ball,  carefully  working  out 
sufficient  soil  to  introduce  a  board  6  inches  wide  and 
about  i\  inches  thick  on  each  side  of  the  ball.  The 
soil  immediately  under  the  centre  of  the  ball  should 
be  left  intact.  When  the  boards  are  in  position 
ropes  are  passed  under  them  on  each  side  and  led 


142  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

up  over  the  rollers  on  the  machine  and  fastened,  and 
then  by  levers  the  ropes  are  rolled  up,  swinging  the 
plant  up  cleanly  and  with  a  good  ball  of  soil.  Before 
putting  the  ropes  under,  however,  a  stout  piece  of 
canvas  or  mat  should  be  tied  round  the  ball  with  a 
couple  of  cords,  between  which  and  the  canvas  seven 
or  eight  pieces  of  narrow  flat  board  should  be  fixed 
to  prevent  the  cords  from  cutting  the  ball.  The  rear 
part  of  the  machine  is  made  to  be  taken  out  so  that 
it  can  be  pushed  right  over  a  plant,  and  it  should 
be  run  on  planks  on  soft  ground. 

With  the  large  transplanting  machine  a  ball  of  soil 
of  almost  any  size  can  be  taken,  but  the  method  of 
preparing  it  is  somewhat  different.  It  should  be 
made  nearly  square,  being  rather  longer  than  it  is 
broad.  When  the  proper  depth  has  been  reached 
make  a  hole  about  2  feet  wide  under  the  centre  of 
the  ball,  and  running  entirely  through  the  longer 
way  of  it.  Through  this  hole  one,  or  even  two, 
broad  planks  3  inches  thick  should  be  passed.  On 
each  end  of  these,  where  they  project  beyond  the 
ball,  a  stout  plank  is  laid  on  edge,  and  two  others 
placed  lengthwise  to  fit  above  the  first  two.  These 
planks  should  all  be  cut  to  fit  tightly  into  each  other. 
If  necessary,  owing  to  the  depth  of  the  ball,  another 
tier  of  planks  should  be  placed  above  the  first  to 
insure  stability.  The  machine  is  then  placed  over 
the  plant,  and  the  whole,  by  means  of  chains  and 
levers,  is  swung  up  off  the  ground,  and  then  ready  to 
be  taken  anywhere.  This  machine,  however,  should 
only  be  used  by  those  who  have  had  experience  with 


REMOVAL   OF   LARGE   TREES 


143 


it,  as  it  is  difficult  and  cumbersome  to  handle,  and 
in  the  hands  of  novices  is  liable  to  cause  serious 
accidents. 

Where  no  transplanting  machine  exists,  other 
mechanical  contrivances  must  be  used  to  move  a 
large  tree.  Rollers  and  planks,  a  low  trolley,  or  a 
draw-board,  as  it  is  called,  are  the  best.  The 
preparation  for  removal  is  the  same  for  these  means 
as  it  is  for  a  machine,  with  the  exception  of  getting 
under  it,  which  varies  according  to  the  means  em- 
ployed. For  rollers  and  planks  the  soil  should  be 
worked  out  directly  under  the  centre  of  the  ball,  and 
planks  put  through  to  form  a  bed  to  run  the  shrub 
or  tree  on.  On  these  a  roller  should  be  placed, 
working  the  soil  out  at  the  sides  so  that  it  is  well 
under  the  ball,  but  not  going  so  far  under  as  to 
undermine  it,  and  cause  it  to  drop  over.  Above  the 
roller  put  one  wide  plank  to  form  the  bottom  of  the 
ball,  and  by  means  of  a  rope  round  it  the  whole  can 
be  taken  where  required.  When  moving  it,  however, 
it  is  well  to  raise  the  rear  half  by  means  of  a  broad 
lever  or  a  lifting-jack,  which,  in  conjunction  with  a 
steady  pull  on  the  rope,  should  start  the  plant  com- 
fortably on  its  journey. 

WMien  a  low  trolley  is  used  the  ball  of  soil  must 
be  firm,  and  not  liable  to  •  break  to  pieces  when 
handled  with  reasonable  care.  Having  cut  out  the 
ball  to  the  required  depth,  work  under  it  all  round, 
merely  leaving  enough  in  the  centre  to  support  it.  If 
possible,  work  off  some  of  the  upper  soil  to  decrease 
the  weight,  but  this  depends  entirely  upon  the  roots, 


144  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

and  the  way  they  run.  If  small  roots  are  plentiful 
at  the  top,  little  or  no  soil  can  be  removed,  but  if 
they  are  lower  down,  then  the  upper  soil  may  be 
removed  with  advantage.  Having  worked  under  the 
ball,  lay  two  stout  planks  under  it  well  packed  up  to 
the  centre,  and  then  with  two  strong  poles  under  the 
ends  of  the  planks  lift  the  whole  on  the  trolley.  If 
the  work  is  carefully  thought  out,  it  is  possible  to 
make  the  actual  lifting  a  very  small  operation  by 
bringing  the  trolley  close  and  lowering  it  consider- 
ably. 

The  draw-board  is  a  handy  contrivance  for 
moderate-sized  trees  or  shrubs  which  will  hold  a 
good  ball  of  soil.  It  is  made  in  two  forms.  One 
consists  of  a  piece  of  well-seasoned  oak  3  inches 
thick,  and  about  3  feet  long  by  2  to  2|  feet  wide 
at  the  widest  part,  from  which  it  slopes  down  to 
a  thick  end,  where  a  stout  swivel-ring  is  fixed  to 
take  a  rope.  The  other  form  is  a  kind  of  trolley, 
and  consists  of  a  frame  3  feet  long  by  2  feet  wide  ; 
it  runs  on  rollers  that  work  on  bent  irons  fastened 
to  the  framework,  the  whole  standing  about  4  inches 
high.  Either  of  these  can  be  used  for  moving 
plants  the  ball  of  soil  attached  to  which  is  not  larger 
than  the  board.  They  will  take  a  heavy  plant  with 
comparative  ease,  and  are  especially  useful  for  moving 
large  Rhododendrons  and  other  American  shrubs. 
To  get  them  under  a  plant  cut  out  the  ball  of  soil 
to  the  proper  depth,  and  work  under  it  from  the 
front,  that  is,  the  direction  in  which  the  plant  is  to 
go,  keeping  the  ball  wedged  up  during  the  process, 


REMOVAL   OF   LARGE   TREES         145 

not  by  having  a  man  to  pull  the  top  over,  but  by 
using  wedges  or  levers  underneath  it,  until  sufficient 
soil  has  been  worked  out  to  allow  the  board  to  be 
inserted.  When  the  board  is  in  position  the  rope 
should  be  passed  through  the  ring  and  then  around 
the  collar,  using  a  piece  of  mat  to  keep  it  from 
rubbing  the  bark  off,  and  then  back  through  the  ring 
again.  It  is  well  to  run  the  board  over  planks  on 
soft  ground  to  reduce  the  labour  of  pulling. 

In  putting  the  tree  or  shrub  into  its  new  position, 
carefully  measure  the  size  of  the  ball,  and  make  the 
hole  considerably  larger  and  slightly  deeper,  break- 
ing up  the  bottom  well.  When  the  tree  or  shrub 
is  in  position  ram  the  soil  tightly  round  it  until  it 
is  about  two-thirds  covered,  when  the  hole  should 
be  completely  filled  with  water,  covering  in  the 
remainder  when  the  water  has  drained  away.  The 
stem  must  also  be  made  secure  by  means  of  stakes 
or  cords,  otherwise  wind  will  cause  damage  to  the 
roots. 

When  the  ground  is  dry  under  a  tree  that  is  to 
be  moved  nothing  should  be  done  until  it  has  been 
thoroughly  soaked.  To  do  this  a  trench  2  feet 
deep  and  as  narrow  as  possible  should  be  taken  out 
all  round,  and  gradually  filled  in  with  water,  pouring 
it  in  steadily,  away  from  the  ball  rather  than  to  it, 
and  persevere  with  this  watering  till  the  ball  of  soil 
under  the  tree  is  thoroughly  saturated.  Leave  it  for 
at  least  twenty-four  hours  to  drain.  Three  points 
must  not  be  forgotten  :  (i)  WVap  the  ball  of  soil 
securely  round  with  canvas  as  soon  as  possible  ;  (2) 


146  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

never  use  the  stem  of  a  tree  as  a  lever  in  moving 
the  ball — this  should  always  be  moved  from  below, 
and  the  stem  never  touched  on  any  account  ;  (3) 
always  allow  plenty  of  room  for  working. 

Moving  large  trees  is  not  easy  and  must  not  be 
lightly  undertaken.  It  involves  much  time,  labour, 
and  expense,  in  most  cases  far  more  than  the  trees 
are  worth.  Trees  8  or  10  feet  high  may  be  easily 
moved,  but  above  that  height  the  work  should  be 
done  by  an  expert.  Trees  and  shrubs  of  consider- 
able size  can  be  purchased  at  a  moderate  price  from 
good  tree  nurseries,  where  they  have  been  regularly 
transplanted,  and  if  carefully  planted  will  soon  make 
good  specimens. 

It  is  in  the  planting  of  trees  that  so  many  failures 
occur  as  a  rule.  A  good  tree  may  be  obtained,  arrive 
in  excellent  condition,  and  yet  be  planted  in  such 
a  way  that  success  is  out  of  the  question.  The  fault, 
as  a  matter  of  course,  is  put  on  the  man  who  sup- 
plied the  tree,  not  on  the  one  who  killed  it  by 
improper  planting.  Those  who  think  of  moving 
large  trees  or  shrubs  should  not  do  so  until  the 
probable  cost  has  been  considered,  and  the  advice 
and  help  obtained  of  some  one  who  has  handled 
big  trees  before.  The  expert  will  be  able  to  say  if 
a  tree  can  bear  removal,  or  whether  it  is  better 
destroyed,  and  its- place  filled  with  a  young  and 
vigorous  specimen  from   a  nursery. 


YOUNG   TREES   AND   SUNSTROKE 

It  is  most  noticeable  that  the  stems  of  young  trees 
of  from  8  to  about  14  feet  in  height  are  apt  in 
some  seasons  to  get  much  damaged,  so  much  so 
that  the  trees  are  rarely  satisfactory  for  some  years 
afterwards,  even  if  they  do  not  die  outright.  The 
mischief  is  usually  not  seen  until  it  is  too  late  to 
mend  matters,  and  is  found  more  as  a  rule  on  young 
trees  with  small  heads  standing  out  singly  than 
where  they  are  planted  amongst  undergrowth  or 
in  partial  shade.  If  careful  notice  is  taken  it  will 
be  found  that  the  stems  are  damaged  on  the  south 
side,  or  it  may  be  east  or  west  of  south,  but  never 
on  the  north  side,  and  is  directly  caused  by  the  rays 
of  the  sun  being  too  hot  for  the  young  stems  to 
bear.  The  trees  most  liable  to  sunstroke — which 
it  practically  amounts  to — are  the  Lime,  Willow, 
Horse  Chestnut,  Sweet  Chestnut,  Birch,  Mountain 
Ash,  Ash,  and  Plane,  and  generally  in  the  order 
they  are  given,  the  softer  wooded  trees  suffering 
more  severely  than  those  of  harder  growth.  The 
Oak,  Elm,  and  Beech  are  seldom  much  damaged 
by  the  sun,  though  in  cases  of  failure  it  will  be  well 
to  notice  the  stems  and  see  how  far  the  direct  rays 
of  the  sun  are  responsible  for  the  death  of  the  tree. 
The  first  marks  of  sunstroke  are  seen  in  the  shape 


148  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

of  longitudinal  cracks  in  the  bark,  which  is  also 
slightly  browned  and  flattened,  as  if  there  were  a 
hollow  beneath.  The  part  affected  is  from  about 
I  to  3  feet  in  length,  and  from  i  to  3  inches 
in  width.  If  the  bark  is  cut  away  the  wood 
beneath  will  be  found  perfectly  firm,  but  hard  and 
dry,  more  like  a  piece  of  seasoned  wood  than  part 
of  a  growing  tree.  When  such  is  the  case  the  only 
thing  that  can  be  done  is  to  cut  away  the  bark 
back  to  the  living  tissue,  thoroughly  coat  the  wound 
with  gas  tar,  and  shade  the  stem  afterwards  with  a 
few  branches  or  something  that  does  not  need  to  be 
fastened  on  the  stem.  Hay  or  straw  bands  cannot 
be  altogether  recommended,  as  anything  which 
excludes  the  light  tends  to  the  softening  of  the 
young  bark.  This  should  be  avoided,  as  the  firmer 
the  bark  the  better  will  be  the  ultimate  success  of 
the  tree.  Iron  tree-guards,  though  not  beautiful, 
have  the  advantage  of  protecting  the  stems  of  young 
trees  from  the  sun  as  well  as  from  the  attacks  of 
animals.  In  addition  to  the  slight  shade  they  give, 
the  iron,  being  a  good  conductor  of  heat,  takes  up  a 
large  amount  of  the  heat  rays  which  would  otherwise 
be  directed  full  upon  the  stem. 

A  hot  and  dry  season  is  no  more  likely  to  cause 
sunstroke  than  a  wet  one,  and  probably  not  so 
much,  as  we  have  noticed  it  in  sunless  years  quite 
as  much  as  in  bright  summers.  The  time  when 
it  is  most  likely  to  happen  is  when  a  few  days  of 
hot  sunshine  follow  a  spell  of  wet  weather,  as  the 
wood  is  then  soft  and  full  of  moisture,  and  is  more 


YOUNG   TREES  AND  SUNSTROKE     149 

liable    to    be    scorched    than    during    a    period     of 
prolonged  sunshine. 

When  trees  are  planted  out  singly  it  is  well  to 
choose  those  with  spreading  heads  and  low  stems, 
as  then  the  tree  will  shade  itself  to  a  great  extent, 
the  short  amount  of  bare  stem  being  less  exposed  to 
the  sun's  rays  than  a  taller  one.  After  all,  this  is 
only  Nature's  method  of  protection,  as,  in  a  wild 
state,  no  young  tree  is  bare-stemmed,  except  in  a 
wood,  where  it  is  shaded  by  those  near  it.  On  the 
edge  of  a  wood,  or  in  the  open,  young  trees  are 
furnished  to  the  ground  with  foliage,  which  is  not 
shed  until  the  stem  has  become  hardened  enough  to 
withstand  climatic  vicissitudes.  If  trees  with  tall 
stems  are  the  only  ones  available,  then  the  stems 
should  be  shaded  by  some  means  for  a  year  or  two, 
especially  when  they  have  become  established  and 
are  making  strong,  sappy  growths,  as  the  stem  is 
practically  in  the  same  condition  and  apt  to  be 
scorched  by  a  sudden  burst  of  hot  sunshine. 

Goat   and   Wood-Leopard    Moths 

Sunstroke  must  not  be  confounded  with  the 
ravages  of  the  caterpillars  of  the  Goat  Moth  and 
Wood-Leopard  Moth,  the  external  signs  of  which 
are  much  the  same,  but  on  the  bark  being  removed 
one  or  two  channels  almost  the  size  of  a  man's 
little  finger  are  to  be  seen,  together  with  accumula- 
tions of  wet  sawdust-like  material  d-eposited  by  the 
caterpillar.     These  are  exterminated  by  thrusting  a 


I50  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

stout  wire  into  the  channels  until  the  grub  is  killed, 
and  afterwards  cutting  away  the  dead  bark  and 
tarring  the  wound  thoroughly.  The  tree  should 
also  be  securely  staked,  otherwise  it  will  probably 
snap  off  in  the  first  high   wind. 


SHADE   TREES   FOR   STREETS 

In  the  middle  ages  it  was  accounted  an  act  of  piety 
to  make  or  maintain  a  road  or  a  bridge,  or  to  do 
anything  in  connexion  with  them  that  would  con- 
duce to  the  safety  or  comfort  of  the  wayfarer.  The 
planting  of  trees  for  shade,  or  the  placing  of  a 
shaded  bench  for  rest  came  within  the  same  category 
of  pious  works.  In  our  days,  when  rush  and  hurry 
and  the  pressure  of  business,  and  the  worship  of 
bare  utility  fill  the  minds  of  most  men,  there  are 
m;my  who  have  almost  forgotten  the  gracious  aspects 
of  the  more  leisurely  life.  It  is  probably  from  this 
cause  that  so  many  opportunities  are  lost  that  might 
be  seized  by  those  in  authority  for  making  the 
lives  of  our  fellow-creatures  somewhat  easier  and 
pleasanter. 

In  days  of  extreme  heat  what  a  difference  in 
comfort  there  would  be  between  the  bare  sun-baked 
expanses  of  the  streets  of  many  a  town,  such  as  we 
all  know,  and  the  same  spaces  carefully  planted  with 
shade-giving  trees.  In  very  narrow  streets  trees  are, 
of  course,  out  of  the  question,  or  in  any  street 
whose  width  is  not  enough  to  allow  of  easy  traffic 
and  trees  as  well,  but  one  cannot  walk  through  any 
town,  except  the  very  few  in  which  the  question  has 
already  been  considered  and  satisfactorily  answered. 


152  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

without  seeing  many  a  street  or  waste  space  or 
corner  where  a  row  or  a  group  or  even  a  single 
tree  would  not  add  immensely  to  both  beauty  and 
comfort.  Where  there  is  plenty  of  width,  and  espe- 
cially where  houses  fall  back  a  little  from  the  road, 
the  trees  may  well  stand  just  within  the  edge  of  the 
footpath  or  pavement.  Should  there  be  still  more 
width,  there  may  be  a  row  in  the  middle  of  the 
road.  In  this  case  the  middle  row  of  trees  should 
not  be  quite  evenly  continuous,  but  perhaps  five  or 
six  trees  and  then  a  gap,  formed  by  leaving  out  one 
tree,  in  order  to  allow  the  traffic  to  move  from  side 
to  side  of  the  road.  In  many  a  town  where  a  street 
runs  north-east  and  south-west,  a  row  of  trees  on 
its  south-western  side  only  might  be  an  inestimable 
boon. 

Even  in  country  villages  there  is  often  a  bare 
place,  especially  where  roads  meet,  where  a  few 
trees  well  planted  and  a  plain  strong  oak  bench 
would  be  a  comfort  and  a  pleasure  to  many  hard- 
working folk,  and  might  be  the  means  of  converting 
unsightliness  into  beauty. 

For  towns  the  Plane  has  the  best  character,  but 
other  good  trees  are  Wych  Elm  and  Hornbeam, 
Sycamore,  Maple,  Lime,  Lombardy  Poplar,  and 
Horse  Chestnut.  The  spreading  growth  of  the 
Horse  Chestnut  commends  it  rather  for  a  space 
like  the  place  of  a  foreign  town.  Here  is  also  the 
place  for  Limes,  for  though  they  are  good  street 
trees,  yet  when  in  bloom  the  strong,  sweet  scent, 
although  a  passing  whiff  is   delicious,  might   be   an 


PLANE  TREE  [Platu.... 


SHADE   TREES   FOR   STREETS       153 

annoyance  if  poured  continuously  into  the  windows 
of  houses  during  the  blooming  time. 

The  Wild  Cherry,  with  its  quantity  of  early  bloom, 
would  be  a  beautiful  street  tree,  and  in  places  where 
trees  of  rather  smaller  growth  are  desired  there  is 
the  Bird  Cherry  and  the  Mountain  Ash.  The  large 
American  Mountain  Ash  is  a  good  street  tree,  in 
autumn  loaded  with  its  handsome  bunches  of  scarlet 
fruit. 

The  larger  Willows  are  also  charming  trees  for 
streets.  Many  of  the  trees  named,  if  their  tops 
spread  too  near  the  houses,  may,  with  good  effect, 
be  pollarded  about  10  feet  from  the  ground. 


TREES  AND   SHRUBS   IN   SCOTLAND 

The  following  list  has  been  kindly  sent  me  by  a 
great  lover  of  trees  and  shrubs  who  lives  at  Forres. 
My  correspondent  writes :  "  I  have  grown  all  the 
plants  in  my  list  in  my  own  garden,  except  Buddleia 
globosa  and  Aralia  mandschurt'ca,  but  the  latter  is 
grown  in  quantity  by  several  of  my  neighbours,  and 
there  are  also  several  fine  plants  of  the  Buddleia  in 
many  gardens  in  sheltered  spots.  My  experience  is 
that  many  plants  are  quite  frost-proof  but  cannot 
stand  cold  winds.  This  applies  more  especially  to 
the  shrubby  Veronicas.  I  have  seen  them  in  the 
Edinburgh  Botanic  Gardens  as  if  scorched  with  fire 
on  the  exposed  side,  while  they  were  untouched 
where  sheltered  from  the  north  and  east.  My  own 
garden  is  fairly  well  sheltered." 

Amelanchier  canadensis. — Hardy,  free  -  flowering, 
beautiful  at  all  times. 

Aralia  [Ditnorphanthus)  mandschurt'ca. — Useful  in 
some  positions  for  its  curious  habit  of  growth  and 
rather  handsome  foliage  ;  quite  hardy. 

Aristolochia  Sipho. — This  has  curious  and  incon- 
spicuous flowers,  which  give  this  climbing  plant  its 
popular  name  of  "  Dutchman's  Pipe."  It  can  be 
grown  on  a  wall,  in  which  position,  perhaps,  its  fine 
foliage  is  seen  to  the  best  advantage,  but  it  is  quite 


TREES   IN   SCOTLAND  155 

hardy  and  looks  well  climbing  into  a  thin  tree  such 
as  the  Common  Almond. 

Bcrberis  {Mahonia)  Aquifolium. — A  handsome  plant 
at  all  times,  and  will  even  grow  under  the  shade 
of  trees. 

Bcrberis  Darwinii. — Very  bright  in  flower.  Young 
and  sappy  shoots  get  killed  back  in  winter. 

Berberis  Thunbcrgi. — A  most  attractive  Berberis  ; 
it  makes  a  small  neat-growing  bush  to  which  the 
adjective  "  sparkling "  might  be  applied.  Its  chief 
glory  is  its  autumnal  foliage,  and  a  large  clump  in 
September  is  "  a  sight  to  see  "  ;  quite  hardy. 

Berberis  vulgaris. — Very  beautiful  when  clustered 
with  fruit.  The  purple-leaved  variety  {B.  v.  purpurea) 
is  most  useful  for  its  foliage. 

Bctula  purpurea. — A  good  foliage  tree. 

Buddleia  globosa. — This  does  well  in  a  warm 
sheltered  spot  facing  south-west,  where  the  morning 
sun  in  winter  will  not  touch  it  too  soon.  It  also 
objects  to  exposure  to  cold  winds. 

Calycatitlius  Jloridus. — Quite  hardy,  and  grows  well 
in  half-shady  places. 

Ceanothus  azureus. — This  succeeds  either  trained  to 
a  wall  or  as  a  bush.  In  the  latter  case  it  should  be 
in  a  sheltered  position.  It  seems  quite  frost-proof, 
and  its  blue  flowers  are  very  beautiful  at  a  time 
when  few  shrubs  are  in  bloom  (July  and  August). 
Its  shoots  should  be  well  thinned,  and  those  left 
shortened  as  soon  as  the  buds  begin  to  show  signs 
of  movement  in  the  spring.  The  best  form  I  have 
tried  is  Gloire  de  Versailles. 


156  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

Chotsya  ternata  (Mexican  Orange  Flower). — This  is 
well  worth  growing  as  a  bush  in  a  sheltered  angle 
of  a  wall,  where  it  can  be  protected  in  winter  with 
a  hurdle  or  some  such  contrivance,  lightly  thatched 
with  Broom.  It  is  even  then,  in  very  severe  weather, 
cut  about  the  points  of  the  shoots,  which,  of  course, 
spoils  the  blooming  ;  but  it  soon  grows  through  again, 
and  it  is  worth  growing  for  its  foliage  alone. 

Clematis. — These  mostly  do  well,  and  the  newer 
sorts  are  very  attractive,  but  for  all  purposes  it  is 
very  hard  to  beat  C.  montana  and  C.  Jackmant,  the 
former  in  May  and  the  latter  for  the  autumn. 

Clethra  alnifolia. — A  neat  and  free-flowering  shrub, 
with  spikes  of  white  flowers  in  August ;  it  is  very 
hardy  and  useful,  as  few  shrubs  are  in  flower  at 
that  time. 

Cornus  alba, — A  clump  of  this  Dogwood  is  very 
effective  in  winter,  especially  when  the  sun  is  shining 
on  its  bright-red  shoots.  C.  a.  Spcethii  is  a  good  varie- 
gated variety. 

Corylus  purpurea. — A  good  purple-leaved  tree. 

Cotoneaster  microphylla. — Quite  hardy  either  as  a 
bush  or  on  a  wall. 

Cyttsus  albus. — No  garden  should  be  without  this 
beautiful  Broom.  C.  prcecox,  the  Cream  Broom,  is  a 
dwarfer  but  no  less  beautiful  variety  ;  it  is  very 
pretty  grouped  with  a  few  plants  of  C.  purpiireus, 
which  fiowers  at  the  same  time.  Another  fine  Broom 
is  the  red  and  yellow  variety  of  the  Common  Broom 
(C  scoparius  andreanus).  The  Brooms  will  grow  any- 
where, but  prefer  an  open  place  in  full  sun.     They 


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'f-'^'isfliK      ^^1 

'^'^''W 

.v-^  VJinl^^^^^^L!Vi 

^^  -'     /x^P^SJjip^^^^fc. 

A    VARIETY  OF  MAHALEB  CHERRY  [Pnintis  MuhaUb,  var. 
chrysocarpa). 


TREES   IN   SCOTLAND  157 

should  be  cut  hard  back  after  flowering,  and  if  the 
young  seed-pods  can  be  picked  off  so  much  the 
better. 

Daphne  Cneorum. — A  bright  little  shrub  best  grown 
on  the  rock  garden  ;  quite  hardy. 

Daphne  Laureola. — This  has  fine  foliage  and  will 
grow  in  quite  a  shady  place. 

Daphne    Mezereum A     beautiful    early -flowering 

Daphne,  too  well  known  for  description. 

Deutzia  crenata. — A  most  useful  hardy  shrub,  grow- 
ing to  a  good  size.  The  variety.  Pride  of  Rochester, 
is  very  pretty. 

Diervilla  {IVeigela). — Indispensable  shrubs,  very 
hardy,  free-flowering,  and  easily  grown.  The  flower- 
ing shoots  should  be  cut  back  to  strong  young  wood 
as  soon  as  the  flowers  fade.  They  are  most  accom- 
modating in  this  respect,  as  the  strongest  of  the 
young  shoots  start  well  back  and  not  at  the  points, 
as  is  usual  with  most  plants.  Good  varieties  are 
Eva  Rathke,  Hortensis  nivea,  and  rosea. 

Escallonia  wacrantha. — A  good  wall  shrub. 

Escallonia  philippiana. —  Hardier  than  E.  macrantha, 
and  can  be  grown  as  a  bush  in  a  sheltered  spot. 

Forsythia  suspensa. — Quite  hardy,  and  very  beau- 
tiful in  early  spring,  as  it  flowers  before  the  leaf-buds 
burst.  It  should  be  cut  back  to  young  growths  after 
the  flower  is  over. 

Garrya  elliptka. —  Quite  hardy  as  a  bush. 

Fuchsia  Riccartoni. — This  gets  cut  down  every 
winter,  but  is  never  killed,  and  it  flowers  abundantly 
every  year  treated  as  a  hardy  herbaceous  plant. 


158  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

Genista  iindoria  fl.  pi.  —  A  low-growing  trailing 
Genista,  useful  for  the  rock  garden  and  flowering  when 
many  of  the  alpines  are  over. 

Genista  virgata. — A  very  different  plant  to  the 
above,  and  will  make  a  very  large  bush,  covered 
with  pale-yellow  flowers  in  late  summer.  A  good 
shrub. 

Halesia  tetraptera. — Quite  hardy  and  attractive  both 
in  bloom  and  foliage. 

Hamamelis  arborea. — This  is  quite  hardy,  but  grows 
very  slowly.  It  flowers  in  a  small  state,  but  not  very 
freely.  I  have  only  had  this  plant  for  four  years,  but 
I  think  it  will  do  very  well,  and  should  flower  more 
freely  when  a  bit  larger. 

Hedysarimi  multijugum. — Quite  hardy.  An  attractive 
shrub,  with  spikes  of  reddish  pea-like  flowers  in  July 
and  August.  It  increases  freely  from  the  root  by 
suckers.     Thin  and  cut  back  the  shoots  in  spring. 

Helianthemiim  vulgare  (Rock  Rose). — There  are 
many  garden  varieties  of  this,  both  double  and  single, 
the  single  sorts  being  the  most  attractive.  They  are 
quite  hardy  on  a  warm  and  sunny  rock  garden. 

Hydrangea  paniculata. — Hardy.  A  splendid  low- 
growing  shrub,  flowering  in  autumn.  A  group  of 
this,  with  a  few  plants  of  Primus  Pissardi  cut  hard 
back  every  spring  to  keep  them  small,  is  very  effective, 
and  the  group  can  be  carpeted  with  Lily  of  the 
Valley  or  London  Pride  to  cover  the  bare  soil  under- 
neath. The  shoots  of  the  Hydrangea  should  be  well 
thinned,  and  those  left  cut  hard  back  in  the  spring. 
It  well  repays  a  dose  or  two  of  liquid  manure  in  the 


TREES   IN   SCOTLAND  159 

growing  season.  Tlie  variety,  grandijlora,  is  better 
than  the  type. 

Hvpericum  calycinum  (Rose  of  Sharon). — Grows 
well  in  half  shade.  It  is  a  dwarf  plant,  very  pretty, 
but  perhaps  too  often  seen.  Useful  for  carpeting 
other  shrubs. 

Jasminum  nudijlortitn. — Best  on  a  wall.  Winter 
flowering  (yellow)  and  very  pretty  when  in  bloom. 

Jasminum  officinale. — Requires  a  wall,  but  does 
well  while  young.  It  is  not  a  very  long-lived  plant 
here. 

Kalmia  latifolia. — Very  attractive  pink  flowers  ; 
hardy,  and  will  do  wherever  Rhododendrons 
Hourish. 

Key-ria  japonica. — A  pretty  yellow-flowered  shrub 
that  increases  rapidly  from  the  root.  The  double- 
flowered  variety  is  the  most  commonly  grown. 

Laburnum. — Too  well  known  for  description.  L. 
Adami  is  curious  and  worth  growing. 

Lavendula  Spica. — The  Lavender  needs  no  de- 
scription. 

Leycesteria  formosa. — A  good  plant  for  a  shady 
place.      It  grows  well  under  trees,  and  is  very  hardy. 

Liriodendron  tulipifera. — Grows  well  here,  and  is 
quite  hardy,  but  seldom  flowers  so  far  north. 

Ligustrum  ovali/olium  (Privet). — The  golden  form 
of  this  is  good  and  bright. 

Lonicera  peridymcnum . — The  common  native  Honey- 
suckle is  an  indispensable  climber,  and  will  grow 
almost  anywhere  ;  but  looks  best,  perhaps,  climbing 
up  trees,  or   over   shrubs    or   hedges.     The   variety, 


i6o  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

serotina,  flowers  later  than  the  type,  and  is  best  known 
under  the  name  of  Late  Dutch.  L.  Sullivantii  is  a 
shrubby  sort,  with  not  unattractive  flowers  of  a 
brownish-orange  colour. 

Magnolia. — The  only  one  I  have  tried  is  M.  stellala, 
which  has  proved  quite  hardy,  and  I  have  no  doubt 
that  several  others  would  do  quite  as  well  in  sheltered 
places. 

Neillia  opulifolia  {Spircea  opulifolia). — Quite  hardy. 

Pernettya  mucronata. —  Does  well. 

Pieris  {Andromeda)  florihunda. — Is  quite  hardy  and 
very  beautiful  early  in  the  year.  Will  grow  in  soils 
that  suit  Rhododendrons. 

Potentilla  fruticosa.  —  A  little  summer-flowering 
shrub,  with  yellow  flowers.  It  does  well  on  the 
upper  parts  of  the  rock  garden,  and  is  quite  hardy. 

Padiis  (Cerasus)  Mahaleb  pendula. — A  very  attractive 
little  weeping  tree,  with  small  white  flowers  in  spring. 

Pyrus. — The  following  do  well  here  :  P.  Malus 
floribunda,  P.  coronarta,  P.  lobata  (syn.  Mespilus  grandi- 
Jlora),  and,  of  course,  the  native  Rowan  tree  {P. 
Aucuparia).  The  family  of  Apples  enjoy  a  well- 
drained  place,  being  impatient  of  too  much  wet  at 
the  roots  ;  otherwise,  their  culture  is  of  the  simplest. 
They  should  be  allowed  to  grow  as  they  will,  only 
cutting  out  any  branches  that  would  be  obviously 
better  away,  and  dead  wood  if  any. 

Rhododendrons  and  Azaleas  luxuriate  here.  The 
common  R.  ponticum  sows  itself  in  the  woods.  I 
have  not  yet  tried  the  Himalayan  Rhododendrons, 
but  from  what  I  have  seen  of  them  in  the  Edinburgh 


TREES   IN   SCOTLAND  i6i 

Botanic  Gardens,  which  are  much  exposed  to  cold 
winds,  I  feel  fairly  certain  I  could  grow  them  here, 
where  I  can  give  them  more  protection. 

Rhodolyptis  kerrioides. — A  very  pretty  hardy  shrub, 
flowering  on  and  off  all  the  summer.  It  has  very 
clean  white  flowers,  and  from  appearances  looks  as 
though  a  cross  with  Kerria  might  be  successful.  The 
Rhodotypus  seeds  freely  here.  It  grows  to  a  good 
size. 

Rhus  Cotvius. — Another  good  shrub,  attractive  either 
in  flower  or  foliage,  and  the  latter  turns  to  a  good 
colour  in  autumn. 

Ribes. — No  garden  should  be  without  a  plant  of 
the  Common  Ribes.  I  also  grow  Aureum  and  a  pale 
pinkish-white  sort. 

Robinia  hispida  (Rose  Acacia). — This  is  doing  well 
in  a  corner  sheltered  from  the  north,  east,  and  west 
by  evergreens. 

Roses. — The  best  that  I  grow  as  shrubs  (in  the 
garden  sense)  are  the  Penzance  Briars,  Rosa  rugosa 
(Japanese  Rose),  Austrian  Briars,  R.  spittosissima, 
Blairii  II.,  Charles  Lawson,  R.  ntacrantha,  R.  alpina, 
&c.  These  Roses  stand  up  and  make  a  good  bush 
in  a  sheltered  place,  without  staking  or  any  other 
trouble.  Very  little  pruning  is  needful,  and  that 
after  the  flowers  are  over,  cutting  out  weak  wood 
and  shortening  some  of  the  old  shoots  back  to  where 
young  ones  are  breaking  vigorously. 

Rubus  deliciosus. — Very  pretty  white  flowers,  large 
for  a  bramble.  It  appears  to  be  quite  hardy,  but  is 
not  a  very  strong  grower. 

L 


1 62  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

Ruscus  aculeatus  (Butcher's  Broom).  —  An  incon- 
spicuous little  shrub  that  grows  well  under  trees. 

Sparfmm  j'unceum  (Spa-nish  Broom). — A  good  shrub 
for  a  sheltered  bank  ;  it  has  spikes  of  bright-yellow 
flowers  in  July. 

Spircea. — Most  of  the  Spiraeas  do  well  here.  The 
following  are  the  best  of  those  I  grow  :  S.  canescens, 
very  pretty  habit  of  growth  and  foliage  ;  S.  discolor 
{aricefoHa),  S.japonica  (vars.  alba,  bumaldaf  and  Anthony 
Waterer),  the  last-mentioned  very  good.  S.  lindley- 
ana,  a.  large  grower,  handsome  both  in  flower  and 
foliage.  S.  prunifolia  fl.  pi.  should  be  in  all  gardens  ; 
good  both  for  flowers  and  autumnal  foliage.  S. 
Van  Hottttei,  very  good.  Exochorda  grandiflora,  often 
known  as  Spircea  grandiflora,  I  have  had  since  1898, 
but  though  it  is  now  a  large  bush  and  very  healthy, 
it  has  not  yet  made  any  attempt  to  flower. 

Syringa  (Lilacs). — These  are  indispensable.  Some 
of  the  newer  varieties  are  good,  such  as  Charles  X., 
rosy  lilac ;  Marie  Legraye,  white ;  Souv.  de  L.  Spath, 
reddish  ;  Mme.  Lemoine,  double  white.  These  should 
always  be  procured  on  their  own  roots.  Grafted 
plants  seldom  live  long. 

Viburnum  Opulus  sterilis.  —  This,  the  well-known 
Snowball  tree,  and  V.  Tinus  {Laiiriistinus),  are  the 
only  two  I  have  grown.  Both  do  well,  and  I  fancy 
V.  plicatmn  and  some  others  would  do  also.  I  shall 
try  them. 

Vitis  Coignetice. — I  have  this  growing  up  the  outer 
branches  of  a  Spanish  Chestnut.  It  does  not  grow 
very  fast,  but  is  making  steady  progress.     It  appears 


TREES   IN   SCOTLAND  163 

to  be  perfectly  hardy,  and  its  fine  foliage  turns  to  a 
magnificent  colour  in  autumn. 

Veronica. — Several  of  the  shrubby  Veronicas  do 
well.  V.  Traversa  is  the  hardiest  of  all.  In  the  Edin- 
burgh Botanic  Gardens  there  is  a  good  collection  of 
these. 


Trees  and  Shrubs  in  Edinburgh 

Trees  and  shrubs  that  will  thrive  near  Edinburgh 
will  do  so  in  almost  any  exposed  city  or  town  simi- 
larly situated.  Only  those  that  have  proved  adapt- 
able to  this  windswept  district  have  been  included, 
an  asterisk  being  placed  against  the  more  beautiful 
and  interesting  species  and  varieties  that  are  happy 
in  cold  and  windy  gardens. 

ACERS. — A.  Pseudo-platanus  is  the  "  Plane  "  of  Scot- 
land. Old  trees  form  features  of  great  beauty.  It 
reaches  a  height  of  60  to  70  feet,  often  less  when 
isolated.  A.  P.  var.  /lavo-marginatum" — The  original 
tree  of  this  variety  still  remains  at  Corstorphine, 
near  Edinburgh.  It  is  very  effective  in  spring,  but 
the  foliage  becomes  much  duller  during  summer, 
A.  P.  purpureum.  A,  campestre  (Common  Maple). 
A.  circinatum^^ — This  is  the  most  beautifully-coloured 
tree  we  have  in  autumn.  A.  platanoidcs*  (Norway 
Maple) — This  is  to  be  preferred  to  either  the  Syca- 
more or  Common  Maple  for  planting  in  pleasure- 
grounds  and  gardens.  A.  dasycarpum.'^  A.  palma- 
tum'^ — The  varieties  of  this  are  excellent   although 


164  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

slow  growing.  A.  rubrum.  A.pidum.  A.  opulifolium 
ohtusatimt'' —  A  bright  tree  in  early  spring  with  its 
golden-green  foliage  and  flowers.  A.  saccharinmn 
(Sugar  Maple).     A.  japonicum  and  varieties. 

ACTINIDIA  KOLOMIKTA. — Climber;  grows  quickly 
on  south  wall. 

Horse  Chestnut  {/Esculus  Hippocastanum)  and 
others  :  carnea,  Pavia,  parviflora,  flava. 

AiLANTUS  GLANDULOSA  (Tree  of  Heaven). 

Amelanchier  vulgaris  and  A.  canadensis:^ — 
Very  ornamental.  Seldom  seen,  but  as  free-growing 
and  flowering  as  the  Hawthorn. 

Andromeda  polifolia.'- — Dwarf  height,  about 
one  foot.     Very  beautiful  shrub  for  peat  beds. 

Arbutus  Andrachne. — Flowers  in  February  and 
March. 

Arctostaphylos  alpina. — Plenty  of  this  found 
in  north  of  Scotland,  but  somewhat  difficult  to 
establish  in  gardens.  A,  Uva-iirsi — Freer  in  growth 
than  the  preceding.  Both  species  are  low-creeping 
shrubs  suitable  for  planting  with  Heaths  in  peat. 

Aralia  SPINOSA  '^  and  A.  chincnsis. 

Aristolochia  Sipho  (Dutchman's  Pipe). — Large 
effective  climber. 

Artemisia  Abrotanum,  arborescens,  and  tridentata!^ 
— Useful  shrubs  of  grey  tone. 

AucuBA  JAPONICA  and  varieties.'" 

Azara  MICROPHYLLA""  and  A.  dcntata. 

Berberis  Aquifolium,'"'  Darwinii,  vulgaris,  ne- 
palensis.  Single  specimens  of  B.  Aquifolium,  the 
Mahonia,  become  very  ornamental  with  age. 


TREES   IN   SCOTLAND  165 

Betula  alba'"  (the  Silver  Birch). — A  very  hardy 
tree,  beautiful  both  in  summer  and  winter.  The 
pendulous  variety  is  the  best.  Its  branches  are 
proof  against  all  winds.  No  tree  is  so  well  adapted 
for  planting  close  up  to  houses  in  the  city,  for  it  is 
very  graceful,  and  obscures  little  light.  B.  utilisj 
B.  papyri/era,  B.  populifolia. 

Bryanthus  empetriformis."*"' — Very  fine  planted 
in  broad  masses.  B.  credus — Very  beautiful  in  small 
beds. 

Box""'  and  varieties. 

Calycanthus  floridus. — This  is  excellent  on 
walls. 

Camellias  only  flower  here  on  walls  in  the 
open.  They  form  large  bushes  in  the  grounds. 
Camellia  Thea,  the  tea-plant,  is  also  perfectly  hardy. 

Carmich^lia  FLAGELLIFORMIS.'"" — Very  interest- 
ing,  and  flowering  with  great  freedom. 

Carpenteria  californica."^' — A  splendid  plant 
for  south  walls,  large  established  specimens  having 
a  profusion  of  large  white  flowers. 

Carpinus  Betulus"^  and  varieties. 

Caryopteris  Mastacanthus.  —  A  good  wall 
plant. 

Cassiope  fastigiATA^^'  and  C.  tetragona.'^' — Both  are 
very  choice  subjects  here  and  flower  well. 

Castanea  sativa^  (Sweet  or  Spanish  Chestnut). 
— Ornamental,  but  does  not  ripen  fruit  here. 

CEANOTHUSAMERlCANUSandT;«/c//M;///s."^'— Splendid. 

Cercis  SiLiQUASTRUM*  (Judas  tree). 

Chimonanthus  FRAGRANS  (Winter-sweet). — Wall. 


1 66  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

Choisya  ternata  (Mexican  Orange  Flower). 

CiSTUS.'"" — These  are  very  fine,  and  flower  for 
months  if  somewhat  sheltered. 

Clematis. — Of  these  very  charming  are  alpina,^ 
apiifolia,   Flammula^^^  heradecefolia,    Vitalba.^' 

COLLETIA  CRUCIATA. 

COLUTEA  ARBORESCENS  and  melaiiocalyx. 

Convolvulus  Cneorum."^' — Very  pretty  plant  for 
a  south  wall ;  silvery  foliage  and  white  flowers. 

Cornus  (Dogwood). — Of  these,  alba  and  varieties, 
Kousa,  florida,  sangiiinea  (very  ornamental  in  winter), 
Mas  and  m.  variegata'"  (a  very  choice,  variegated  shrub), 
are  the  best. 

CORYLOPSis  PAUCIFLORA  and  C.  spicata. — Both  do 
well  on  a  south  wall. 

CORYLUS  AvELLANA  and  purpurea:^ — One  of  the 
most  effective  shrubs  if  used  carefully. 

COTONEASTERS. — Of  these,  buxifolia,  Simonsii,  thymi- 
folia,^"  microphylla,^  horizontalis'"  (a  species  with 
peculiar  spreading  flat  branches,  producing  a  fine 
effect  if  grown  on  sloping  banks),  are  the  most  note- 
worthy. 

Hawthorn.  —  Cratcegus  monogvna,  Oxyacantha,* 
also  the  ordinary  white  single  form,  are  valuable 
hardy  trees,  flowering  at  the  end  of  June  to  July. 

Cytisus  (Broom). — Of  this  beautiful  family,  albus/' 
Ardoint,^''  biflorus,^'  decumbenSj^''  nigricans,  pra;cox,''^ 
purpurcus,'''  scoparius  and  varieties,"'^  are  all  splendid 
growers  for  dry,  sunny  situations. 

Dabcecia. — Polifolia,'^''  alba^'  bicolor,"^''  the  Irish 
Heaths,  are  beautiful  in  small  beds  and  rockeries. 


TREES   IN   SCOTLAND  167 

Daphne. — Of  this  delightful  family,  b/agayana,^' 
Cticoru))!,'"  var.  majus/''  Laureo/a,  Mezereunt  and  varie- 
ties."" 

Deutzia  gracilis  ^''  and  D.  scabra. 

El^AGNUS  ARGENTEA,'^''"  E.  muUiJIora,'^  and  E. 
pmigeris.^' 

Empetrum  nigrum."^" — This  plant  is  useful  for 
mixing  with  Heaths. 

Enkianthus  himalaicus.'" — The  finest  species  of 
the  genus.     Attractive. 

Heaths. — Of  these,  E.  carnca,''"  c.  alba,^  ctliarts/'' 
cincrea/''  Mackaii,^'  tnedilerrariea/'  multijlora,  sln'cia,''' 
Tetralix  and  varieties,"^  vagans  and  varieties,'"  IVat- 
soni.  '^ 

Eriogonum  umbellatum. — A  very  fine  plant  for 
covering  banks. 

ESCALLONIA. — Of  these,  E.  exoniensis^"  macrantha,'^ 
philippiana/''  are  very  valuable,  either  for  walls  or  as 
small  bushes. 

EuCRYPHiA  PINNATIFOLIA.^' — A  very  beautiful  but 
slow-growing  hardy  shrub. 

EuoNYMUS. —  Of  this  family  note  should  be  made 
of  E.  amiricanuSy  E.  europaus^  E.  radicans.^  The 
variegated  and  other  forms  of  these  shrubs  are  very 
welcome. 

ExocHORDA  grandiflora  (Pearl  Bush). 

Fabiana  imbricata.^  —  A  striking  evergreen 
shrub  for  a  wall. 

Fagus  (Beech). — F.  fcrniginea  and  sylvatica"  and 
varieties. 

FORSYTHIA  SUSPENSA'"  and  F.  viridissima. 


1 68  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

Fraxinus  Excelsior^'  (the  Ash),  also  the  Manna 
Ash  (F.Ornus)/- 

Fuchsia  Riccartoni.""' — Flowers  for  a  very  long 
time,  and  is  very  hardy. 

Genista — Of  these,  G.  anglica,  hispamca,  pilosa, 
sagittalis,  tinctoria. 

Gleditschia  triacanthos. 

Hamamelis  (Witch  or  Wych  Hazel).—//,  arborea,"^' 
japonica,^'  virginica. 

Hydrangea  paniculata.  ■^'  —  Magnificent  when 
established. 

Hypericum. — Of  these,  H.  Androscemum,  hookeri- 
anitm,  mosenanum'''  (the  best  of  the  genus  for  small 
beds). 

Ilex. — Of  the  Hollies,  /.  Aquifolium  and  many 
varieties,  /.  cornuta,^  I.  Dahoonj^'  I.  crenata,"^  and 
/.  latifolia'^'  succeed  best. 

Jasmines. — -/.  fruticans  and  /.  nudiflorum.^'  The 
last-named  should  be  grown  as  a  small  bush  as  well 
as  on  walls.  Also  /.  officmale'^  and  varieties.  A 
golden-leaved  form  of  this  species  merits  attention 
from  its  foliage  alone. 

JUGLANS  (Walnut)  regia. — Grows  fairly  well,  but 
no  fruit  of  value. 

Laburnum. — Both  L.  alpinum  and  Z.  vulgare^" 

Lavender. 

Ledum. — Of  this  family,  L.  latifolium  '^  and  L. 
palustre.''^ 

Leucothoe  recurva. 

LEYCESTERIA  FORMOSA. 
Liquidambar  STYRACIFLUA.^"" 


TREES   IN   SCOTLAND  169 

LiKiODENDRON  TULIPIFERA  (Tulip  tree''). — Grows 
into  a  very  handsome  tree. 

LoNiCERA. — Of  the  Honeysuckles  the  best  are 
L.  Caprifolium,'''  L.  fmgrantissima,  L.  Periclymemim^''' 
L.  japonica,'^'  L.  Siaudishi,  L.  Xylosteiim,  L.  Ledc- 
bourii. 

LUPINUS  ARBOREUS  ^^  and  varieties  (Tree  Lupine). 
— Best  on  walls. 

Magnolias. — Of  these,  M.  acuminaiay-'  the  Cucum- 
ber tree,  flowers  freely.  M.  grandiflora''  is  only  for 
sheltered  walls,  and  M.  Fraseri,  M.  cotispictta,  M.  siel/cUa, 
M.  IVafsoni^'  for  sheltered  places. 

MoRUS  NIGRA  (Black  Mulberry)  and  M.  alba. 

Olearia  Haastii.'^'— The  best  August  flowering 
shrub.      O.  macrodonta  and  stellulata!^ 

OSMANTHUS    AQUIFOLIUM.'" 

Pernettya  mucronata.  '•  —  Effective  both  in 
flower  and  berry. 

Philadelphus  (Mock  Orange). — P.  coronarius  ^' 
and  varieties  and  microphyllus. 

Phlomis  fruticosa. 

PiERis  floribunda." — Very  free  flowering.  P. 
japonica  variegata "" — Effective. 

Platanus  acerifolia  (Plane).  —  These  appear 
hardy,  but  are  not  popular.  They  are  slower  in 
growth  than  most  trees. 

POPULUS  (Poplar). — P.  alba,  P.  bahamifcra  (Bal- 
sam Poplar),  P.  nigra  (Black  Poplar),  and  P. 
Inwula. 

POTENTlLLA  FRUTICOSA'"'  (Shrubby  Cinquefoil). — 
Well  deserves  more  attention. 


I70  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

Prunus. — Of  these,  the  Cherry  and  Bird  Cherry,"^^" 
Plum,'"'  Bullace,'"  and  the  beautiful  P.  triloba  are  a 
success. 

Ptelea  trifoliata. 

Pyrus. — P.  Aria''  (the  White  Beam  tree),  P.  Aucu- 
paria^  (Mountain  Ash),  P.  japonica/'  P.  rotundifolia,'^^ 
P.  Sorbiis ""'  (Service  tree). 

QuERCUS  (Oak). — The  most  satisfactory  species 
are  Q.  sessilifo/ia,^'  and  Q.  pedunculata.  These  gene- 
rally thrive  well  and  are  amongst  the  most  beauti- 
ful of  trees  for  large  gardens.  In  poor  soil  and 
windswept  places  the  British  Oaks  do  not  grow 
more  than  about  40  feet  in  height,  but  develop 
into  picturesque  features.  Their  foliage  here  is  of 
a  pleasing  green  when  that  of  the  Beech  and  Syca- 
more is  past  its  best.  Very  few  acorns  are  pro- 
duced. Q.  Cerrisy'^^  the  Turkey  Oak,  and  its  variety 
laciniatay^'  and  O.  lucombeana,'''  are  also  beautiful  trees. 
We  must  also  mention  the  Evergreen  Oak  (jQ.  Ilex),'^ 
alba,  palustris,  laurifolia,  coccinca  (Scarlet  Oak),  Suber 
(Cork  Oak),  conferta. 

Rhododendron. — Of  the  Rhododendrons  the 
following  are  satisfactory  :  R.  altaclerense,  Anthopogon, 
arborescens,  arboreum  Campbellice,  azaleoides,  blandyanum, 
calcndidaceum,  campanidatum,  campylocarpum,  catawbiense, 
caucasicum,^'  ciliatum,  cinnabar iniim,'''  ferrugineum,^"  fid- 
gens,  glancuntj^'  hirsutum  "'^  and  varieties,  indicum  bal- 
samincejlorum,  lancifolium,  lepidotum,'^  myrtifolitimy'^ 
nobleamwi,'"  n.  album,'"  ponticum '"'  (many  varieties), 
prcecox,^'  piinctatum,  racentosum,  Rkodora,  sinensis^'  {azalea 
mollis),    Vaseyi,^'    IVilsoni.      These    are    the   principal 


TREES   IN   SCOTLAND  171 

Rhododendrons  that  thrive  and  flower  well  here. 
No  other  shrubs  give  such  a  long  and  varied  flower 
display. 

RiBES. — R.  a/pinum,  aureutn,  and  rnbrum.  R.  san- 
guiiiea*  and  its  varieties  are  the  principal  ornamental 
currants. 

ROBINIA  PsEUDACACiA.'^ — An  elegant  foliage  tree, 
and  usually  the  last  to  break  into  leaf. 

Rosa. — Practically  all  the  Tea  and  Hybrid  Per- 
petual Roses  can  be  grown,  if  sheltered  spots  are 
chosen  and  the  plants  grown  as  dwarfs.  However, 
the  stronger  varieties  are  the  most  satisfactory  ones, 
and  in  bad  seasons  it  is  July  before  they  commence 
to  flower,  although  September  has  well  advanced 
before  they  cease.  The  hybrid  Sweet  Briars  are  the 
freest  of  all  to  grow.  Groups  form  thickets  of 
foliage  which  are  almost  hidden  with  blossom. 
Rosa  wichurtana  covers  banks,  or  anything  somewhat 
flat,  in  a  very  short  time.  It  flowers  through  Sep- 
tember, and  attracts  great  attention.  Such  tender 
Roses  as  Marechal  Niel,  Niphetos,  and  Banksian 
are  useless. 

Rosmarinus  officinalis  (Rosemary). 

RuBUS. — Of  these,  R.  arcticus,  dwarf ;  R.  lacinatus,* 
R.  utitkanusJ^  R.  deliciosiis*  is  a  beautiful  shrub,  and 
should  be  left  alone  after  planting. 

Ruscus  (Butcher's  Broom). — R.  aculcatus  and  R. 
Hypoglossum. 

Salix  (Willow). — S.  albtty  babylonica  (Babylonian 
Willow),  and  pctidula,  a  lovely  tree.  S.  Caprea^  (Goat 
Willow),   fragilis,   herbacea    (the   Alpine   Willow,   not 


172  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

much  larger  than  the  Wild  Thyme),  Lapponum,  nigra, 
Paulince,  reticulata,  rubra,  viminalis. 

Skimmia  Fortunei  and  S.japonica'^ 

Sambucus  (Elder). — S.  canadensis,  nigra,  racemosus. 

Spir^AS. — Of  these,  S.  bella,  bullata,  canescens,  de- 
cumbens,  cantoniensis,'''  discolor,'^  japonica,  var.  Bumalda,* 
tomentosa,  var.  alba. 

Staphylea  colchica. 

Symphoricarpus  racemosus  (Snowberry). 

Syringa  (Lilac). — S.  persica^'  (Persian  Lilac),  and 
5.  vulgaris'''  and  varieties. 

Tamarix. —  T.  gallica,  T.  hispida,  and  T.  odessana,"^' 
a  very  fine  August  flowering  shrub. 

Tilia  (Lime). — T.  argentea,  T.  cordata,  T.  platyphyllos, 
and  T.  vulgaris,"^  the  best  of  all. 

Ulex  (Furze). —  U.  europceus  and  var.  fl.  pl.^' 

Ulmus  (Elm). —  U.  campestris'^  and  U.  montana."^' 

Vacciniums. — Of  these  choose  V.  arboreum,  V. 
corymbosuni,  V.  Myrtillus,  and  V.  pennsylvanicum^'" 
very  fine  for  drooping  over  rocks  in  rock  garden  ; 
V.  Vitis-idcea  and  the  variety  variegata,  a  pretty 
variety  of  this  native  shrub. 

Veronica. — Of  these  the  most  satisfactory  are 
V.  amplexicaulis,^  Armstrongii,'"  bitxifolia,^'  chathaniica^' 
Colensoi,'"'  cupressoides,'"  c.  variabilis ""' — grown  in  poor 
soil  and  well  exposed,  this  variety  of  V.  cupressoides 
is  very  fine  both  in  summer  and  winter — decumbens,^ 
epacridea,'''  glauco-ccerulea,'''  Hectori,'''  Kirkii,'''  ligustri- 
folia,^'  monticola,'^  pimeleoides,'^  pinguifolia,''''  rakaiensis,''' 
salicifolia,'^  Traversii.''^  The  above  are  hardy  Veronicas. 
They  also  happily  include  many  of  the  best.     Other 


GUELDER  ROSE  OR  SSOWBALL  TREE. 


TREES   IN   SCOTLAND  173 

species  are  good  plants  out  of  doors  during  summer  ; 
they  are,  however,  best  lifted  early  in  October  and 
housed  till  May,  or  they  may  be  covered  in  severe 
weather.     Cold  winds  do  most  mischief. 

Viburnum  Opulus  (Guelder  Rose)  and  varieties, 
V.  O.  s/erilis,^  and  V.  tontentosum  plicatum.'" 

ViTis  (Vines). — Of  these  the  best  are  V.  Coignetioe,* 
/'.  heterophylla^^^  V.  Labrusca/"  and  V.  riparia.^' 

ViNCA  (Periwinkle). —  V.  major '^  and  V.  tninor^  and 
varieties. 

Yucca. —  Y.  oculi/uHa,  Y.  ftlamoiiosa,'^'  and  Y. 
gloriosa* 

Bamboos. — These  require  sheltered  positions  and 
good  deep  soil.  The  following  have  proved  to  be 
the  best  out  of  a  considerable  number  :  Anindinaria 
aun'coma,^^  Fortunei,^'  var.  variegata,^'  falcata^  Hindsii,'^ 
japonicoy^  nitida,'^  pumila,^'  Veitchii^'^'  Simoni  variegata^^^ 
Bambusa  pahnata,'^''  B.  tessellata,^"  Phyllostachys  aurea,'^' 
bambttsoides,^'  bofvajia,'"  JJexifosa,""  tni/is/''  m'gra,^'  Oi/i/oi,'''' 
vin'di-g/aticescens."'' 

Conifers. — These  are  only  useful  when  young — 
at  least,  the  majority  of  them.  It  is  impossible  to 
keep  them  symmetrical  against  strong  cold  winds, 
and  the  deposits  of  soot  upon  their  foliage  are 
injurious. 

When  Conifers  are  wished  for  as  large  trees,  the 
Cedar  of  Lebanon,  Atlantic  Cedar,  Fitius  sylveslris, 
Piiius  Pinaster,  or  Citpressus  laivsoniana  are  suitable. 

When  Abies  and  Picea  lose  their  symmetry  they 
are  usually  far  from  ornamental.  All  the  species  and 
beautiful  varieties  of  Cupressus,  Thuya,  and  Juniperus 


174  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

are  very  valuable  in  a  young  state.  They  should  be 
replaced  as  they  become  thin  and  shabby,  as  they 
soon  do  in  exposed  places.  The  most  satisfactory 
tree  of  all  is  the  Yew.  Even  this  hardy  tree  has 
its  foliage  badly  hurt  by  severe  winds,  but  the 
damage  is  soon  made  good. 


TENDER    SHRUBS   AND    TREES    IN    THE 
SOUTH-WEST 

The  possibilities  that  exist  of  the  successful  open- 
air  culture  of  tender  subjects  in  the  south-west  are 
but  little  dreamt  of  by  the  majority  of  English  fiower- 
lovers.  They  doubtless  read  with  interest  the  accounts 
in  the  horticultural  press  of  Australian,  Chilian,  and 
Californian  flowering  trees  and  shrubs  growing  in 
their  native  habitats,  and  possibly  feel  a  desire  to 
visit  these  climes  in  order  that  they  may  verify 
with  their  own  eyes  the  truth  of  their  readings.  As 
a  matter  of  fact,  however,  a  lengthy  sea-voyage  is  by 
no  means  indispensable  in  order  to  view  certain  of 
these  exotics  flourishing  in  the  open  air,  for  a  few 
hours'  journey  by  rail  will  bring  the  passenger  to  a 
land  where  many  of  these  denizens  of  other  climes 
may  be  seen  enjoying  robust  health  under  English 
skies. 

The  following  list  of  tender  shrubs  and  trees 
growing  in  the  gardens  of  the  south-west  cannot  claim 
to  be  an  exhaustive  one,  since  it  contains  only  such 
as  have  been  personally  noticed  in  good  health  during 
rambles  along  the  southern  coast-line  of  Cornwall 
and  Devon,  and,  where  no  lengthened  inspection  is 
possible,  it  is  obvious  that  certain  species  and 
varieties  must  be  overlooked.     Incomplete,  however, 


176  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

as  it  doubtless  is,  it  should  give  an  idea  of  the 
climatic  advantages  enjoyed  by  the  district  in 
question. 

Many  of  the  subjects  mentioned  are  growing  in 
Tresco  Abbey  gardens,  Isles  of  Scilly,  but  most  of 
these  are  also  found  in  mainland  gardens  as  well. 
Where  any  have  been  met  with  at  Tresco  only,  the 
fact  is  noted,  but  these  may  also  be  present  on  the 
mainland. 

The  soil  of  the  Scillies,  which  is  composed 
apparently  of  peat  and  disintegrated  granite,  and  is 
almost  identical  with  much  of  that  around  Penzance, 
is  admirably  adapted  for  hard-wooded  Australian, 
New  Zealand,  and  Chilian  shrubs  and  trees,  and 
almost  all  the  species  and  genera  enumerated  would 
be  best  suited  by  a  compost  in  which  peat  and  leaf- 
mould  and  granite  sand  formed  the  chief  proportion, 
although  it  must  be  allowed  that  some  alluded  to 
have  been  found  to  succeed  equally  well  in  sandy 
loam.  Porosity  in  the  soil  is  indispensable,  for,  in 
this  district,  where  the  winter  rains  are  often  ex- 
ceptionally heavy,  unless  the  w^ater  percolates  rapidly 
through  the  ground,  stagnant  moisture  collects  around 
the  roots,  a  condition  which  is  absolutely  fatal  to 
success.  The  advantages  of  the  Cornish  granite 
sand  are  gradually  being  appreciated.  Mr.  Fitz- 
herbert  writes,  "  I  was  told  the  other  day  by  an 
acquaintance  that  since  he  had  imported  it  by  the 
truck-load  to  his  Sussex  garden  he  was  able  to  grow 
many  things  successfully  that  he  had  before  failed 
with." 


TENDER  SHRUBS  IN  SOUTH-WEST     177 

Abelia  floribunda. —  Mexico.  A  beautiful  ever- 
green shrub,  bearing  clusters  of  drooping  pink 
flowers  about  3  inches  in  length.  Requires  a  sunny 
and  sheltered  site.  Finest  specimen  6  feet.  Several 
gardens. 

Abutilon  vexillarium.— Rio  Grande.  A  hand- 
some evergreen  species  generally  grown  against  a 
wall.  It  throws  up  long,  slender,  arching  shoots 
from  6  to  8  feet  in  length,  studded  with  pendulous 
ball-shaped  Howers  with  crimson  sepals,  yellow  petals, 
and  dark-brown  stamens  which  are  very  striking  and 
often  remain  in  bloom  for  six  months.  Common. 
A.  vitifolhim  —  Chili.  A  most  ornamental  ever- 
green shrub  of  which  there  are  two  forms,  one 
bearing  lavender  flowers,  the  other  white.  In  excep- 
tional cases  it  attains  a  height  of  20  feet,  and  when 
covered  with  its  large  blossoms,  which  are  about  3 
inches  in  diameter,  and  feathered  to  the  ground  with 
foliage,  it  presents  a  lovely  picture.  Large  specimens 
form  pyramids  of  bloom,  and  in  some  gardens 
numbers  of  these  are  to  be  found.  Wall  protection 
unnecessary. 

Acacias. — Australia.  In  Cornish  and  South  Devon 
gardens  many  species  are  to  be  met  with  in  robust 
health.  A.  affinis,  very  generally  confounded  with 
A.  dcalbatOf  is  the  most  common.  In  many  cases 
A.  affxnis  is  grown  as  A.  dcalbata.  The  leaves  of  the 
former  are  green,  while  those  of  the  latter  are  bluish 
and  its  flowers  are  less  bright  in  colour.  A  group 
of  A.  ajfinis  about  35  feet  in  height  was  a  wonderful 
sight   at   Tregothnan   at   the   end    of    March,   being 

M 


178  TREES  AND   SHRUBS 

simply  covered  with  golden  blossom  which  was 
thrown  into  high  relief  by  a  background  of  Ilexes. 
A,  verticillata  is  another  handsome  species  flowering 
later  in  the  spring.  It  is  a  very  rapid  grower,  reach- 
ing a  height  of  15  feet  in  a  few  years,  generally 
growing  in  the  form  of  a  broad-based  cone,  with  its 
lower  branches  but  a  foot  or  so  from  the  ground. 
When  in  flower  it  is  so  covered  with  its  pale-yellow 
blossoms  that  no  foliage  is  discernible.  A.  armata 
may  be  seen  as  a  bush  7  feet  high  and  as  much  in 
diameter.  A.  ovata  Mr.  Fitzherbert  has  only  seen 
as  a  bush  some  3  feet  high  ;  very  pretty  when 
bearing  its  circular,  golden  flower-bells.  A.  longifolia 
is  another  handsome  tree,  with  leaves  something  like 
those  of  an  Oleander  and  bright-yellow  flowers.  A. 
melanoxylon  is  a  fine  tree.  The  specimen  at  Tresco 
is  about  50  feet  in  height,  and  there  are  good 
examples  on  the  mainland.  Pale  -  yellow  flowers 
produced  in  profusion.  Other  species  met  with 
are  A.  riceana,  A.  {Albizzia)  lophantha,  A.  calamifoliay 
A.  linifolia,  A.  latifolia,  and  A.  platyptera,  the  latter 
against  a  wall. 

Adenandra  fragrans. — Cape  of  Good  Hope.  A 
small  evergreen  shrub,  bearing  fragrant,  rose-coloured 
flowers.     Tregothnan. 

Anopterus  GLANDULOSA. — Tasmania.  A  vigorous 
evergreen  shrub,  with  dark,  shining  green  leaves, 
bearing  long,  erect  terminal  racemes  of  white,  cup- 
shaped  flowers,  resembling  the  blooms  of  Cldhra 
arborea,  but  larger.     Tregothnan. 

Aralia    quinquefolia.  —  Garden    seedling.      A 


TENDER  SHRUBS  IN  SOUTH-WEST     179 

striking  plant  with  dark-green,  large-sized  leaves 
divided  into  five  sections.  Height  at  present  5  feet. 
Tregothnan. 

Aster  (Olearia)  argophyllus. — Australia.  The 
Silver  Musk  tree,  with  musk-scented  leaves  and  dull- 
red  flowers  in  summer.  Three  gardens.  Height 
12  feet. 

Athrotaxis  laxifolia. — Tasmania.  A  tender 
Conifer.  A  fine  example,  20  feet  in  height,  fruited 
profusely  at  Menabilly  two  years  ago. 

Banksia  grandis. — Australia.  Evergreen  shrub, 
bearing  yellow  flowers  in  dense  spikes.  B.  serrata, 
red  flowers,  and  B.  littoralis.  All  at  Tresco.  B. 
quercifolia,  handsome  leaves,  with  white  reverse. 
Abbotsbury.  Banksias  were  at  one  time  in  request 
as  greenhouse  plants. 

Bauera  rubioides. — New  South  Wales.  A  pretty 
little  evergreen  shrub  not  unlike  a  Heath,  but  more 
branching,  bearing  solitary,  pink,  saucer-shaped 
flowers  half  an  inch  across,  each  petal  striped  with 
white  down  the  centre. 

Benthamia  (Cornus)  fragifera. — Nepaul.  A 
strikingly  handsome,  evergreen  tree,  first  introduced 
into  England  in  1825,  when  seed  was  sown  at 
Heligan,  Cornwall,  and  where  there  are  now  speci- 
mens some  60  feet  in  height.  It  is  largely  repre- 
sented throughout  Cornwall,  being  used  in  some 
places  as  a  woodland  tree.  In  June,  when  the  leaf- 
age is  hidden  by  the  wide-spread,  platter-like  flowers 
of  pale  yellow,  its  effect  is  very  beautiful,  especially 
when  thrown  up  by  a  background  of  green  foliage. 


i8o  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

In  the  autumn  the  fruits,  from  which  it  takes  its 
name  of  Strawberry  tree,  some  an  inch  or  more  in 
diameter,  become  bright  crimson. 

BoRONiA. — AustraHa.  These  are  almost  univer- 
sally treated  as  greenhouse  plants,  but  succeed  in 
the  open  air  in  the  south-west.  At  Tregothnan,  at 
the  end  of  March,  two  bushes  of  B.  inegastigma, 
planted  in  front  of  a  wall,  the  larger  of  which  was 
about  3  feet  in  height,  were  coming  into  profuse 
bloom,  and  already  scented  the  air  with  the  first  of 
their  brown,  yellow-lined,  drooping  cups.  B 
heterophyUa,  with  its  purple-red  flowers  was  also 
expanding  blooms,  and  B.  Drummondii^  B.  elatior, 
and  B.  polygalcefolia  were  also  growing  in  the  same 
garden. 

Brachyglottis  repanda.  —  New  Zealand.  A 
handsome  tree,  with  leaves  nearly  a  foot  in  length 
and  numerous  minute  flower-heads.     Tresco. 

BuDDLEiA  COLVILLEI.— Sikkim.  The  finest  of  the 
new  race,  with  pendulous  racemes,  nearly  a  foot  in 
length,  of  crimson,  pentstemon-like  flowers,  paler 
round  the  centre,  an  inch  across.  Leaves  large  and 
dark  green,  6  inches  or  more  in  length.  Several 
gardens. 

Callistemon  Salignus. — Australia.  There  are 
two  forms  of  this  Bottle-brush,  one  bearing  pale- 
yellow  flowers  and  the  other  crimson.  Others  are  C. 
lanceolatits,  carmine-flowered,  and  C.  speciosiis,  scarlet- 
flowered.  These  grow  well  as  bushes,  specimens  of 
the  first-named  being  sometimes  lo  feet  in  height 
and   as   much    in    diameter.     There    is    much    con- 


TENDER  SHRUBS  IN  SOUTH-WEST     i8i 

fusion  between  this  genus  and  Metrosideros  Jloribumia. 
Cullistemons  are  to  be  found  in  many  gardens. 

Candollea  tetkandra. — Australia.  An  ever- 
green bush  bearing  clear-yellow,  cup-shaped  flowers 
somewhat  resembling  Sun  Roses,  but  of  finer  texture. 
Tresco. 

Camellia  reticulata. — This  is  hardy,  but  rarely 
flowers  satisfactorily  in  the  open  except  in  the  south- 
west, where  it  is  grown  both  against  walls  and  as  a 
bush  plant.  It  is  by  far  the  finest  of  the  Camellias, 
bearing  lovely,  pink,  semi-double  flowers  6  inches 
in  diameter,  with  bright-yellow,  spreading  stamens. 

Cantua  buxi folia. — Peru.  An  evergreen  shrub, 
bearing  in  corymbs  at  the  end  of  the  branches  pale- 
red  trumpet-flowers  something  after  the  style  of 
Fuclisia  corymbiflora.     Tresco. 

Garpenteria  californica. — A  well-known  ever- 
green shrub  in  the  south-west,  bearing  fragrant,  white, 
yellow-centred  flowers.  In  some  gardens  it  sutl^ers 
from  browning  of  the  leaves,  but  this  is  apparently 
not  the  effect  of  cold  winds  or  frost,  as  often  the 
most  exposed  plants  are  the  least  affected  and  the 
most  sheltered  are  in  the  worst  plight.  The  finest 
specimen  known  to  Mr.  Fitzherbert  is  about  8  feet 
high  and  as  much  through  ;  it  is  growing  near  Teign- 
mouth.  It  may  be  considered  fairly  hardy  since  it 
has  been  grown  in  the  open  in  Scotland. 

Caryopteris  Mastacanthus.  —  Chili.  A  most 
valuable,  much-branched  evergreen  shrub  growing  to 
a  height  of  4  feet  or  more,  bearing  lavender-blue 
clusters  of  flowers  in  October.    There  is  also  a  white 


1 82  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

form.     The  type  is    common.     This   is   also   happy 
farther  north. 

Cassinia  leptophylla. — New  Zealand.  A  small 
evergreen  shrub,  bearing  white  flower-heads.  Tre- 
gothnan. 

Ceanothus.  —  California  and  Mexico.  Many 
species  and  varieties  are  grown  both  as  bushes,  in 
which  form  they  soon  make  small  trees,  and  trained 
against  walls.  Of  the  early-flowering  varieties  C. 
veitchianiis  is  the  brightest  coloured,  and  of  the  autumn- 
blooming,  azureus  section,  Gloire  de  Versailles  is  the 
favourite.     Common  in  most  gardens. 

CiTHAREXYLOM  QUADRANGULARE. — West  Indies. 
The  Fiddle-wood.  Bears  white,  fragrant  flowers. 
There  is  a  fine  specimen  at  Abbotsbury.     Dorset. 

Citrus  trifoliata  (CEgle  sepiaria).  —  Japan. 
This  fiercely-spined  Citrus  is  hardy,  but  rarely  flowers 
and  fruits  in  the  north.  In  the  south-west  it  flowers 
freely,  and  one  specimen  fruits  almost  annually. 
It  is  7  feet  in  height,  and  last  year  carried  over  thirty 
fruits. 

Clerodendron  trichotomum. — Japan.  A  deci- 
duous shrub,  also  hardy,  but  flowering  best  in  the 
south-west.  A  fine  specimen  over  15  feet  in  height 
and  as  much  through  is  at  Greenway  on  the  Dart. 

Clethra  arborea. — Madeira.  The  Lily-of-the- 
Valley  tree.  Evergreen.  It  bears  panicles  of  white, 
bell-shaped  flowers  in  the  summer,  at  which  time  it 
is  quite  a  feature  at  Tresco.  There  are  good  bushes, 
the  largest  about  7  feet  in  height,  at  Trewidden,  near 
Penzance. 


TENDER  SHRUBS  IN  SOUTH-WEST     183 

COROKIA  BUDDLEIOIDES. — New  Zealand.  A  tall- 
growing  evergreen  shrub,  with  leaves  2  to  6  inches 
in  length.  C.  Cotoneaster  is  a  spreading  shrub  with 
small  leaves.  Both  species  bear  yellow,  sweet- 
scented  flowers.  The  first  was  at  Ludgvan  Rectory, 
Cornwall,  the  second  at  Bishop's  Teignton.  South 
Devon. 

CORREA. — Australia.  Greenhouse  evergreen  shrubs 
which  do  well  at  Tresco,  and  also  in  some  gardens 
on  the  mainland.  C.  cardinalis  is  the  most  brilliant, 
but  C.  ventricosa  is  almost  as  highly  coloured.  The 
two  named,  as  well  as  C.  alba,  C.  bicolor,  C.  carnea, 
C.  glattca,  C.  inagnifica,  and  C.  virens  are  sometimes 
seen  in  good  health  and  flower  on  the  mainland. 

CORYNOCARPUS  L^viGATUS. — New  Zealand.  An 
evergreen  tree,  bearing  panicles  of  white  flowers  fol- 
lowed by  plum-like  fruit.  A  healthy  young  plant  is 
at  Ludgvan  Rectory. 

Crixodendron  Hookeri  (Tricuspidaria  hexa- 
petala). — Chili.  A  particularly  handsome  shrub, 
growing  to  a  height  of  5  feet,  bearing  large,  drooping, 
cherry-red,  urn-shaped  flowers  on  long  peduncles, 
the  petals  being  very  fine  in  texture.  In  many 
gardens. 

Cytisus  racemosus — Peak  of  Teneriffe.  One  of 
the  commonest  and  most  popular  greenhouse  plants. 
It  grows  to  8  or  lo  feet  in  height  in  the  south-west 
and  often  flowers  until  Christmas. 

Daphne  indica. — India.  Both  the  white  and 
purple-red  form  of  this  fragrant  plant  are  common 
in  the   open    in   Devon  and  Cornwall,  and  in  mild 


184  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

seasons  commence  to  bloom  in  January.  Some  old 
plants  have  formed  large  bushes  in  front  of  walls. 

Daphniphyllum  glaucescens.  —  China.  Ever- 
green. This  is  hardy,  but  is  uncommon.  A  very 
large  specimen  is  at  Trewidden,  and  is  12  feet  in 
height  and  20  feet  in  spread.  It  has  long  shining 
leaves,  the  shoots  being  red  in  colour  ;  these,  early 
in  April,  are  surrounded  by  closely  clustered,  maroon- 
red  flower-buds. 

Datura  sanguinea.  —Peru.  This  grows  to  a 
large  size  in  the  south-west,  often  forming  a  tree 
12  feet  or  more  in  height,  and,  in  mild  winters, 
blooming  until  February,  D.  suaveolens,  Mexico,  is 
probably  more  tender,  as  such  large  specimens  are 
rarely  seen. 

Dendromecon  rigidus. — California.  A  hand- 
some shrub  with  glaucous  leaves,  the  branchlets 
terminated  by  bright-yellow  poppy-like  flowers.  It 
succeeds  best  in  poor  soil  that  does  not  induce 
vigorous  growth.      Enys. 

Desfontainea  spinosa. — Chili.  A  most  distinct 
evergreen  shrub,  with  leaves  resembling  those  of  a 
Holly.  It  bears  tubular  flowers  3  inches  in  length 
of  a  bright  vermilion  tipped  with  yellow,  and  is  a 
very  handsome  object  when  in  full  flower.  It  com- 
mences to  bloom  in  the  summer,  and  often  holds 
many  of  its  flowers  until  November.  The  largest 
specimen  met  with  was  about  8  feet  in  height,  and 
was  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Teignmouth.  The 
Desfontainea  is  to  be  found  in  most  gardens. 

Diosma  ericoides. — South  Africa.     A  heath-like 


TENDER  SHRUBS  IN  SOUTH-WEST     185 

evergreen  shrub,  bearing  single  white  flowers  not 
unUke  those  of  a  Myrtle.  Its  leaves  are  fragrant 
when  bruised.  A  healthy  plant,  about  4  ft.  by  4  ft., 
trained  against  a  wall,  was  coming  into  bloom  at 
Tregothnan  at  the  end  of  March. 

DiosPYROS  Kaki.— The  Persimmon.  China.  This 
is  hardy,  but  rarely  fruits  except  in  the  south-west. 
A  tree  at  Bishop's  Teignton  produced  fruit,  which 
ripened  well,  in  1890.  In  autumn  the  colouring 
of  its  foliage  is  very  attractive. 

Drimys  (Tasmannia)  aromatica. — Tasmania.  An 
evergreen  shrub  or  small  tree,  bearing  tiny  white 
flowers  in  spring.  Its  leaves,  if  bitten,  are  very 
pungent,  stinging  the  palate  like  pepper.  The  finest 
specimen  known  to  the  writer  is  one  15  feet  in 
height  at  Menabilly.  D.  Winteri — South  America. 
A  handsome  flowering  shrub,  bearing  ivory-yellow, 
fragrant  flowers,  an  inch  across.  At  Bishop's 
Teignton  there  is  a  good  example  over  12  feet  in 
height.  Both  species  are  fairly  well  distributed  in 
gardens. 

Dryobalanops  aromatica. — Sumatra.  The  Cam- 
phor tree.  There  is  at  Penjerrick  a  good  specimen 
20  feet  in  height. 

Edwardsia  grandiflora  syn.  Sophora  tet- 
raptera. — The  New  Zealand  Laburnum.  This  and 
its  variety  E.  mkrophylla  bear  racemes  of  yellow 
flowers,  the  individual  blooms  being  2  inches  long 
in  the  first  case,  and  about  half  the  length  in  the 
second,  in  the  spring.  Examples  10  feet  or  so  in 
height  are  to  be  found  in  some  gardens. 


1 86  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

Embothrium  coccineum. — South  America.  The 
Fire  Bush.  The  most  brilHant  of  all  flowering  trees 
capable  of  out-door  culture  in  this  country.  In  May 
every  twig  is  laden  with  clusters  of  long  flowers  of 
glowing  scarlet,  the  trees  presenting  a  most  gorgeous 
spectacle.  Every  good  garden  in  Cornwall  and  most 
in  South  Devon  possesses  specimens,  some  con- 
taining a  dozen  or  more.  The  finest  are  probably 
Trewidden  and  Penjerrick,  where  they  are  30  feet  in 
height  and  as  much  in  spread. 

Eriostemon  buxifolius. — Australia.  A  small 
evergreen  shrub,  bearing  pink  flowers  in  the  spring. 
Tresco. 

ESCALLONIA  ILLINATA. — Chili.  Bears  white  flowers 
in  July.  There  is  one  15  feet  high  at  Menabilly. 
E.  revoluta — Chili.  Bears  white  flowers  three 
quarters  of  an  inch  long  in  August,  20  feet  high. 
Menabilly.  E.  organensis — Organ  Mountains.  Bears 
rose-coloured  flowers.  Fine  specimens  in  more  than 
one  garden.  E.  floribunda — Montevideo.  Bears 
fragrant  white  flowers  in  August.  Common  in  the 
south-west. 

Eucalypti.  —  Australia.  Some  thirty  or  forty 
specimens  are  grown,  of  which  perhaps  the  best 
known  are  :  E.  globulus,  which  has  attained  a  height 
of  50  feet  ;  E.  citriodora,  20  feet,  against  the  house  at 
Tregothnan  ;  E.  aniygdalina,  &c.  Many  flower  freely 
and  bear  fertile  seed.  E.  Gunttii  flowers  freely  at 
Parkstone,  Dorset,  in  Professor  Wallace's  garden. 
It  is  quite  hardy  there. 

EUCRYPHIA    pinnatifolia. — Chili.      A    beautiful 


TENDER  SHRUBS  IN  SOUTH-WEST     187 

deciduous  flowering  shrub,  bearing  large  white  flowers 
like  a  St.  John's  Wort,  with  bright-yellow  anthers. 
A  specimen  at  Trewidden  is  8  feet  in  height. 

EuoNYMUS  FIMBRIATUS. — Japan  and  India.  This 
shrub  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  the  tint  of  its  young 
leafage,  which  is  bright  crimson,  and  gives  a  vivid, 
flower-like  effect  at  a  little  distance  in  April.  Met 
with  at  Tregothnan  and  Abbotsbury. 

EUPATORIUM  WEINMANNIANUM. — South  America. 
This  soon  grows  into  a  rounded  bush  10  feet  or  so 
in  height  and  as  much  in  diameter.  It  bears  its 
flat  heads  of  fragrant  white  flowers  in  autumn  and 
well  into  winter,  the  flowers  being  succeeded  by  fluff'y 
seed-vessels.     It  is  quite  common. 

EuRYA  LATIFOLIA. — Japan.  Half-hardy.  An  ever- 
green shrub,  with  leaves  somewhat  like  those  of  a 
Camellia,  bearing  small  white  flowers.  There  is  a 
variegated  form  that  at  one  time  was  used  for  green- 
house decoration.     Tresco. 

Fabiana  imbricata. — Chili.  A  charming  ever- 
green heath-like  shrub,  bearing  a  profusion  of  pure- 
white  tubular  flowers  clustered  thickly  around  every 
shoot.  A  fine  example  8  feet  in  height  is  at  Trelissick, 
but  it  is  a  common  plant  in  the  south-west. 

Fagus  cliffortioides. — The  New  Zealand  Beech. 
A  tree  with  minute  leaves,  which  have  given  it  the 
name  of  Birch  in  its  native  land.  In  New  Zealand 
it  is  evergreen,  but  in  this  country  is  deciduous.  A 
good  specimen  is  at  Enys. 

Fremontia  CALIFORNICA. — An  extremely  handsome 
deciduous    flowering    shrub,    bearing    bright-yellow, 


1 88  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

cupped  flowers  3  inches  in  diameter  with  orange 
stamens.  It  often  remains  in  bloom  for  months. 
Large  plants  have  unfortunately  a  way  of  dying  off 
when  apparently  in  good  health,  several  fine  speci- 
mens having  succumbed  in  this  manner.  The  finest 
we  now  know  of  is  one  growing  in  bush  form  about 
8  feet  in  height  at  Newton  Abbot,  but  the  same 
garden  contained  at  one  time  a  larger  example. 

Grevillea.  —  Australia.  G.  rosmarinifolia,  with 
carmine-red  flowers,  forms  a  vigorous  shrub,  growing 
to  a  height  of  8  feet  with  a  spread  of  7  feet.  It  is 
to  be  found  in  many  gardens.  At  Tregothnan,  G. 
Priessii,  with  pink  and  yellow  flowers  ;  G.  alphia,  red- 
tipped  yellow  ;  and  G.  sulphurea  are  grown  ;  and  we 
have  seen  G.  robusta,  which  had  been  in  the  open 
for  three  years.     All  species  are  evergreen. 

GUEVINA  AVELLANA. — Chili.  A  very  ornamental 
evergreen  tree,  with  large  impari-pinnate  leaves  of 
a  deep,  glossy  green,  bearing  white  flowers  followed 
by  coral-red  fruit  the  size  of  a  cherry.  There  is  a 
fine  specimen  at  Greenway,  20  feet  in  height,  which 
has  ripened  fruits  from  which  seedlings  have  been 
raised. 

Habrothamnus  corymbosus.  —  Mexico.  This 
well-known  red-flowered  greenhouse  shrub  does 
admirably  as  a  bush  plant  in  the  open,  as  does  H. 
elegansj  with  purple-red  flowers.  They  often  carry 
bloom  as  late  as  November  and  are  frequently  met 
with. 

Hakea  laurina. — Australia.  An  evergreen  shrub, 
bearing  clusters    of    rosy-lilac    flowers.      Menabilly. 


TENDER  SHRUBS  IN  SOUTH-WEST     189 

Mr.  Fitzherbert  says,  "  I  am  not  aware  if  it  has 
flowered  in  this  country." 

Heliocarpus  cyaneus.  —  Tropical  America.  A 
small  evergreen  tree,  bearing  blue  flowers.     Tresco. 

HoHERiA  POPULNEA. — New  Zealand.  The  Houhere 
of  the  natives.  Ribbon-wood.  With  pure  white  flowers 
and  a  handsome  foliage.     Enys  and  other  gardens. 

ILLICIUM  ANISATUM. — Japan.  A  half-hardy  ever- 
green shrub,  bearing  clusters  of  ivory-white  flowers. 
Held  sacred  by  the  Japanese,  who  burn  the  bark 
before  the  shrines  of  their  deities.  Tresco.  /.  flori- 
damimj  Southern  States  of  America,  bearing  maroon 
flowers.     Not  uncommon, 

Indigofera  gerardiana. — India.  A  low-branch- 
ing evergreen  shrub,  with  finely-divided  foliage, 
bearing  racemes  5  inches  in  length  of  rose-purple, 
pea-like  flowers.  Common.  There  is  a  white  variety 
which  is  rarely  seen. 

Jacaranda  mimos^folia. — Brazil.  A  very  grace- 
ful evergreen  tree  with  acacia-like  leaves  a  foot  in 
length,  bearing  panicles  of  drooping  violet-blue 
flowers.  There  is  a  fine  young  plant  at  Rosehill, 
Falmouth. 

Lagerstroemia  indica. — A  handsome  deciduous 
shrub,  bearing  large  bright-pink  flowers. 

Leptospermum. — Australia.  L.  baccatum  and  L. 
scoparium  are  the  most  generally  met  with.  Both 
bear  small  white  flowers  and  are  evergreen.  We 
have  seen  the  former  12  feet  and  the  hitter  20  feet 
in  height.     Other  species  are  also  grown. 

LiBONiA    FLORIBUNDA. —  Brazil.      The    favourite 


I90  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

greenhouse  flowering  shrub,  bearing  drooping  scarlet 
and  yellow  blossoms.  Tresco  and  one  mainland 
garden. 

LiTSEA  GENICULATA.  — Southern  United  States.  A 
deciduous  shrub  or  tree,  bearing  white  flowers  in 
May.  The  largest  in  England  is  probably  one  at 
Menabilly,  25  feet  in  height. 

Melaleuca  hypericifolia. — Australia.  An  ever- 
green shrub,  bearing  scarlet  bottle-brush  flowers. 
Tresco. 

Melia  azedarach. — Tropical  Asia.  The  Bead 
tree,  so  called  from  the  seeds  being  used  for  rosaries, 
bearing  much  -  branched  panicles  of  fragrant  lilac 
flowers.  Leaves  bipinnate  and  deeply  serrated. 
Rosehill.     Evergreen. 

Melianthus  major. — Cape  of  Good  Hope.  A 
well-known  plant  in  sub-tropical  gardening.  At 
Rosehill  it  has  reached  a  height  of  12  feet. 

Metrosideros  robusta.  —  New  Zealand.  An 
evergreen  tree,  bearing  clusters  of  brilliant  crimson 
flowers  at  the  extremities  of  the  shoots  ;  in  this  it 
difl^ers  from  Callistemon,  whose  flowers  encircle  the 
branchlets  some  distance  below  the  extremities. 
Tresco  ;   30  feet  in  height. 

MiTRARiA  COCCINEA. — Chili.  An  evergreen  shrub, 
bearing  bright-scarlet  flowers.  This  is  to  be  found 
6  feet  in  some  gardens. 

Myoporum  l^tum. — Australia.  Native  name, 
Guaio.  An  evergreen  tree,  bearing  small  white 
flowers,  and  having  lanceolate  leaves  dotted  with 
countless  transparent  spots.     Two  mainland  gardens. 


TENDER  SHRUBS  IN  SOUTH-WEST     191 

Nerium  Oleander. — Mediterranean.  The  Ole- 
ander. This  is  estabhshed,  and  flowers  in  sheltered 
nooks  on  the  mainland. 

OzOTHAMN'us  ROSMARINIFOLIUS. — Australia.  An 
evergreen  shrub,  bearing  countless,  minute,  white 
flowers.  Sprays,  if  cut  when  the  flowers  are  fully 
expanded,  will  retain  their  decorative  qualities  for  a 
year.  It  is  common  in  the  south-west,  and  at  Tre- 
widden  there  are  bushes  8  feet  in  height. 

Paulownia  imperialis. — Japan.  A  hardy  deci- 
duous flowering  tree,  bearing  erect  panicles  of  large, 
lilac,  gloxinia-like  flowers.  Owing  to  the  spring 
frosts,  it  rarely  perfects  these  except  in  sheltered 
sites  in  mild  springs,  but  when  in  good  bloom  it  is 
marvellously  beautiful. 

Pentstemon  cordifolius. — California.  A  tall- 
growing  species,  bearing  bright-scarlet  flowers  in  the 
summer.  With  the  shelter  of  a  wall  it  grows  to  a 
height  of  5  feet  or  more.     Trewidden. 

Philesia  BUXIFOLIA. — Chili.  A  dwarf  evergreen 
shrub,  rarely  exceeding  2  feet  in  height,  bearing 
drooping,  pink  lapageria-like  blossoms.  To  be 
found  in  many  gardens. 

Photinia  japonica. — Japan.  The  Loquat.  This 
hardy,  ornamental-foliaged  tree  is  practically  hardy, 
and  at  Enys  flowers  annually.  We  believe,  however, 
that  it  has  not  fruited.  The  finest  specimen  we  know 
of,  1 5  feet  in  height  with  a  head  1 2  feet  through,  is 
at  Saltram. 

PiERis  FORMOSA.  —  Himalayas.  This  so-called 
Andromeda  is  widely  met  with.     The  finest  example 


192  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

is  at  Pentillie  Castle,  and  is  20  feet  in  height  with 
a  spread  of  30  feet.  When  this  is  white  with  its 
clustering  flower-sprays  it  is  a  lovely  sight. 

PiMELEA  DECUSSATA.  —  Australia.  An  evergreen 
shrub,  bearing  rose-red,  globular  flower-heads  at  the 
extremities  of  the  branches.     Tresco. 

PiNUS  Montezuma. — Mexico.  A  noble  and  dis- 
tinct Pine,  good  specimens  of  which  are  at  Tregothnan 
and  Menabilly,  where  it  has  fruited. 

PiPTANTHUS  NEPALENSIS. — Nepaul.  An  evergreen 
shrub,  bearing  numbers  of  bright-yellow  laburnum- 
like flowers.  It  seems  indifferent  to  soil,  and  may 
be  seen  flourishing  under  adverse  circumstances. 
Common. 

Plagianthus  betulinus. — New  Zealand.  Ribbon 
tree.  Bears  small  white  flowers  in  clusters.  A 
splendid  example  50  feet  in  height  is  at  Abbots- 
bury. 

PiTTOSPORUM. — New  Zealand.  Evergreen  shrubs. 
P.  Mayi,  at  Tregothnan,  is  about  30  feet  in  height  ; 
while  we  have  seen  P.  bicolor  over  20  feet,  and  many 
fine  examples  of  P.  iindulatum,  P.  temnfolium,  of  which 
last  a  hedge  has  been  made  at  Falmouth,  and  other 
species.  All  bear  their  little  flowers  in  profusion  in 
the  south-west.  The  Japanese  P.  Tobira  is  a  hardy 
shrub,  bearing  spreading  flower-heads  of  fragrant 
white  blossom. 

Podocarpus  andina. — Chili.  A  handsome  ever- 
green tree  to  be  found  in  most  gardens.  At  Penjer- 
rick  there  is  a  specimen  40  feet  in  height. 

Poinciana  (C^salpina)  Gilliesi.— South  America. 


riM'S  MOSTliZrM.V.   AT  FOTA 


TENDER  SHRUBS  IN  SOUTH-WEST     193 

An  evergreen  shrub  with  acacia-like  foliage,  bearing 
clusters  of  large  yellow  flowers  with  bright  -  red 
stamens.  Mr.  Fitzherbert  says,  "  The  finest  speci- 
men I  have  seen  was  in  the  late  Rev.  H.  Ewbank's 
garden  at  Ryde,  but  I  know  of  smaller  ones  in  the 
south-west." 

POLYGALA  GRANDIFOLIA  (syns.  grandis,  &c.). — 
Bahia.  An  evergreen  flowering  shrub,  the  finest 
of  its  race,  bearing  large  rose  and  white  flowers. 
Tregothnan. 

PsEUDOPANAX  CRASSi FOLIUM. — New  Zealand.  An 
evergreen  shrub  with  dark-green  thick  leaves  2 
feet  in  length,  with  orange  midribs.  Ludgvan  Rec- 
tory. 

PuNiCA  GRANATUM. — The  Pomegranate  is  a  neg- 
lected shrub  in  English  gardens.  Planted  at  the  foot 
of  a  south  wall,  and  treated  generally  like  a  well- 
groomed  Peach  tree,  it  will  flower  from  June  to 
September.  It  is  not  a  shrub  for  cold  climates,  but 
Mr.  Watson,  writing  in  the  Garden,  October  26,  p. 
283,  says,  "At  Kew  three  varieties  are  grown  out- 
doors, namely,  the  type,  the  big  double-white 
flowered  variety,  with  petals  margined  with  white, 
Picotee-like,  and  the  dwarf  variety  known  as  Nana. 
There  are  other  forms  beside  these,  including  a  white- 
flowered  one  which  I  have  seen  in  Paris  gardens, 
where  old — very  old — standard  plants  are  grown 
and  treasured.  The  dwarf  variety  is  cultivated  as 
a  pot  plant  in  some  continental  countries.  I  have 
seen  it  in  the  Hamburg  florists'  shops,  pretty  little 
pyramids     in    5-inch     pots,     covered    with     flowers. 

N 


T94  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

Fruits  are  rarely  produced  by  the  Pomegranate  in 
England." 

Rhapithamnus  cyanocarpus. — Chili.  An  ever- 
green tree,  bearing  pale-blue  flowers,  followed  by 
violet-blue  berries.  A  fine  specimen  20  feet  in 
height  is  at  Menabilly. 

RuBUS  australis. — A  Bramble,  the  only  form 
of  which  is  worth  growing,  and  that  merely  as  a 
curiosity,  is  a  practically  leafless  one.  The  leaves 
are  indeed  there,  but  they  consist  merely  of  three 
midribs  armed  with  curved  spines,  and  terminated 
by  leaflets  less  than  an  inch  in  length  of  an  inch  in 
breadth.  A  large  plant  at  Bishop's  Teignton  has 
smothered  a  Euonymous  bush,  and  climbed  into  an 
adjacent  Fir. 

Senecio. — Many  of  the  newer  evergreen  exotic 
species,  such  as  S.  Grayit,  S.  Fosterii,  S.  Heretieriy  and 
others  are  grown,  while  in  Rosehill  garden  is  a  fifty- 
year-old  plant  of  the  Mexican  S.  Petasitis,  8  feet  in 
height. 

SOLANUM  CRISPUM. — Chili.  An  evergreen  flower- 
ing shrub,  bearing  lavender  yellow-centred  flowers 
in  profusion,  often  reaching  a  height  of  8  feet. 
Quite  common. 

Sparmannia  africana. — Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
African  Hemp.  An  evergreen  shrub,  bearing  masses 
of  white  flowers  with  ruby-tipped  anthers  ;  a  well- 
known  greenhouse  plant.  At  Tresco  both  the  single 
and  double  forms  are  grown,  and  attain  a  height  of  10 
feet.  The  single  form  is  also  met  with  in  mainland 
gardens,  where  it  is  often  in  flower  in  February. 


TENDER  SHRUBS  IN  SOUTH-WEST     195 

Veronica  hulkeana. — New  Zealand.  An  ever- 
green shrub,  bearing  branching  panicles  of  pale-lilac 
flowers,  doing  best  with  the  support  and  protection 
of  a  wall.     To  be  found  in  many  gardens. 

Westringia  triphylla. — Australia.  Evergreen 
shrub,  bearing  blue  flowers  in  summer.    Tregothnan. 


TENDER  WALL  PLANTS  IN  THE 
SOUTH-WEST 

The  notes  on  tender  shrubs  and  trees  grown  in 
the  south-west  are  fittingly  supplemented  by  a 
passing  reference  to  plants  used  for  covering  walls, 
mostly  of  climbing  habit,  but  a  few  of  shrubby 
growth. 

BiGNONlA. — B.  {Tecoma)  radicans  is  a  hardy 
climber,  and  B.  capreolata  may  also  be  considered 
so.  Other  members  of  the  family  grown  in  the 
open  are  B.  capensts,  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  orange  ; 
B.  Cherere,  Guiana,  orange  scarlet ;  and  B.  speciosay 
Uruguay,  pink.     Greenway  on  the  Dart. 

Berberidopsis  corallina.  —  Chili.  Drooping 
crimson  flowers  borne  in  racemes  in  the  autumn. 
This  evergreen  plant  does  best  in  peat  or  leaf- 
mould  in  a  partially  shaded  position.     Common. 

BOUGAINVILLEA  GLABRA. — Brazil.  This  climber 
cannot  be  considered  a  success  in  the  open  in  the 
south-west,  but  in  two  gardens  it  has  been  grown 
and  flowers,  but  in  neither  case  has  it  exhibited  a 
tithe  of  the  freedom  of  growth  displayed  by  it  under 
glass. 

BucKLANDiA  POPULNEA. — Himalayas.  A  hand- 
some evergreen  foliage  plant,  said  to  grow  to  a  height 


WALL   PLANTS   IN   SOUTH-WEST     197 

of  100  feet  in  its  native  habitat.  Its  large  heart- 
shaped  leaves  are  tinted  with  bronze  and  maroon. 
Tregothnan. 

Callicarpa  purpurea. — India.  An  evergreen 
shrub  bearing  small  inconspicuous  fiowers,  followed 
by  violet-coloured  berries.     Trewidden,  Penzance. 

Cassia  corymbosa. — Buenos  Ayres.  A  rambling 
shrub,  almost  invariably  grown  against  a  wall,  though 
it  has  been  met  with  planted  against  a  wire  fence, 
and  spreading  out  on  either  side.  In  August  it  is  a 
mass  of  golden-yellow  bloom,  some  of  which  it  often 
retains  until  Christmas.  With  wall  protection  it 
reaches  a  height  of  1 2  feet  or  more,  and  when  in 
flower  is  a  striking  object  in  the  garden.  It  is  fairly 
common  in  the  south-west. 

Chorizema. — Australia.  Well-known  evergreen 
greenhouse  plants,  bearing  pea-like  flowers  of  orange 
and  red.  Masses  7  feet  in  height  and  more  in 
breadth  grow  against  the  walls  at  Trewidden,  and 
begin  to  flower  in  March.  C.  cordatum  and  C.  Lowii 
are  the  species  generally  grown. 

Cissus  DISCOLOR. — Java.  A  climber,  bearing 
greenish-yellow  blossoms. 

Clematis  indivisa  lobata. — New  Zealand.  This 
beautiful  white-flowered  Clematis  grows  well  in  many 
gardens,  and  commences  to  bloom  in  March. 

Clianthus  puniceus. — New  Zealand.  A  brilliant- 
flowered  evergreen  climber,  bearing  large  flowers, 
somewhat  resembling  lobsters'  claws,  scarlet  crimson 
in  hue.  It  sometimes  comes  into  flower  as  early  as 
Christmas,   the   number   of   its  blossoms   increasing 


198  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

until  mid-May,  when  it  is  a  glowing  sheet  of  colour. 
The  finest  plant  Mr.  Fitzherbert  knows  is  at  Stoke 
Fleming,  near  Dartmouth,  where  it  covers  the  side 
of  a  large  house. 

DiPLACUS  (MiMULUS)  GLUTINOSUS. — California. 
Another  popular  greenhouse  plant,  bearing  buff 
flowers,  which  succeeds  admirably  against  walls  in 
many  gardens,  growing  some  5  feet  in  height. 

El^OCARPUS  CYANEUS. — Australia.  An  evergreen 
plant  of  shrubby  growth,  bearing  whitish-blue  flowers. 
Greenway. 

Ercilla  (Bridgesia)  spicata. — Chili.  A  self- 
clinging  evergreen  climber,  bearing  inconspicuous 
flowers.     Fairly  common,  but  scarcely  attractive. 

HiBBERTiA  DENTATA. — Australia.  An  evergreen 
climber,  with  foliage  of  deep  bronze,  bearing  single 
bright-yellow  flowers  in  April.  Trewidden.  H.  Reidii, 
also  yellow-flowered.     Tregothnan. 

Hydrangea  scandens. — Japan.  A  rampant-grow- 
ing climber,  bearing  flat  flower-heads,  composed  of 
blooms  the  minority  of  which  are  sterile.  It  clings 
naturally,  and  is  displayed  to  best  advantage  when 
allowed  to  ascend  a  bare  tree  trunk.  At  Menabilly, 
Cornwall,  a  specimen  planted  twelve  years  ago  has 
ascended  the  columnar  trunk  of  a  Turkey  Oak  to  a 
height  of  almost  40  feet. 

INGA  PULCHERRIMA. — Mexico.  An  evergreen  shrub, 
bearing  bright-scarlet  flowers  in  summer.  A  fine 
plant  covering  a  large  expanse  of  wall  is  at  Green- 
way. 

Kennedya  NIGRICANS. — Australia.     An  evergreen 


WALL   PLANTS   IN   SOUTH-WEST     199 

climber,  bearing  violet-purple  racemes  of  small 
pea-like  blossoms.  Greenway.  K.  alba  is  also 
grown. 

Lapageria. — Chili.  This  handsome  evergreen 
climber,  producing  long  wax-like  blossoms  of  white 
and  rose,  is  well  known  under  glass.  In  the  south- 
west it  does  well  in  the  open  against  a  north  wall, 
in  peaty  compost,  often  bearing  its  flowers  as  late  as 
Christmas. 

Lasiandra  (Pleroma.  Tibouchina)  macrantha. 
— Brazil.  A  beautiful  evergreen  shrub  of  climbing 
habit,  bearing  large  violet  flowers.  It  is  usually  cut 
down  by  frost,  but  breaks  again  strongly  in  the 
spring.     Trewidden  and  other  gardens. 

Mandevilla  suaveolens. — Buenos  Ayres.  A 
lovely  deciduous  climber,  bearing  large,  white,  de- 
liciously-fragrant  flowers  in  August.  It  does  well 
in  several  gardens  in  the  south-west,  in  some  of 
which  it  seeds  freely. 

MiCHELiA  (Magnolia)  fuscata. — China.  A  de- 
ciduous shrub,  bearing  dull-purple  sweetly-scented 
flowers.     Tregothnan. 

Phcenocoma  prolifera. — Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
— An  evergreen  shrub,  bearing  large,  terminal,  crimson 
flower-heads.     Trewidden. 

Physianthus  albens  syn.  Araujia  albens. — 
Brazil.  An  evergreen  climber,  bearing  a  profusion 
of  white  flowers,  which  later  assume  a  reddish  tinge. 
Common  in  the  south-west.  The  finest  specimen 
Mr.  Fitzherbert  has  seen  grew  against  a  cliff-face 
in  the  public  gardens  at  Torquay.      It  spread  to  a 


200  TREES  AND   SHRUBS 

height  and  breadth  of  considerably  over  20  feet,  and 
one  year  bore  over  a  dozen  huge  corrugated  seed- 
pods,  about  the  size  of  a  cricket  ball,  but  oval  in 
shape.  This  strain  killed  the  plant,  but  a  young  one 
has  now  taken  its  place. 

Plumbago  capensis. — Cape  of  Good  Hope.  A 
climbing  evergreen  shrub,  bearing  large  heads  of  pale- 
blue  flowers  ;  a  favourite  conservatory  plant.  It  is 
grown  in  several  gardens,  and  flowers  well  in  the 
open.  A  fine  example,  which  has  been  unprotected 
for  five  months,  is  growing  in  the  same  site  as  the 
Physianthus  alluded  to  above. 

PUERARIA  THUNBERGIANA. — Khasia.  An  evergreen 
climber,  with  leaves  5  inches  in  diameter,  bearing 
blue  flowers.  Fibre  is  obtained  from  the  stems  and 
starch  from  the  roots.     Tregothnan. 

Rhodochiton  volubile. — Mexico.  A  climber, 
bearing  blood-red  drooping  flowers.  This  plant,  in 
common  with  Lothospermum  and  Maurandya,  all 
three  of  which  are  perennials,  is  almost  invariably 
killed  by  the  winter,  but  is  easily  raised  from  seed. 
Rosehill,  Falmouth. 

Rhynchospermum  (Trachelospermum)  jasmin- 
OIDES.— Shanghai.  An  evergreen  climber,  hardy  in 
the  south-west,  bearing  countless  starry-white  flowers, 
most  delicately  perfumed  in  August.  It  is  to  be  met 
with  in  the  majority  of  gardens,  and  in  one  it  has 
covered  the  house  porch. 

RUSCUS  ANDROGYNUS  SYN.  SEMELE  ANDROGYNA. 

Canary  Islands.  An  evergreen  climber,  valuable  for 
its  striking  foliage.     The  leaves,  or  rather   cladodes, 


rUEKARlA   TIIUXBLKGIAXA . 


WALL   PLANTS   IN   SOUTH-WEST     201 

are  over  a  foot  in  length,  and  are  furnished  with 
from  twelve  to  twenty  pinnate  sections  of  a  glossy 
green.  Penjerrick,  Falmouth,  where  it  has  borne  its 
inconspicuous  greenish-white  flowers. 

SOLANUM  WENDLANDI. — Costa  Rica.  An  evergreen 
climber,  bearing  clusters  of  large  lilac-blue  flowers, 
2\  inches  in  diameter.  The  late  Rev.  H.  Ewbank, 
in  whose  garden  at  Ryde  the  finest  specimen  we 
have  seen  was  growing,  considered  it  the  best  of  all 
the  tender  climbers  amenable  to  open-air  culture  in 
the  south-west. 

SOLLYA  HETEROPHYLLA.  —  Australia.  Bluebell 
Creeper.  An  evergreen  climber,  bearing  drooping 
blue  flowers.     Tregothnan. 

Stauntonia  (Holboellia)  latifolia. — Hima- 
layas. An  evergreen  climber,  with  oval  leathery  leaves, 
bearing  in  April  clusters  of  greenish-white  flowers, 
delightfully  odorous.  A  very  common  plant  in  the 
south-west. 

Streptosolen  Jamesoni. — Columbia.  A  hand- 
some evergreen  shrub,  in  great  request  for  clothing 
conservatory  pillars,  &c.  It  bears  panicles  of  orange- 
red  flowers,  and  when  in  full  bloom  has  a  brilliant 
effect.  A  plant  about  7  feet  in  height  is  growing 
against  the  house  at  Trewidden. 

SWAINSONIA  ALBIFLORA. — Australia.  An  evergreen 
leguminous  shrub,  bearing  white  pea-like  flowers, 
well  known  in  greenhouses.  It  is  grown  in  several 
gardens,  and  if  cut  down  by  sharp  frosts  breaks 
strongly  again  in  the  spring. 

Tacsonia  exonensis. — A  hybrid  between  T.  Fan 


202  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

Volxemii  and  T.  mollissima.     Bearing  bright  rosy-pink 
flowers.     Trewidden. 

T.  MOLLISSIMA. — Quito.  A  vigorous  species,  bear- 
ing pink  flowers,  with  tubes  from  4  to  5  inches  in 
length.  Though  Quito  is  on  the  equator,  its  height 
above  sea-level  being  9600  feet,  the  temperature  is 
not  unduly  high.  There  is  a  large  plant,  which  has 
had  to  be  kept  within  bounds  by  periodical  pruning, 
at  Rosehill. 


HARDY  BAMBOOS 

Thanks  to  Lord  Redesdale  (author  of  "The  Bam- 
boo Garden  "),  and  a  few  other  gardening  enthusiasts, 
the  Bamboo  has  been  made  a  beautiful  feature 
of  many  Enghsh  gardens.  Although  a  graceful 
shrubby  grass  of  quite  tropical  aspect,  the  majority 
of  species  and  their  varieties  are  thoroughly  hardy, 
so  much  so  that  they  have  passed  safely  through 
the  severest  winters  of  the  past  twenty  years. 
Bamboos  and  hybrid  Water  Lilies  are  responsible 
for  much  of  the  interest  taken  in  good  English 
gardening  at  the  present  time.  Their  introduction 
has  marked  a  distinct  era,  and  their  popularity 
is  widespread,  while  in  the  near  future  we  shall 
regard  the  Bamboo  much  as  we  do  the  most  common 
of  shrubs  now  planted.  B.  Melake  is,  of  course,  an 
old  favourite,  and  it  is  surprising  that  this  stately 
species  did  not  before  remind  English  gardeners  of 
the  great  possibilities  of  the  Bamboos  in  the  adorn- 
ment of  the  pleasure-ground.  As  Mr.  Bean  says ; 
**  Fifteen  or  twenty  years  ago  many  of  the  best  of 
the  sorts  now  largely  grown  were  unknown  in  this 
country  ;  but  apart  from  their  novelty  they  have  other 
qualities.  No  evergreens  capable  of  withstanding 
our  winters  exceed  these  shrubby  grasses  in  beauty 
and  grace,  in  luxuriance  of  leafage,  or  in  their  bright. 


204  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

fresh,  green  tints  in  winter.  Very  few,  indeed,  equal 
them." 

Although  between  forty  and  fifty  species  and 
varieties  are  now  grown,  only  about  twenty  need 
be  thought  of,  because  many  of  them  are  so  much 
alike  that  for  the  garden  they  may  be  regarded  as 
synonymous.  The  family  is  divided  into  three  groups 
or  genera — Phyllostachys,  Armidinaria,  and  Bambusa — 
and  it  is  well  to  thoroughly  understand  these  divisions. 
We  hope  those  trade  growers  who  still  group  every- 
thing as  Bambusa  will  follow  the  now  accepted 
classification.  The  following  have  proved  the  most 
hardy  and  beautiful  in  the  Bamboo  garden  at  Kew : 
Phyllostachys  Henonis,  P.  viridi-glaticescens,  P.  flexuosa^ 
P.  nigra,  P.  boryana,  P.  sulphurea,  P.  Marh'acea,  P.  rusci- 
folia,  P.  Castillonis,  Arundinaria  nitida,  A.  japonica, 
A.  auricoma,  A.  fastuosa,  A.  Simoni,  A.  Forlunei,  A, 
anceps,  A.  Hindsii  var.  graminea,  Bambusa  palniata,  B. 
tessellata,  and  B.  niarniorea. 

In  selecting  a  place  for  the  Bamboo  colony,  think 
well  of  position.  Shelter  from  north  and  east  is 
essential.  Luxuriant  leafy  stems  are  only  possible 
when  the  plants  are  screened  from  winds  in  these 
quarters  ;  and  unless  this  protection  is  given  the  foliage 
gets  brown  and  withered  in  March.  Cold  north  and 
east  winds  are  more  harmful  than  severe  frost,  and 
this  applies  to  all  the  tender  evergreens.  A  moist 
and  rich  soil  is  also  important.  Without  it  luxuriant 
growth  is  impossible,  and  a  Bamboo  that  is  not  leafy, 
that  does  not  bend  its  tall,  graceful  stems  to  the 
breeze  and  make  willowy  shoots  yards  high,  when  it 


HARDY   BAMBOOS  205 

is  natural  for  it  so  to  do,  is  not  beautiful  :  the 
garden  is  more  interesting  without  it.  Many  of  the 
species  spread  rapidly  by  underground  stems,  and 
for  this  reason  must  never  be  planted  without  careful 
thought.  Each  plant  should  tell  its  own  tale,  and 
not  suffer  partial  extinction  through  a  choke-muddle 
arrangement  that  makes  a  bank  of  leafage  perhaps, 
but  in  which  all  individual  beauty  is  hopelessly  lost. 
Some  Bamboos,  like  Phyllostachys  viridi-glaucescens  and 
P.  Henouis,  need  ample  space  for  full  development. 
Transplant  always  in  late  spring,  never  in  winter  and 
early  spring. 

With  the  utmost  care  Bamboos  in  the  fickle  British 
climate  get  sadly  browned  in  February  and  May, 
the  outcome  of  either  a  hard  winter  or  keen  east 
winds  in  spring.  The  stems  are  seldom  injured,  and 
Mr.  Bean  says  "the  underground  portion  of  the 
plants  never  is."  This  scorched  look  is  not  beautiful, 
and  is  more  apparent  as  the  spring  meets  summer, 
when  the  whole  plant  world  is  bursting  into  new  life 
and  tinting  the  landscape  with  green.  Therefore, 
Bamboos  can  never  be  planted  so  lavishly  as  Rhodo- 
dendrons ;  and  we  do  not  desire  a  Bamboo  plague, 
beautiful  though  the  plants  are  in  foliage  and  growth, 
so  perhaps  the  east  wind  is  somewhat  of  a  blessing. 
Bamboos  must  have  favoured  spots.  When  a  single 
group  is  desired,  then  choose  some  sheltered  corner, 
and  the  same  consideration  is  necessary  when  making 
a  Bamboo  garden  or  grove.  A  beautiful  and  refresh- 
ing feature  of  many  English  homes  is  a  ravine  of 
these  lovely  grasses,  and  the  Bamboo  colony  at  Kew 


2o6  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

is  accounted  one  of  the  most  delightful  spots  in  the 
Royal  Gardens. 

In  the  Garden  of  February  i,  1902,  pp.  73,  74,  is 
an  interesting  account  of  the  Bamboos  at  Kew.  As 
this  contains  much  practical  information,  it  is  re- 
produced :  "  Kew  was  one  of  the  first  gardens  in 
which  hardy  Bamboos  were  grown,  and  it  is  to  a 
great  extent  due  to  this  collection,  and  the  collections 
of  Mr.  Freeman  Mitford,  Messrs.  Verten,  and  a  few 
other  pioneers,  that  the  planting  of  hardy  Bamboos 
has  assumed  its  present  proportions.  The  creation 
of  the  Kew  Bamboo  garden  dates  back  to  1892. 
Previous  to  that  the  cultivation  of  hardy  Bamboos 
had  been  practised  under  great  difficulties.  The 
collection  contained  only  a  few  species,  planted  in 
poor  soil  in  an  exposed  position,  and  were  always 
unsatisfactory.  In  addition  to  Bamboos,  there  were 
other  monocotyledonous  plants  in  the  same  plight, 
hence  the  happy  idea  was  conceived  of  forming  the 
present  Bamboo  garden.  This  garden  is  situated  on 
the  eastern  side  of  the  Rhododendron  dell,  near  the 
north  or  Sion  Vista  end.  It  was  originally  a  shallow 
gravel  pit,  and  is  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  require- 
ments of  Bamboos.  The  depression  in  the  ground 
and  the  high  bank  of  the  Rhododendron  dell  give 
considerable  shelter,  whilst  a  wide  belt  of  large  forest 
trees,  which  surrounds  the  north,  east,  and  south 
sides,  insures  almost  complete  protection  from  cold 
winds.  The  garden  is  pear-shaped,  and  can  be  en- 
tered by  three  paths  on  the  south-east,  west,  and 
north  sides.     The  banks  round  the  sides  are  terraced, 


HARDY    BAMBOOS  207 

and  held  up  by  large  tree  roots  placed  roots  outwards, 
the  roots  forming  numerous  bays  and  corners,  each 
of  which  is  given  over  to  one  species.  Separated 
from  these  bays  by  a  gravel  path  9  feet  wide  is  a 
central  bed  of  about  a  quarter  of  an  acre.  This  is 
filled  with  large  clumps  of  various  species  and  fine 
single  specimens,  arranged  in  such  a  way  as  to  open 
a  vista  right  through  the  bed  here  and  there  or  into 
the  centre.  These  vistas  and  openings,  together  with 
the  paths,  add  greatly  to  the  general  effect,  the  plants 
and  groups  being  well  separated  and  showing  to  ad- 
vantage, while  the  beauty  of  the  stately  upright  stems 
of  some  and  arching  plumes  of  others,  lining  or 
bending  over  and  almost  meeting  across  the  openings, 
is  at  once  seen.  Intermixed  with  the  Bamboos  are 
Yuccas,  Miscanthus,  Pampas  Grass,  and  other  things, 
all  of  which  help  to  give  pleasing  variety.  Between 
the  back  of  the  garden  and  the  belt  of  trees  a  screen 
is  formed  of  Rosa  multijlora,  Spiraeas,  Rhododendrons, 
and  other  shrubs,  interspersed  with  clumps  of  Pampas 
Grass,  Yuccas,  and  some  of  the  strongest  and  hardiest 
of  the  Bamboos, 

"  When  first  formed,  stiff  loam  to  a  depth  of  3 
feet  was  spread  all  over  the  garden,  and  into  this 
large  quantities  of  decayed  leaves  were  mixed  ;  in 
this  soil  the  plants  have  thriven  well.  A  water 
main  runs  through  the  garden,  so  that  copious  sup- 
plies of  water  can  be  given  in  dry  weather  with  little 
trouble. 

"  Altogether  some  forty-one  species  and  varieties  of 
Bamboos   are    cultivated.      These    are  composed   of 


2o8  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

seventeen  Anmdmarias,  nine  Bambusas,  and  fifteen 
Phyllostachys.  The  majority  belong  to  China  and 
Japan,  one,  however,  belonging  to  North  America, 
and  one  to  India.  The  Indian  species,  Arundinaria 
{Thamnocalamus)  Falconeriy  which  does  so  well  in  the 
south-west  counties  and  in  Ireland,  is  the  most 
difficult  to  manage,  and  is  killed  to  the  ground  every 
winter,  while  A.  falcata  and  A.  nobilis,  which  are  two 
of  the  most  common  species  in  the  famous  Cornish 
gardens,  refuse  to  thrive. 

"  The  arrangement  of  the  plants  has  undergone  con- 
siderable modification  since  the  first  planting,  owing 
to  natural  development  and  the  introduction  of  more 
species.  This  has  resulted  in  the  removal  of  many 
duplicates  which  have  been  used  with  large  Rhodo- 
dendrons as  an  undergrowth  to  the  wood  adjoining 
the  entrances,  thus  considerably  enhancing  the 
beauty  of  the  place. 

"The  period  of  the  year  at  which  the  garden  is  at 
its  best  extends  from  the  early  weeks  of  July  until 
the  cold  east  winds  in  February  and  March,  for, 
although  severe  frost  has  little  effect  on  the  leaves  of 
many,  cold  winds  from  east  or  north  quickly  turn 
them  brown.  That  Bamboos  should  continue  in 
good  condition  and  practically  be  at  their  best 
through  the  worst  of  the  winter  months  is  a  strong 
recommendation  in  their  favour,  and  by  leaving,  as  is 
done  at  Kew,  the  tall  dead  stems  and  leaves  of  Mts- 
canthiis  and  the  plumes  of  the  Pampas  Grass,  touches 
of  colour  are  given  to  relieve  the  greenery,  and  add 
greatly  to  the  general  effect. 


HARDY   BAMBOOS  209 

"  Of  groups  and  single  specimens  the  following  are 
some  of  the  most  conspicuous  : — 

"  Arundinaria. — A.  Simotti,  a  fine  irregular  mass, 
16  feet  high  and  50  feet  across.  A.  nitida,  several 
tine  clumps,  11  feet  high  and  12  feet  across.  A. 
japonica,  several  large  clumps,  11  feet  high  and  20 
feet  across.  A.  Hindsii  var.  graniinea,  9  feet  high  by 
12  feet  in  diameter. 

"  Bambusa. — B.  palmata,  7  feet  high  and  1 5  feet 
across  ;  this  is  very  distinct  and  handsome,  and 
should  be  in  every  collection. 

"  Phyllostachys. — P.  aurea,  12  feet  high  by  16 
feet  through.  P.  Henonis,  15  feet  high  by  12  feet. 
P.  Castillonisy  12  feet  high  by  10  feet.  P.  nigra,  15 
feet  high  ;  several  fine  masses.  P.  viridi-glaucescens, 
15  feet  high  and  6  feet  through  at  the  base,  the  top 
spreading  to  20  feet.  There  is  also  a  fine  specimen 
of  this  in  another  part  of  the  garden. 

'*  Besides  these  there  are  many  other  fine  masses. 

"  Among  plants  other  than  Bamboos  found  in  the 
garden  the  Yuccas  are  possibly  next  in  importance. 
One  group  is  on  a  bank  on  the  north  side  having  a 
slope  to  the  south.  It  is  thus  exposed  to  full  sun 
and  the  plants  are  happy.  In  both  summer  and 
winter  the  group  forms  a  delightful  picture.  The 
groundwork  is  composed  of  the  elegant  glaucous- 
leaved  y.  angtistifoUa,  while  here  and  there  a  plant  of 
Y.  filamentosa  has  crept  in.  Height  is  given  to  the 
group  by  dot  plants  of  Y.  gloriosa  and  Y.  recurvi/olia, 
while  a  plant  of  Cototteaster  tliymi/olia  growing  between 
the  roots  in  front  adds  a  little  in  the  way  of  variety. 

O 


2IO  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

The  whole  picture  is  set  in  an  irregular  framing  of 
Bamboos  and  other  plants,  some  of  the  most  con- 
spicuous of  which  are  Miscanthus  sinensis  in  front, 
Arundinaria  japonicttj  A.  Hindsii  var.  graminea,  Phyllos- 
tachys  aurea  and  P.  Castillonis,  and  Pampas  Grass  at 
the  back  and  sides. 

"  A  collection  of  hardy  species  of  Smilax  is  allowed 
to  ramble  at  will  over  the  tree  roots  which  form  the 
bays,  each  species  having  its  own  particular  place. 
The  species  cultivated  are  5.  aspera  and  its  varieties, 
S.  maculata  and  S.  mauritanica,  S.  Bona-nox  var. 
hastata,  S.  hispida,  S.  rotiindifolia,  and  S.  tamnoides. 

"  In  addition  to  the  plants  named,  others  given 
places  in  the  garden  are  Kniphofias,  Funkias,  Eremnriy 
Physalis  (grown  for  winter  effect),  Ruscus,  Asparagus, 
&c.,  the  whole  forming  an  interesting  collection,  and 
one  which  must  be  seen  to  be  fully  appreciated. 

"The  Kew  collection  is  composed  of  Arundinaria 
anceps,  A.  auricoma,  A.  chrysantha,  A.  Falconeri,  A. 
Fortunei,  A.  F.  compada,  A.  Hindsii,  A.  H.  graminea, 
A.  humilis,  A.  japonica,  A.  macrosperma,  A.  m.  tecta, 
A.    nitida    A.  pumila,  A.   Simoni,   A.  S.  variegata,  and 

A.  Veitchii.    Bambusa  agresiis,  B.  angustifolia,  B.  disticlia, 

B.  marmorea,  B.  Nagashima,  B.  palmata,  B.  pygma;a,  B, 
quadrangularis,  and  B.  tessellata.  Phyllostachys  aurea,  P. 
hambusoidcs,  P.  boryana,  P.  Castillonis,  P.  flexuosa,  P. 
fulva,  P.  Henonis,  P.  Marliacea,  P.  mitis,  P.  nigra,  P.  n. 
punctata,  P.  Ouilioi,  P.  ruscifolia,  P.  sulphurca^  and  P. 
viridi-glaucescens. ' ' 


THE  HEATHS 

Few  groups  of  small  flowering  shrubs  are  so  charm- 
ing in  the  garden  as  the  hardy  Heaths.  Their 
usually  neat  growth,  profusion  of  flowers,  and  length 
of  time  they  are  in  beauty — sometimes  three  or  four 
months — make  them  of  great  garden  value.  Not 
more  than  twelve  species  can  be  grown  in  the  open 
air,  but,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  all  are  beautiful, 
as  the  following  complete  list  suggests  :  Erica  arborea, 
E.  atistralisy  E.  carnea,  E.  ciliaris,  E.  cinerea,  E.  lusitanica 
(or  cndonodi-s),  E.  Mackaiiy  E.  mcditerranea,  E.  wullijlora, 
E.  scoparia,  E.  stricta,  E.  Tctralix,  and  E.  vagans. 

When  the  whole  group  is  grown,  one  or  more 
species  may  be  had  in  flower  every  month  in  the 
year,  except,  perhaps,  November,  A  hybrid  between 
E.  mcditerronea  and  E.  carnea  (sold  under  the  name 
of  mcditcrranca  hybrida)  has  been  seen  much  of 
late,  and  is  a  very  welcome  little  shrub,  flowers 
appearing  in  some  years  even  in  November.  Every 
year  some  expand  before  Christmas,  and  during 
January  it  is  the  brightest  plant  in  the  outdoor 
garden.  E.  carnea  and  the  white  variety  follow  it  ; 
then  in  a  cluster  come  E.  auslra/is,  E.  arborea,  E. 
lusitanica  {codonndcs),  E.  mediterranea  and  its  several 
varieties,  which  fill  up  the  months  from  March  to 
May,  and  from  June  onwards  we  have  E.  cinerea,  E. 


2  12  TREES  AND   SHRUBS 

ciliaris,  E.  Mackaii,  E.  scoparia  (the  least  worthy  of 
the  Heaths),  E.  stricta,  and  E.  Tetralix.  The  two 
allied  species,  E.  vagans  and  E.  multiflora,  carry  on 
the  Heath  season  until  October. 

The  Heaths  are  happiest  in  a  peaty  soil.  The 
great  Heath  nurseries  are  all  on  soil  of  that  nature, 
but  it  is  not  essential.  A  loamy  medium  can,  by 
adding  leaf-mould  and,  if  necessary,  sand,  be  made  to 
suit  all  the  Heaths,  and  some,  such  as  E.  cinerea  and 
E.  mediterranean  are  quite  at  home  on  a  calcareous  soil. 
Choose  positions  for  them  well  exposed  to  the  sun, 
with,  if  possible,  a  cool,  moist  bottom.  The  ways  of 
planting  vary,  of  course,  according  to  the  character 
of  the  species  and  varieties  selected.  The  rather 
free-growing  and  taller  Heaths,  like  lusitanica  and 
arborea,  may  be  planted  in  informal  groups  on 
sloping  banks,  or  more  sparsely  with  a  dwarfer 
species  like  E.  carnea  as  the  groundwork.  E.  lusi- 
tanica and  E.  arborea,  being  somewhat  tender,  are 
only  seen  at  their  best  in  the  south  and  west,  but 
beautiful  effects  have  been  got  by  planting  them 
in  irregular  and  scattered  groups  on  grassy  slopes, 
The  natural  grouping  of  Gorse  and  Broom  suggests 
a  way  of  using  the  many  beautiful  Heaths. 

E.  mediterranea  and  its  varieties,  a  beautiful  group, 
and  much  hardier  than  the  two  species  just  men- 
tioned, have  flowers  of  shades  of  purple  and  white. 
Delightful  effects  are  possible  when  they  are  planted 
in  bold,  informal  groups,  especially  on  sloping  banks 
or  ground,  their  flowers  appearing  over  a  period  of 
ten  or  twelve  weeks.     Dwarf  Heaths,  like  E.  carnea. 


THE   HEATHS  213 

c.  alba,  cinerea,  &c.,  may  be  used  as  edgings  to  beds 
of  heathy  plants.  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Bean  for 
the  following  excellent  notes  about  the  Heaths,  and 
the  reason  this  group  has  a  chapter  to  itself  is 
to  encourage  a  greater  use  of  shrubs,  strangely 
neglected  in  English  gardens.  The  beauty  of  Heath 
in  bloom  appeals  to  poet  and  painter.  Moorlands 
surfaced  with  colour,  hill  upon  hill  of  softened  shades 
fading  away  in  the  distance,  are  pleasant  memories — 
pictures  beautiful  enough,  we  should  have  thought, 
to  tempt  the  planter  of  the  English  garden  to  repro- 
duce in  a  small  way  in  the  homelands.  I  hope  this 
chapter  will  do  something  to  make  the  beautiful 
wild  Heaths  and  their  varieties  welcome  in  rough, 
peaty  grounds  and  banks,  and  the  many  other  places 
where  they  would  be  as  happy  as  on  their  native 
moors  and  hillsides. 

The  Taller  or  Tree-like  Heaths 

Enca  arborea. — This  is  the  most  remarkable  of  all 
the  hardy  Heaths  ;  it  grows  to  quite  a  small  tree.  In 
the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  doubtless  elsewhere,  it  has 
been  known  to  grow  30  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  39 
inches  in  circumference.  It  is  found  wild  in  con- 
siderable abundance  along  the  Mediterranean  coast 
region  between  Genoa  and  Marseilles,  the  wood 
being  used  in  the  manufacture  of  the  so-called  Briar 
pipes,  Briar  being  a  corruption  of  the  French  word 
Bruyere.  All  the  Heaths  flower  with  great  freedom 
but  none  more  so  than  E.  arborea  and  its  near  ally, 


214  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

E.  lusitanica.  The  flowers  are  almost  globular  and 
nearly  white  ;  they  are  quite  small  individually,  but 
produced  so  abundantly  that  the  plants  are  smothered 
with  them  from  March  to  May.  My  experience  of 
this  species  is  that  it  is  hardier  and  thrives  altogether 
better  in  the  London  district  than  E.  lusitanica^  a  species 
for  which  it  is  often  grown.  It  ripens  seed  every 
year  almost,  and  can  thus  be  readily  increased  in  a 
natural  way.  The  young  wood  is  densely  covered 
with  short  dark  hairs  and  the  leaves  are  closely 
packed  in  whorls  of  three. 

E.  lusitanica  (syn.  codonodes). — Many  will  not  recog- 
nise the  name  lusitanica  as  applied  to  the  well-known 
E.  codonodes,  but  lusitanica  is  really  an  older  designa- 
tion. This  Heath,  as  its  name  implies,  comes  from 
Portugal  ;  it  is  also  a  native  of  Spain,  and  is  often 
confounded  with  E.  arhorca.  Briefly,  they  differ  in 
the  following  respects  :  The  flowers  of  E.  lusitanica 
are  longer  and  more  bell- shaped  than  the  globular 
ones  of  E.  arhorca;  the  foliage  of  E.  lusitanica  is  a 
rather  pale  green,  and  has  a  rather  more  plumose 
look,  the  individual  leaf  being  longer  and  more 
slender  ;  the  young  wood,  although  downy,  is  not  so 
hairy  as  in  E.  arborea.  The  remarkable  abundance 
of  flowers,  a  feature  of  E.  arborea,  is  quite  as  apparent 
in  this  species,  their  colouring  is  a  faintly  pink-tinged 
white.  From  Messrs.  R.  Veitch  and  Sons,  of  Exeter, 
who  are  taking  a  special  interest  in  these  tree  Heaths 
Kew  has  lately  received  a  form  intermediate  between 
E.  arborea  and  E.  lusitanica — probably  it  is  a  hybrid. 
E.  lusitanica  does  not   apparently  grow  so    large   as 


THE   HEATHS  215 

E.  arborea,  but  it  is  recorded  to  have  reached  12 
feet  in  height  in  Sussex.  Farther  west,  in  Dorset- 
shire, it  grows  luxuriantly,  and  is  certainly  one  of  the 
loveliest  of  evergreens  that  can  be  grown  even  in 
that  favoured  county.  Seeds  afford  the  best  means 
of  propagation. 

E.  atistralis. — One  of  the  most  beautiful  and  rare 
of  all  the  Heaths,  but  unfortunately  it  is  not  so  hardy 
as  the  majority.  In  the  southern  and  western  counties, 
however,  it  will  thrive  admirably,  withstanding  20 
degrees  of  frost  without  serious  injury,  provided  the 
winter  is  not  unusually  protracted.  It  is  curious  that 
in  spite  of  its  beauty  it  is  little  known  even  in  Corn- 
wall, Devon,  and  similar  localities,  where  it  would 
doubtless  thrive  to  perfection.  It  has  been  grown 
at  Kew  lor  the  last  six  years,  and  although  the  winters 
during  that  period  have  not  been  very  severe,  it  has 
stood  out  all  the  time,  and  it  flowers  regularly  and 
profusely  every  spring.  It  can  be  increased  by 
cuttings  put  in  at  the  end  of  July  or  the  beginning 
or  August.  E.  australis  is  a  native  of  Spain  and 
Portugal  ;  it  flowers  in  April  and  May,  and  lasts  eight 
weeks  in  beauty.  The  flowers  are  rich,  bright,  rosy 
red,  brighter,  indeed,  than  those  of  any  other  Heath; 
they  are  fragrant,  pitcher-shaped,  and  about  a  quarter- 
inch  long.  The  species  has  been  confounded  with 
E.  mediterranean  which  often  does  duty  for  it,  but 
it  is  distinguished  by  having  the  flowers  produced 
generally  four  or  eight  together  in  terminal  clusters. 
(Those  of  E.  mcditerranea  appear  in  the  leaf  axils.) 
Those  who   have  gardens  in  well-sheltered  or  mild 


2i6  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

localities  should  grow  this  beautiful  Heath.  The 
difficulty  at  present  is  to  get  hold  of  the  right  thing. 
I  am  glad  to  know,  however,  that  some  trade  firms 
are  taking  it  up.  It  is  said  to  grow  6  to  8  feet 
high,  but  I  have  not  seen  plants  half  as  high. 

E.  mediterranea. — Of  all  the  taller  Heaths  this  is  the 
one,  I  think,  that  deserves  to  be  most  freely  planted 
in  districts  no  warmer  than  the  London  one.  The 
three  preceding  species,  so  beautiful  when  seen  at 
their  best,  are  more  comfortable  in  the  southern  and 
western  counties.  Of  sturdier  constitution,  E.  medi- 
terranea may  be  planted  in  large  quantities  with  a 
view  to  producing  broad  effects.  At  Kew  a  group 
70  feet  across,  planted  three  or  four  years  ago,  already 
makes  a  striking  mass  of  purple  each  spring.  The 
habit  of  remaining  for  a  long  time  in  full  beauty, 
which  is  so  marked  a  characteristic  of  the  Heaths, 
is  possessed  to  the  full  extent  by  this  species.  It  is 
beautiful  from  March  to  May,  and  is  all  the  more 
appreciated  because  the  majority  of  the  trees  and 
shrubs  that  bloom  at  this  season  have  yellow,  pink, 
or  white  flowers.  In  the  typical  E.  mediterranea  the 
flowers  are  bright  rosy  red,  but  there  is  a  charming 
white-flowered  variety  {alba\  another  with  bluish 
foliage  {glauca),  and  a  dwarf  one  {nana).  The  flowers 
appear  near  the  ends  of  the  shoots  in  the  axils  of 
the  leaves,  and  are  pitcher-shaped.  The  name  medi- 
terranea is  misleading,  for  according  to  Moggridge, 
the  Mediterranean  botanist,  it  is  not  a  native  of  that 
region  at  all  ;  it  is  rather  of  Biscayan  origin,  and  is 
found  in  Western  France  and  Spain. 


THE   HEATHS  217 

On  the  boggy  heaths  of  Galway  and  Mayo  a  form 
of  this  species  is  found  ;  it  is  known  as  E.  mcditermnea 
var.  hibcriiica,  and  grows  2  to  5  feet  high.  The 
typical  E.  mediterranea  was  represented  in  the  Syon 
gardens  seventy  years  ago  by  a  specimen  10  feet  high. 
Do  any  such  noble  examples  remain  in  this  country 
now  ?  E.  mediterranea  hybrida  has  been  already 
alluded  to. 

E.  stricta. — Although  not  so  strikingly  beautiful  as 
the  Heaths  previously  mentioned,  E.  stricta  is  the 
hardiest  of  all  the  taller  species.  In  inclement  dis- 
tricts, where  a  tall  Heath  is  desired,  it  may  be  recom- 
mended ;  it  grows  from  5  to  6  feet  high,  and  is  of 
erect  and  sturdy  growth,  with  leaves  borne  in  whorls 
four  to  six  together;  they  are  deep  green,  and  a  large 
mass  of  plants  with  their  erect  plumose  branches 
produces  a  somewhat  unusual  effect.  E.  stricta,  like 
so  many  Heaths,  has  a  long  flowering  season ;  it 
begins  to  bloom  in  June,  is  at  its  best  in  July,  but 
three  months  later  fiowers  may  still  be  gathered. 
The  flowers  are  pale  purple,  and  produced  in  terminal 
clusters.  It  has  been  in  cultivation  since  1765,  and 
is  a  native  of  South-Western  Europe  ;  it  is  occasion- 
ally labelled  E.  ramiilosa. 

E.  scoparia. — This  species  has  proved  to  be  the 
tallest  Heath  near  London,  for  it  has  during  the 
last  few  years  grown  as  high  as  9  feet.  This  gives 
it  a  certain  distinction,  but  when  regarded  as  a 
fiower-bearing  plant  it  is,  I  think,  the  least  worthy 
of  the  tribe.  The  flowers  are  crowded  in  the  leaf 
axils  in  great  profusion,  but  are  small  and  greenish 


2i8  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

white  ;  the  growth  of  the  plant  is  somewhat  straggHng 
and  uneven,  but  it  has  one  merit — viz.,  it  is  quite 
hardy.  I  have  seen  its  stems  split  by  hard  frost  on 
more  than  one  occasion  during  the  last  twelve  years, 
but  no  permanent  injury  has  resulted.  It  flowers  in 
June,  and  is  a  native  of  the  mountainous  country 
to  the  north  of  the  Mediterranean,  especially  about 
Mentone. 

The  Dwarfer  Heaths 

The  dwarf  Heaths  can  be  used  quite  differently 
from  the  more  tree-like  species  that  have  just  been 
described :  as  a  carpeting  beneath  sparsely-planted 
shrubs,  for  furnishing  sloping  banks,  or  for  growing 
on  the  small  terraces  of  the  Rock  Garden  they  are 
equally  useful.  And  of  all  these  dwarf  Heaths  more 
can  be  said  in  favour  of  E.  carnea  than  of  any  other 
species.  It  is  not  only  absolutely  hardy,  but  it 
flowers  with  astonishing  freedom  at  a  time  of  year 
when  flowers  are  particularly  cherished.  Its  flower- 
ing, of  course,  somewhat  depends  upon  the  weather, 
but  frequently  one  may  see  its  bright  rosy  bells 
almost  as  soon  as  January  comes  in.  By  the  end 
of  February  the  entire  plant  is  a  mass  of  beautiful 
colour,  and  for  two  or  three  months  longer  they 
retain  their  freshness  no  matter  what  weather  may 
occur.  So  free-flowering  is  this  Heath  that  its  flowers 
literally  cover  it.  E.  carnea  is  one  of  those  plants  (and 
there  are  many  of  them)  which,  although  perfectly 
well  known  and  quite  common,  are  still  not  used  in 
gardens  so  freely  as  they  ought  to  be.     The  majority 


THE   HEATHS  219 

of  our  early-flowering  plants  bear  flowers  that  are 
either  white  or  yellow,  so  that  the  rosy-red  colouring 
of  this  Erica  makes  a  welcome  change.  However 
freely  it  might  be  planted  it  would  never  become 
wearisome  or  out  of  place,  for  its  tints,  though  bright 
and  warm,  are  not  harsh.  Statements  have  been 
recently  published  to  the  effect  that  E.  carnea  is  a 
British  plant.  This  idea  appears  to  have  originated 
with  Bcntham,  the  botanist,  who  regarded  E.  carnea 
and  E,  mediterranea  as  the  same  species.  Following 
out  this  idea,  he  included  the  plant  which  has  already 
been  alluded  to  as  a  form  of  E.  mediterranean  which  is 
found  in  Western  Ireland,  in  his  Flora  of  Britain  as  a 
form  of  E.  carnea.  Possibly  he  was  right  from  the 
standpoint  of  the  botanist,  but  the  plant  grown  in 
gardens  and  nurseries  as  E.  carnea  is  quite  distinct 
from  E.  mediterrama.  It  is  usually  not  more  than 
6  to  8  inches  high,  and  is  a  native  of  the  mountains 
of  Central  Europe. 

E.  cinerea  (Scotch  Heather). —  Over  almost  the 
whole  of  these  islands,  from  the  Highlands  of  Scot- 
land to  the  moors  of  Devon  and  Cornwall,  this 
Heath  occurs  more  or  less  abundantly.  During  the 
late  summer  and  early  autumn — it  flowers  from 
July  onwards — it  covers  miles  of  Exmoor  with 
bright  -  purple  colouring,  being  usually  associated 
with  one  of  the  dwarf  autumn-flowering  Corses 
(Ulcx  Gallit).  In  gardens  it  has  produced  several 
forms,  the  two  most  brilliantly  coloured  being  alro- 
sanguinea  and  alro-purpiirea,  but  all  the  forms  of  this 
Heath    are  beautiful   in   colour,  ranging   from  white 


220  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

to  crimson.  E.  carnea  loves  the  cool  pure  mountain 
air,  and  on  hot  and  sandy  soil  in  the  Thames  Valley 
is  short-lived.  At  the  same  time  it  thrives  admir- 
ably in  gardens  where  a  moist,  cool  bottom  can  be 
provided  and  where  the  air  is  pure.  Altogether  it 
makes  an  admirable  succession  to  E,  carnea. 

E.  ciliaris  (Dorset  Heath). — Although  in  smoky 
and  foggy  places,  such  as  London,  this  Heath  is 
not  always  satisfactory,  in  the  purer  air  of  the  sur- 
rounding counties  it  is  a  delightful  shrub.  In  some 
of  the  old  oak-bearing  country,  in  Sussex,  for  in- 
stance, it  succeeds  to  perfection.  It  is  a  native  of 
Britain,  but  is,  I  believe,  confined  to  Cornwall  and 
Dorset  in  England,  and  to  Galway  in  Ireland.  It 
has  long,  slender,  prostrate  stems,  from  which  spring 
erect  flower-bearing  branches ;  the  rich  rose-purple 
flowers  are  borne  in  a  long  raceme,  and  they  are 
the  largest  individually  of  those  of  all  the  native 
Heaths.  The  leaves  are  nearly  always  in  threes, 
and,  like  all  the  younger  parts  of  the  plant,  are 
covered  with  hairs  and  pubescence  ;  it  flowers  from 
July  onwards. 

E.  maweana. — This  appears  to  be  a  fine  variety 
of  E.  ciliaris,  with  larger  leaves  and  flowers,  even 
richer  in  colour  and  of  sturdier  growth.  It  was 
discovered  in  Portugal  some  thirty  years  or  so  ago 
by  Mr.  George  Maw,  but  has  not  become  popular 
notwithstanding  its  beauty.  It  was  obtained  for 
the  Kew  collection  from  Messrs.  Cunningham  and 
Eraser,  of  Edinburgh,  three  or  four  years  ago,  and 
certainly  promises  to  be  a  better  grower  there  than 


■•.^:^t 


»t>«!* 


^* 


5«"  ^ .. 


THE   HEATHS  221 

E.  ciliaris.  The  flowers  are  rich  crimson  and  in 
large  racemes. 

E.  Watsoni. — This  is  a  supposed  natural  hybrid 
between  E.  ciliaris  and  E.  Tetralixy  and  was  first 
discovered  near  Truro  by  Mr.  H.  C.  Watson.  It 
has  rosy-crimson  flowers  produced  in  a  flatter 
raceme  than  that  of  E.  ciliaris.  In  this  character 
and  in  other  ways  it  is  intermediate  between  the 
parents. 

E.  Tctralix  (the  Cross-leaved  Heath  or  Bell 
Heather). — This  beautiful  Heath  grows  on  most 
of  the  moors  and  mountain-sides  throughout  the 
British  Isles,  being  perhaps  the  most  widely  spread 
of  all  the  true  Ericas  in  this  country.  It  is  called 
the  "  Cross-leaved  Heath  "  because  of  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  leaves,  which  are  in  whorls  of  four. 
It  is  not  very  distinct  in  general  appearance  from 
E.  ciliaris,  being  downy  and  hairy  on  its  young 
slender  leaves,  &c.  It  differs,  however,  in  the 
arrangement  of  the  flowers,  which  are  in  a  terminal 
umbel.  The  leaves  of  E.  ciliaris  are  usually  in 
threes  at  each  node,  and,  of  course,  its  distribution 
in  Britain  is  much  more  restricted  than  that  of 
E.  Tetralix.  There  are  other  minor  points  of  differ- 
ence that  need  not  be  referred  to  here.  The 
"Cross-leaved  Heath"  grows  i  to  i^  feet  high, 
and  has  bright  rose-coloured  flowers.  There  is  a 
white-flowered  variety  {alba),  and  a  very  pubescent 
one  named  mollis. 

E.  Mackaii, — This  is  so  closely  allied  to  E.  Tetralix 
that    it    is    regarded    merely   as   a  variety    by   some 


222  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

authorities.  It  was  first  found  in  Galway  in  Ireland, 
between  Roundstone  Bay  and  Clifden.  It  has 
since  proved  to  be  a  native  also  of  Spain.  It  is 
a  charming  garden  plant  flowering  from  July  to 
September.  The  leaves  have  the  same  right-angled 
arrangement  as  those  of  E.  Tetralix,  but  the  flower 
is  shorter,  broader,  and  of  a  paler  rose. 

E.  vagans  (Cornish  Heath). — This  Heath  is  one 
of  the  the  most  useful  of  dwarf  evergreens,  growing 
vigorously,  especially  when  planted  in  good  soil. 
I  think,  however,  it  flowers  better  and  has  more 
of  the  typical  Heath  character  when  in  somewhat 
poor,  sandy  soil.  In  England  it  is  almost  or  quite 
confined  to  Cornwall,  but  occurs  also  in  Ireland 
and  South-West  Europe.  It  is  especially  valuable 
in  the  garden  because  it  flowers  late,  beginning  in 
July  and  keeping  on  until  October.  Its  flowers  are 
crowded  in  racemes  4  to  6  inches  long,  and  they 
are  pinkish  purple  in  colour.  The  plants  may  be 
kept  neater  and  more  compact  by  removing  the 
flowering  portion  of  the  shoots  before  growth 
recommences  in  the  following  spring.  Left  to 
themselves,  especially  in  soil  that  is  at  all 
rich,  the  plants  are  apt  to  get  straggling  and  un- 
kempt. 

E.  multiflora. — This  belongs  to  the  same  type  of 
Heath  as  E.  vagans,  the  Cornish  Heath,  but  differs 
in  its  more  compact  growth  and  shorter  racemes  of 
flowers.  Although  not  so  vigorous  and  showy,  it 
may  still  be  preferred  for  some  situations.  It  is  a 
neater  plant,  and   its   lower    branches   have   not    the 


THE   HEATHS  223 

same  tendency  to  get  sprawling  and  ungainly  as 
E.  vagans.  In  other  respects  it  is  much  like  that 
species,  the  leaves  being  of  similar  shape  and 
arrangement,  and  the  flowers  of  a  paler  purple  ; 
the  raceme,  however,  is  only  2  inches  or  so 
long.  E.  multijlora  is  not  found  in  Britain,  but 
is  a  native  of  the  country  to  the  north  of  the 
Mediterranean  Sea  from  France  to  Greece. 

E.  vulgaris. — This  is  now  classed  as  Calluna  vulgaris, 
but  the  word  Erica  is  used  to  include  it  in  this 
chapter.  It  is  the  Common  Heath  of  mountain  and 
moor,  is  very  closely  allied  to  the  true  Heaths,  and 
has  given  rise  to  many  varieties.  It  likes  a  peaty 
or  sandy  soil,  and  is  longer-lived  and  more  profuse 
flowering  under  cultivation  in  poor  rather  than  rich 
soil.  It  is  very  charming  when  grown  in  natural 
masses  in  the  wilder  parts  of  the  garden,  and  its 
value  is  all  the  greater  because  it  flowers  when 
almost  all  other  shrubs  are  out  of  bloom,  viz.,  from 
July  to  October.  Numerous  varieties  are  offered  by 
the  trade,  amongst  which  the  following  are  the  most 
noteworthy,  either  for  their  beauty  or  for  their  dis- 
tinctness :  Alba  (white),  Alporti  (crimson),  aurca 
(golden  leaved),  tenuis  (red),  pygmaa,  and  hypnoidcs 
(both  dwarf). 

Dabaxia  polifolia  (St.  Dabcec's  Heath)  is  a  lovely 
little  shrub,  a  close  relative  of  the  Heaths,  and  found 
wild  in  the  west  of  Ireland.  It  grows  a  little  over 
I  foot  high,  and  bears  bell-shaped  flowers  rather 
abundantly  on  erect  terminal  spikes.  They  are 
purple  or  white,  and  sometimes  have   both  colours 


224  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

in  one  flower,  and  the  plants  continue  to  produce 
them  from  July  or  August  till  the  frosts  come.  It  is 
quite  as  plentiful  as  the  dwarf  Heaths.  Alba  is  a 
white  variety.  Menztesia  polifolia  is  its  former  name, 
and  is  still  found  under  that  title  in  books. 


NATIVE  AND  OTHER  HARDY 
EVERGREENS 

Rambling  about  the  country  in  winter,  one  becomes 
more  and  more  impressed  with  the  beauty  of  our 
native  evergreen  trees  and  shrubs.  Six  names  com- 
prise them  all — Yew,  Holly,  Scotch  Fir,  Spruce, 
Juniper,  Box,  and  Ivy.  Even  of  these  the  Scotch 
and  Spruce  Firs  (commonly  so-called,  though  the 
Scotch  is  a  Pine)  are  doubtful  natives,  though  so 
long  acclimatised  that  they  may  be  classed  with  our 
own.  Those  who  are  laying  out  new  grounds  on  a 
large  scale  would  do  well  to  plant  these  grand  things 
in  plenty ;  indeed,  in  the  case  of  any  new  planting 
that  is  taken  in  hand,  unless  the  owner  has  a  good 
knowledge  of  shrubs  and  some  taste  in  their  choice 
and  disposition,  a  planting  of  these  alone  would  save 
him  from  many  a  regrettable  mistake,  and  from  the 
prospect  of  the  usual  senseless  jumble  of  mixed 
shrubbery  that  has  hopelessly  spoilt  thousands  of 
gardens. 

No  foreign  shrubs  can  compare  with  or  take  the 
place  of  our  Yews  and  Hollies.  However  large 
a  collection  of  exotics  may  be  in  a  well-stocked 
arboretum,  a  winter  walk  among  them  only  shows 
that  there  is  nothing  more  cheerfully  handsome  than 
our    Hollies,   or   more  solemnly  dignified   than   our 

225  P 


226  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

Yews.  On  dry,  sandy  soils  no  Conifer  is  better  for 
England  than  the  Scotch  Fir  ;  or  for  moist,  loamy 
regions  and  valley  bottoms  none  is  better  than  the 
Spruce.  Exception  is  sometimes  taken  to  the 
Spruce  ;  and  when  planted  in  other  than  the  place 
it  likes  it  is,  indeed,  a  wretched  object,  as  on  dry 
and  hilly  grounds.  But  a  mass  of  Common  Spruce 
in  a  cool,  alluvial  bottom  is  a  picture  of  well-being, 
and  no  one  can  deny  their  majesty  on  alpine  hill- 
sides. The  Douglas  Fir  is  sometimes  recommended 
in  its  stead,  but  this  beautiful  and  quick-growing  tree 
must  still  be  regarded  as  an  experiment.  There  is 
not  as  yet  a  single  old  Douglas  Fir,  and  there  are 
some  among  our  botanical  experts  who  are  yet  in 
doubt  whether,  for  all  its  young  vigour,  it  will  be 
a  lasting  tree  for  our  country.  For  dry  uplands 
in  light  soil  there  is  the  lovely  Juniper,  best  of  all 
its  kind  (though  often  in  nurseries  foreign  ones  only 
are  offered  to  its  exclusion),  and  for  chalky  soils  and 
loams  the  Box  luxuriates,  and  can  be  used  as  a  small 
tree,  as  well  as  in  its  usual  bush  form. 

The  use  of  Common  Ivy  should  not  be  forgotten. 
How  important  it  is  in  winter  may  be  perceived  by 
any  one  during  a  country  drive,  when  it  will  be  seen 
under  many  conditions. 

In  Ireland  we  have  the  Arbutus  {A.  Unedo),  that  is 
found  at  the  Lakes  of  Killarney,  where  it  attains  to 
the  height  of  a  small  tree. 

Importance  of  a  Suitable  Climate. — Ever- 
green   shrubs     luxuriate    generally    in    the    climate 


NATIVE  AND  HARDY  EVERGREENS     227 

of  the  British  Isles,  especially  in  the  southern  and 
western  counties,  and  constitute  one  of  the  great 
glories  of  the  English  garden,  delighting  in  these 
sea-bound  islands,  with  their  cool  and  moist  atmo- 
sphere. 

It  has  been  established,  therefore,  that  the  ever- 
green seeks  an  equable  climate,  free  from  extremes 
of  cold  and  heat,  and  with  an  even  supply  of  mois- 
ture to  both  leaf  and  root,  favouring  in  a  marked 
degree  the  sea-coast  with  its  salt-laden  winds.  As 
we  travel  south,  so  opportunities  for  growing  an 
increasing  variety  of  evergreen  trees  and  shrubs 
become  more  apparent,  until,  in  the  south  of  Corn- 
wall and  the  south-west  of  Ireland,  things  may  be 
planted  out  with  safety  which  towards  the  midlands 
and  north  would  scarcely  exist.  But  latitude  is  not 
everything,  and  easily  proved  so  by  the  rude  vigour 
of  plants  from  New  Zealand  and  the  Himalayas 
that  are  happy  in  the  north  of  Scotland,  but  failures 
in  the  midlands  and  further  south  of  England, 
requiring  the  protection  of  glass  to  develop  their 
characteristic  beauty. 

The  place  for  the  tender  evergreens  must  be  pro- 
tected from  dry  north  and  east  winds.  Mr.  Bean 
writes  me  :  "  One  of  the  most  striking  examples  I 
have  met  with  of  the  importance  of  having  a  situa- 
tion such  as  is  described  is  the  Duchess'  garden  at 
Belvoir  Castle.  Belvoir  is  in  the  eastern  midlands, 
a  district  where  the  average  temperature  is  certainly 
not  high,  and  where,  during  my  stay  there,  the  ther- 
mometer  fell  on   more   than    one   occasion    to    zero 


22  8  TREES  AND   SHRUBS 

(Fahr.).  Yet  in  this  particular  spot  (known  as  the 
Duchess'  garden)  there  were  fine  specimens  of 
Himalayan  Rhododendrons  —  one  of  R.  Falconeri 
being  especially  noteworthy  for  the  way  it  grew  and 
flowered — an  Azara  microphylla,  i6  feet  high,  and 
other  similar  examples.  The  explanation  of  these 
successes,  I  believe,  is  entirely  in  the  situation  and 
exposure  of  the  garden.  It  was  formed  on  the  slope 
of  a  rather  steep  hill,  and  is  in  the  shape  of  an 
amphitheatre  opening  freely  to  the  south.  The  bitter 
'  north-easter '  loses  much  of  its  sting  before  it 
reaches  the  plants  in  this  garden.  In  most  gardens 
it  is,  of  course,  impossible  to  obtain  sites  so  favour- 
able as  this.  One  has  to  make  the  best  of  what 
exists.  But  at  the  same  time  it  shows  the  desira- 
bility, often  the  necessity,  of  choosing  positions  for  the 
tenderer  evergreens  in  which  this  need  of  shelter 
is  satisfactorily  met.  Bamboos,  Camellias,  many 
Rhododendrons,  Elaeagnus,  all  afford  striking  ex- 
amples of  the  value  of  a  shelter  belt  on  the  north 
and  east  sides."  A  cool,  moist  soil  is  generally 
necessary  for  evergreen  shrubs,  and  we  know  this  to 
be  true  from  the  distress  shown  by  many  kinds 
during  a  dry  and  parching  summer. 

The  Time  to  Transplant. — A  question  frequently 
asked  is,  "  When  is  the  time  to  plant  or  transplant 
evergreens  ?  "  To  this  the  reply  is,  early  autumn. 
When  planting  is  impossible  at  that  season,  then 
postpone  it  until  late  spring,  avoiding  winter  and 
February  and  March.  An  evergreen  should  be 
disturbed  whilst  the  roots  are  active,  and  by  doing 


NATIVE  AND  HARDY  EVERGREENS     229 

this  in  September  the  shrub  can  establish  itself 
before  winter — hence  the  object  of  waiting  until  late 
spring,  when  autumn  has  been  missed,  as  root 
growth  has  again,  begun.  Autumn  is  a  season 
generally  of  much  atmospheric  moisture,  grateful 
dews,  and  welcome  rains.  It  is  the  season  for 
planting  in  general,  and  seldom  is  the  work  seriously 
disturbed  until  Christmas  is  past.  We  have  shifted 
many  evergreens  without  one  failure  in  April  and 
quite  late  in  May,  but  our  anxieties  are  great  when 
the  life-giving  rains  refuse  to  refresh  the  earth.  The 
spring  of  1901  will  never  be  forgotten  as  a  season  of 
dry  winds  and  brilliant  sunshine,  without  rain  to 
temper  the  unfortunate  conditions,  and  the  result 
was  a  great  loss  amongst  newly  planted  evergreens. 
Mr.  Bean  says  :  "  Some  evergreens  can  with  reason- 
able care  be  moved  with  perfect  safety  at  any  time, 
except  perhaps  from  July  to  September.  Rhodo- 
dendrons are  an  example.  During  the  last  ten  years 
I  have  transplanted  them  in  every  month  of  the  year, 
except  July  and  August.  Indeed,  in  the  case  of  Rho- 
dodendror^s  and  most  evergreen  ericaceous  plants, 
the  problems  of  transplanting  scarcely  arise,  simply 
because  the  fine  fibres  hold  the  soil  so  completely 
that  the  root  system  can,  with  due  care,  be  removed 
practically  intact.  For  the  same  reasons,  very 
careful  transplanting,  such  as  is  practised  with  a 
transplanting  machine,  may  also  be  done  at  almost 
any  season. 

"  When  the  roots  of  large  evergreen  shrubs  have 
been  unavoidably  damaged,  it  is  often  a  good  plan 


230  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

to  remove  a  portion  of  the  leafy  branches.  This 
helps  to  restore,  in  some  measure,  the  balance 
between  root  and  top.  The  shrub  will  frequently 
do  this  itself.  Hollies,  for  instance,  often  lose  a 
large  proportion  of  their  leaves  after  transplanting 
in  spring  ;  it  is  one  of  the  surest  signs  of  success, 
just  as  the  shrivelling  of  the  leaves  on  the  branches 
is  the  worst.  Evergreen  oaks  also  furnish  other 
examples.  I  remember  a  good  proof  of  the  value 
of  late  planting  of  evergreens  being  furnished  here 
(Kew)  by  the  Holm  Oak  [Quercus  Ilex).  A  gap  in 
an  avenue  of  these  trees  had  to  be  filled  up,  and  a 
specimen  was  planted  from  the  nursery  at  the  end 
of  April.  The  weather  that  followed  was  not  un- 
favourable ;  but  by  the  beginning  of  June  I  saw  it 
was  not  going  to  live.  However,  it  was  then  replaced 
by  a  similar  plant,  the  young  shoots  on  which 
were  already  2  or  3  inches  long.  The  young  growth 
flagged  a  little  at  first,  but  the  roots  soon  got  hold 
of  the  soil,  and  the  tree  is  now  one  of  the  healthiest 
in  the  avenue.  The  Holm  Oak  is  notoriously  bad  to 
transplant." 

Pruning. — This  is  quite  simple  ;  but  pruning, 
whether  of  the  Rose,  the  deciduous  tree  or  shrub,  or 
the  evergreen,  seems  to  be  regarded  as  a  mysterious 
and  wonderful  operation.  Many  gardeners  delight 
in  using  the  knife  apparently  as  a  physical  exercise, 
and  the  wise  man  is  he  who  allows  his  shrubs  to 
develop  their  natural  beauty  of  form  and  flower. 
An  evergreen  shrub  requires  practically  no  pruning, 
as  we  understand  the  term  generally,   unless  some 


NATIVE  AND  HARDY  EVERGREENS     231 

shape  is  desired  foreign  to  its  nature,  or  its  allotted 
space  has  been  outgrown. 

Evergreens  differ  from  deciduous  plants  in  regard 
to  time  of  pruning.  Most  deciduous  things  may  be 
pruned  at  any  time  between  the  fall  of  the  leaf  and 
the  recommencement  of  growth  in  spring.  But  ever- 
greens should  never  be  pruned  in  late  autumn  or 
winter.  For  plants  that  are  grown  merely  for  foliage 
sake  and  not  for  the  flowers,  pruning  should  be  done 
just  as  new  growth  is  commencing.  In  the  case  of 
flowering  shrubs  like  Rhododendron  or  Berberis  it 
should  be  done  as  soon  as  the  flowering  season 
is  past. 

As  a  matter  of  routine  cultivation,  however,  and 
as  an  aid  to  improved  health  or  freedom  of  flower- 
ing, pruning  is  not  so  necessary  for  evergreens  as 
with  many  deciduous  plants.  A  Rhododendron,  a 
Pieris,  a  Berberis  stenophylla,  and  all  similar  things 
never  want  pruning  in  the  sense  that  a  Spiraea  or 
a  Rose  does. 

Climbing  Evergreens.  —  One  of  the  peculiar- 
ities of  the  evergreen  class  of  plants  is  the  marked 
absence  of  climbing  species  in  cool  temperate  coun- 
tries —  that  is,  true  climbers,  not,  the  numerous 
things  that  are  made  to  do  duty  as  such  on 
walls.  If  one  takes  up  a  tree  and  shrub  catalogue 
of  even  the  best  nurserymen,  one  is  struck  by  the 
few  evergreen  climbers  offered.  In  spite  of  the 
fact  that  the  cool,  temperate  regions  of  the  earth 
have  been  so  thoroughly  ransacked  during  the  last 
century,  no  plant   has  ever  been  found  that  equals 


232  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

or  even  approaches  in  value  the  Common  Ivy  and  its 
varieties  for  the  special  purposes  for  which  they  are 
adapted.  The  best  that  are  available  are  the  Jasmine, 
Ercilla  volubilis  {Bridgesia  spicafd),  Smilax,  Qlematis 
calycina,  and  tenderer  things  like  Lardizabala  and 
Passiflora  ccerulea. 

Evergreens  as  a  whole  are  much  neglected  in 
ordinary  gardens.  Instead  of  drawing  upon  the 
great  wealth  of  shrubs  available,  so  many  go  on 
using  the  same  old  things  over  and  over  again, 
generally  Aucuba,  Portugal  and  Cherry  Laurels, 
Rhododendron  ponticum,   and  such   like. 

The  Best  Evergreens. — The  following  is  a 
representative  list  of  the  hardier  species  of  evergreens 
which  are  considered  most  deserving  of  attention, 
and  I  have  roughly  grouped  them  according  to  their 
size.  Conifers  are  not  included.  There  is,  of  course, 
considerable  difference  in  the  sizes  to  which  ever- 
greens attain,  according  to  the  cHmate  in  which  they 
are  growing.  The  grouping  here  is  merely  intended 
to  give  an  approximate  idea  of  their  habit.  Those 
marked  with  an  asterisk  (*)  are  the  more  tender  ones, 
and  although  valuable  in  the  southern  and  warmer 
parts  of  the  country,  have  not  been  grown  in  the 
colder  localities,  or  if  so,  against  a  wall.  Probably 
several  quite  as  good  as  those  mentioned  are  omitted, 
and  there  are  always  some  beautiful  plants  that  do 
well  in  certain  places,  but  fail  in  the  majority  of 
gardens.  Such  evergreens,  for  instance,  as  Fremontia 
californica,  Embothrium  coccincum,  Carpenteria  californica, 
and  many  other  things  like  the  New  Zealand  Veroni- 


NATIVE  AND  HARDY  EVERGREENS     233 


cas,  Himalayan  Rhododendrons,  Escallonias,  &c. 
But  on  the  whole  these  hardier  evergreens,  with 
the  varieties  that  belong  to  them,  adequately  re- 
present the  best  of  those  that  can  be  grown  in 
the  average  climate  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 
A  garden  that  contains  them  all  is  rich  in  ever- 
greens. 

(i.)  Trees 

*  Magnolia  grandiflora. 
Quercus        Ilex         (Holm 

Oak). 
Yews. 


Common  Box  and  varieties. 

Common  Holly  and  varieties 
(especially  such  superb  varie- 
ties as  I.  Wilsoni,  with  large 
dark  green  leaves  and  crim- 
son berries  a  laurifolia  nova). 


(ii.)  Tall  Shrubs  (say 

Arbutus  hybrida  and  varieties. 
„       Menziesi. 
„       Unedo    (Strawberry 
tree). 
*  Azara  microphylla. 
Camellia  japonica  varieties. 
Cotoneaster  buxifolia. 
Crataegus  Pyracantha  (Fiery 

Thorn). 
Lauras  nobilis  (Sweet  Bay). 
Ligustrum  lucidum. 
Prunus  lusitanica  (Portugal 
Laurel). 


8  feet  or  more  high) 

Prunus  Laurocerasus  (Com- 
mon or  Cherry  Laurel). 
Quercus  acuta. 

„         coccifera    (Kermes 

Oak). 
„         phillyraeoides. 
Rhododendrons,  garden 

varieties. 
„  catawbiense. 

Fortunei. 


(iii.)  Medium  Sized  Shrubs  (3  feet  or  more) 

I     Berberis  Darwinii. 
*     „        japonica. 


Aucuba  japonica  vars. 
*  Azalea  Icdifolia. 
Berberis  Aquifolium  and  vars 
,,        buxifolia. 


stenophylla. 
wallichiana. 


234 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


(iii.)  Medium  Sized  Shrubs 

Ceanothus   Gloire    de   Ver- 
sailles. 

*  Choisya  ternata  (Mexican 
Orange  Flower. 

Cistus  laurifolius. 
Elseagnus  macrophyllus. 

,,  pungens  and  vars 

*  Erica  arborea. 

*  ,,     australis. 

*  ,,     lusitanica. 
„     mediterranea     and 

vars. 
Escallonia  philippiana. 
„         rubra. 

*  Eucryphia  pinnatifolia. 
Euonymus  japonicus. 

*  Garrya  elliptica. 

*  Hydrangea  Hortensia. 
Ilex  cornuta. 
Kalmia  latifolia. 
Ligustrum    japonicum 

(Japanese  Privet). 


(3  feet  or  more) — continued 

Olearia  Haastii. 

Osmanthus  ilicifolius. 

Phillyrsea  decora. 
„        latifolia. 

Pieris  floribunda. 
„     japonica. 

Rhamnus  Alaternus  and  vars. 

Rhododendron  azaleoides. 
,,  ponticum. 

,,  myrtifolium. 

Rosmarinus  officinalis  (Rose- 
mary). 

Skimmia  japonica. 

Ulex  europseus  flore  pleno 
(Double  Gorse,  Furze,  or 
Whin). 

Veronica  Traversii. 

Viburnum  Tinus  and  vars. 
(Laurustinus). 

Yucca  augustifolia. 
„      gloriosa. 
recurvifolia. 


(iv.)  Dwarf  Shrubs  (under  3  feet) 


Andromeda  polifolia. 
Azalea  amoena. 
Bruckenthalia  spiculifolia. 
Bryanthus  empetriformis. 
Calluna   vulgaris    and    vars. 
(Heather,  Common  Ling). 
Cotoneaster  microphylla. 

„  rotundifolia. 

„  thymifolia. 


Daboecia  polifolia. 
Daphne  Cneorum  (Garland 
Flower). 
,,        oleoides. 
Erica  carnea. 

„     ciliaris (Dorset  Heath). 
„     cinerea     (Scotch 

Heather). 
,,     mediterranea  hybrida- 


NATIVE  AND  HARDY  EVERGREENS     235 


(iv.)  Dwarf  Shruds  (under  3  feet) — continued 


Erica  Tetralix  (Bell  Heather). 

„     vagans     (Cornish 
Heather). 
Euonymus  radicans  and  vars. 
Gaultheria  procumbens 

(Partridge  Berry). 
Gaultheria  Shallon. 
Genista   hispanica   (Spanish 

Broom). 
Hypericum  calycinum  (Rose 

of  Sharon). 


Kalmia  angustifolia. 

,,        glauca. 
Ledum  latifolium. 
Leiophyllum  buxifolium. 
Pernettya    mucronata     and 

vars. 
Rhododendron   ferrugineum 

(Alpine  Rose). 
Rhod()den(iron  racemosum. 
Vaccinium  Vitis-  idcea. 


(v.)  Climbers  and  Trailers 


Arctostaphylos  Uva-ursi. 
Hedera  Helix  and  vars.  (Ivy). 
Vinca  major  (Common  Peri- 
winkle). 


Vinca   minor   (Lesser    Peri- 
winkle). 


SHRUBS  FOR  SMALL  GARDENS 

It  is  possible  in  small  gardens  to  grow  many 
beautiful  shrubs  without  constant  cutting  of  the 
branches  to  keep  them  within  set  bounds.  Those 
mentioned  in  the  following  list  will  grow  in  ordinary 
soil.  Transplant  during  late  autumn  and  early 
winter  ;  and  one  golden  rule  to  observe  in  the  case 
of  shrubs  obtained  from  nurseries  is  to  plant  them 
in  their  permanent  position  as  soon  as  possible  after 
they  are  received,  but  should  anything  occur  to 
prevent  this,  the  roots  must  be  well  covered  with 
soil  till  planting  takes  place.  In  winter  large  numbers 
of  plants  are  sold  at  auction  rooms,  but  though  they 
may  appear  cheap,  this  is  not  always  so,  as  there  is 
no  guide  to  the  length  of  time  they  have  been  out 
of  the  ground,  and  in  a  dry  atmosphere  many  of 
the  smaller  roots  may  have  perished.  Such  plants 
take  a  long  time  to  recover  from  the  check.  If 
trees  or  shrubs  are  bought  at  a  local  nursery,  there 
is  the  great  advantage  of  getting  them  in  the  ground 
again  as  soon  as  possible.  The  shrubs  named  are 
fully  described  elsewhere  in  the  book. 

Aucubas,   3    to    6    feet.     Evergreen   shrubs,    some 

with  variegated,  others  with  plain  green  leaves.     The 
236 


SHRUBS  FOR  SMALL  GARDENS  237 

male  and  female  forms  are  separate.  If  the  latter 
are  fertilised,  bright-red  berries  result. 

Azaleas,  3  to  6  feet.     For  moist  and  peaty  soil. 

Berberis  Aquifolium,  4  feet  ;  B.  Darwinii,  6  to  8  feet  ; 
B.  stenophylla,  6  to  8  feet ;  B.  Thunbergi,  2  to  3  feet  ; 

B.  vulgaris  purpurea,  5  to  6  feet  (a  purple  -  leaved 
variety  of  the  Common   Barberry). 

Conms  Spcelliit,  4  feet.     This  has  rich  golden  foliage. 

Cotoueaster  frigida,   12  to   15  feet.     A  sturdy  tree, 

with  scarlet  berries  in  autumn.     C.  horizoutalis,  2  feet  ; 

C.  microphylla,  3  feet  ;   C.  Simofisii,  5  to  8  feet. 
Cratcegus  Oxyacantha  (Common   Hawthorn).     As  a 

small  tree  this  is  delightful  in  small  gardens,  especially 
the  double-flowered  forms,  of  which  the  richest  in 
colour  is  Paul's  double  scarlet.  As  a  contrast  to  this 
there  is  the  double  white. 

Cyiisus  albus  (White  Broom),  6  feet  ;  C.  mgricans, 
4  feet  ;  C.  prcecox  (Sulphur  Broom),  C.  scoparius 
(Common  Broom),  6  feet  ;   C.  s.  andreanus. 

Daphne  Cneorum  (Garland  Flower),  i  foot  ;  D.  Meze- 
reum  (the  Mezereon),  and  the  white  variety  alba. 

DeiUzia    creiiata  Jl,  pL,    6    to    8    feet ;    D.   gracilis, 

D.  hybrida. 

Elceagnus  pungens,  6  feet.  This  is  not  so  much 
planted  as  it  should  be  ;  it  is  a  rounded  evergreen 
bush  of  great  charm.  There  is  a  good  variegated 
variety. 

Eiionymus  japonicus,  4  to  8  feet  ;  E.  radicans,  i|  feet. 
The  variegated  variety  is  very  popular. 

Forsythia  suspensa,  6  to  8  feet.  A  climbing  shrub, 
but  may  be  kept  in  bush  form  if  pruned  back  hard 


238  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

after  flowering.  A  mass  of  golden-yellow  flowers 
in   March  or  April. 

Genista  hispanica  (Spanish  Furze),  2  feet  ;  G.  sagit- 
talis. 

Hamamelis  arborea  (Japanese  Witch  Hazel),  6  to  10 
feet  ;  H.  zuccanniana. 

Hedera  (Ivy).  It  must  not  be  forgotten  that  several 
varieties  form  bushes.  These  are  known  as  Tree 
Ivies,  and  are  invaluable  in  shady  spots. 

Hibiscus  syriacus,  6  to  7  feet. 

Hydrangea  Hortensia  (Common  Hydrangea),  4  to  8 
feet ;  H.  paniculata  grandiflora,  4  to  8  feet.  Pruned 
back  hard  before  starting  into  growth  in  spring,  this 
can  be  kept  dwarf,  and  if  liquid  manure  is  given  the 
heads  of  creamy-white  flowers  in  early  autumn  are 
very  fine. 

Hypericum  calycimim  (Rose  of  Sharon),  i  foot. 
Grows  well  under  trees.     H.  moserianum,  2  feet. 

Ilex  Aquifolium  (Common  Holly).  A  familiar  and 
handsome  evergreen  tree.  The  best  variegated 
varieties  are  Golden  Queen  and  Silver  Queen.  /. 
crenata  (Japanese  Holly). 

Jasminum  nudijlorum  (Winter -flowered  Jasmine), 
Common  White  Jasmine.  Both  for  walls  or  to  ramble 
over  some  support. 

Kerria  japonica,  5  feet.  This  little-known  shrub 
should  be  more  grown  ;  its  yellow  flowers  are  small 
but  pretty.     Flore-pleno  is  a  popular  variety. 

Laburnum. 

Ligiistrum  ovalifolium  aureum  (Golden-leaved  Privet), 
L.  sincnse  (Chinese  Privet). 


HIBISCUS  SYRIACUS  {Althaa  Jnitex),    VAR.  CMRULEUS. 


SHRUBS   FOR   SMALL   GARDENS     239 

Magnolia  conspicua  (Yulan),  10  to  30  feet ;  M.  Lennei, 
6  to  I  2  feet  ;  M.  soulangeana,  6  to  1 5  feet  ;  M.  stellata, 
3  to  6  feet. 

Osmanthus  ilicifolius. 

Philadelphus  coronarius  (Mock  Orange),  8  to  12  feet ; 
P.  grandijlorus,  10  to  15  feet  ;  P.  hybrids. 

Pniniis.  This  genus  includes  the  Ahnonds,  Apri- 
cots, Cherries,  Peaches,  Plums,  and  Laurels.  The 
best  are  the  Almond,  Double-flowered  Gean  {P.  Avium 
jl.  pL)y  P.  davidiana,  P.japonica  {P.  sinensis),  P.  Lauro- 
cerasns  (Common  Laurel),  P.  lusiianica  (Portugal 
Laurel),  P.  persica  (the  Peach),  P.  pscudo-cerasus,  P. 
triloba,  6  to  12  feet. 

Pyrtis  Ancttparia  (Mountain  Ash  or  Rowan  tree). 
P.  Jloribunda,  P.japonica  {Cydonia  japonica),  P.  Maulei, 
P.  spectabilis  fl.  pi. 

Rhododendrons.  Excellent  where  soil  and  sur- 
roundings are  suitable. 

Rhodotypiis  kcrrioides,  4  to  6  feet. 

Rhus  Cotinus  (Venetian  Sumach,  Wig  Tree,  Smoke 
Bush),  5  to  8  feet  ;  R.  glabra,  6  to  1 2  feet  ;  R. 
typhina,   8   to    15   feet. 

Ribes  aureitm  (Golden-flowered  Currant),  4  to  6 
feet  ;  R.  sanguineus,  4  to  6  feet. 

Robinia  hispida  (Rose  Acacia),  8  to  12  feet.  A 
delightful  tree  ;  rosy  flower  clusters  in  early  summer, 
but  very  brittle.  Must  not  be  in  wind-swept  corners. 
R.  Pseudacacia  elegans  (False  Acacia),  20  feet  ;  the 
Common  False  Acacia  is  too  large  for  small  gardens. 

Rubus  deliciosus,  5  to  6  feet. 

Skimmia  Forlunei  and  S.  japonica,  2  to  4  feet.     Two 


240  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

neat  little  evergreen  shrubs,  with  bright  -  crimson 
berries  in  winter.     Cool,  moist  soil. 

Spariium  jiinceum  (Spanish  Broom). 

Spircea  arguta,  4  to  5  feet ;  S.  aricefoliay  8  to  i  o 
feet,  very  beautiful  ;  S.  Douglasi,  6  feet  ;  5.  japonica 
(S.  callosa)  and  varieties  (see  tables)  ;  5.  media,  4 
feet ;  S,  prunifolia  fl.  pL,  6  to  8  feet  ;  S.  Thunbergi, 
4  to  5  feet. 

Symphoricarpus  racemosus  (Snowberry),  5  to  6  feet. 
The  variegated  variety  of  the  Common  Snowberry 
is  pretty. 

Syringa  vulgaris  (Lilac),  8  to  1 2  feet.     Described. 

Ulex  europceus  fl.  pi.  (Double-flowered  Furze  or 
Gorse),  4  to  6  feet.     Beautiful  in  hot  and  dry  soil. 

Viburnum  Opulus  sterile  (Guelder  Rose  or  Snowball 
tree),  V.  plicatum,  5  to  6  feet. 

Vtnca  major  (Periwinkle),  6  inches  to  i  foot.  A 
little  creeping  shrub,  delightful  for  a  rough  bank, 
and  will  thrive  under  trees  better  than  most  shrubby 
plants.  The  pretty  blue  flowers  appear  for  a  long 
time.  There  is  a  variety  with  prettily  variegated 
leaves.  V.  minor,  another  species,  is  smaller  alto- 
gether.    There  are  deep-blue  and  white  varieties. 

Weigelas,  6  to  8  feet.  Excellent  shrubs  for  small 
gardens. 

Shrubs  for  Town  Gardens 

From  the  preceding  list  of  shrubs  for  small  gardens 
a  selection  suitable  for  towns  is  appended.  Many 
things  refuse  to  live  in  the  smoky  and  confined  air 
of  towns.     This  is  particularly  noticeable  in  the  case 


SHRUBS   FOR  SMALL   GARDENS      241 


of  evergreens  ;  the  pores  become  choked  with  sooty 
deposit,  and  the  plant  consequently  soon  fails, 
whereas  many  of  those  whose  leaves  are  removed 
annually  are  not  so  seriously  affected.  Conifers  are 
generally  a  failure.  This  is  a  small  list,  but  only 
small  gardens  are  under  consideration. 


Aucubas. 

Berberis  Aquifolium. 
Berberis  stenophylla. 
Cotoneasters,    especially     C. 

frigida,  which  is,  however, 

a  small  tree. 
Cratasgus  Oxyacantha  (Haw- 
thorn) and  varieties. 
Crataegus    Pyracantha    (Tree 

Thorn). 
Daphne  Mezereum. 
Euonymus  japonicus. 
Forsythia. 
Genista  hispanica. 
Hedera  (Ivy). 
Hibiscus  syriacus. 
Jasminum  officinale. 
Kerria  japonica. 
Laburnum. 
Ligustrum  ovalifolium  aureum 

(Golden-leaved  Privet). 
Magnolia  stellata,  M.  cunspi- 

cua. 
Osmanthus  ilicifolius. 
Philadelphus  (Mock  Orange). 

All  the  species  and  varieties. 
Privet. 
Prunus  Amygdalus  (Almond). 


Prunus  Avium  flore-pleno 
(Double-flowered  Gean). 

Prunus  Laurocerasus  (Lau- 
rel). 

Prunus  Persica  (Peach). 

Prunus  pseudo-cerasus. 

Pyrus  Aucuparia  (Mountain 
Ash). 

Pyrus  floribunda. 

Pyrus  japonica  and  varieties. 

Rhus  typhina  (Sumach). 

Ribes  aureum. 

Ribes  sanguineum  and  varie- 
ties. 

Robinia  Pseudacacia  and 
varieties. 

Spartium  junceum. 

Spiraea  arguta. 

Spiraea  japonica  and  varieties. 

Symphoricarpus  racemosus 
(Snowberry). 

Symphoricarpus  vulgaris. 

Syringa  vulgaris  (Lilac)  and 
varieties. 

Viburnum  plicatum  (Chinese 
Guelder  Rose). 

Weigela  rosea  and  varieties. 


SHRUB  AND  FLOWER  BORDERS 

Where  there  are  wide  lawn  spaces  and  fine  trees 
in  garden  ground  much  of  the  effect  is  often  lost  or 
spoiled  by  the  presence  of  unworthy  trivialities  where 
there  should  be  distinct  and  bold  features.  The 
most  frequent  offender  is  a  narrow  strip  of  flower 
border,  edging  shrubbery  and  coming  between  the 
shrubs  and  the  grass.  Nothing  is  more  useless  than 
such  a  border.  The  shrubs  would  look  much  better 
coming  right  down  to  the  grass,  while  if  bright  or 
distinct  colour  is  absolutely  required,  it  is  easy  to 
make  a  place  here  and  there  where  some  patch  of 
Lily  or  other  flower  of  bold  form  may  be  well  seen. 

These  narrow  borders  are  undesirable,  not  only 
for  their  poor  effect — we  think  not  of  one,  but  of 
many  a  fine  place  where  there  are  furlongs  of  such 
futility — but  because  the  plan  is  destructive  to  both 
shrubs  and  flowers.  If  the  ground  is  not  dug  for 
a  year  the  roots  of  the  shrubs  invade  it  ;  if  it  is 
dug  and  enriched  for  the  flowers,  the  feeding  roots 
of  the  shrubs  are  mutilated. 

In  the  case  of  a  place  where  lawn  comes  up  to 
shrub  plantation,  which,  again,  is  backed  by  wood- 
land, the  better  way  is  to  have,  in  just  the  right  places, 
a  bold  planting  of  something  fairly  large,  whose 
flower  shall  endure  for  a  good  while,  to  let  the  large 


TALL    EVERGREliX    SUliUBS    IN    A     I'lOWIR    hOHDER. 


SHRUB   AND   FLOWER   BORDERS      243 

group  of  it  come  right  through  to  the  lawn,  and 
also  stretch  away  back  into  the  woodland.  In  our 
southern  counties,  in  sheltered  places,  where  the 
ground  is  cool  and  moist,  and  at  the  same  time 
well  drained,  nothing  can  be  better  than  Hydrangeas. 
Other  softer  plants  for  the  same  treatment  would  be 
the  fine  Ntcotiaua  syivcstn's,  and  for  earlier  in  the 
year  White  Foxglove,  and  even  before  that  Verbascum 
olympicum.  Liliunt  auratiim  is  also  superb  in  such 
places,  and  Polygonum  Sieboldi  and  others  of  this  fine 
race  of  autumn-blooming  plants.  If  some  of  the 
shrubs  at  the  edge  of  the  grass,  such  as  Azaleas,  have 
beautiful  colour  at  more  than  one  time  of  the  year, 
both  at  the  flowering  time  and  in  autumn  blaze  of 
foliage,  two  seasons  of  beauty  are  secured. 

Hardy  Ferns  are  undeservedly  neglected  as  plants 
to  group  about  the  feet  of  shrubs  ;  some  of  the 
bolder  kinds,  as  the  Male  Fern  and  the  Lady  Fern, 
are  charming  as  a  setting  to  the  Lilies  that  love  cool, 
shady  wood  edges. 

If  shrubbery  edges  were  planned  with  a  view  to 
good  effect  both  far  and  near,  what  capital  com- 
panies of  plants  could  be  put  together.  As  one 
such  example,  let  us  suppose  a  cool  spot,  with  peaty 
or  light  vegetable  soil,  planted  in  the  front  with 
Skimmia  and  hardy  Ferns,  Funkia  grandijlora,  and 
Lilium  ritbellum.  A  little  farther  back  would  come 
Lilinm  Broivuii,  then  a  group  of  Kalmias  and  Lilium 
auratum.  One  carefully-planted  scheme  such  as  this 
would  lead  to  others  of  the  same  class,  so  that  the 
quantities  of  grand  shrubs  and  plants  that  are  only 


244  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

waiting  to  be  well  used  would  be  made  into  lovely 
pictures,  instead  of  being  planted  in  the  usual  un- 
thinking fashion,  which  is  without  definite  aim,  and 
therefore  cannot  possibly  make  any  good  effect. 

We  do  not,  as  a  rule,  plant  upright-growing 
Conifers  of  the  Juniper  and  Cypress  class  in  our 
flower  borders,  and  yet  the  illustration  shows  how 
this  may  be  done  with  the  very  happiest  effect.  Pro- 
bably in  this  case  the  trees  were  there  already,  and  the 
flower  border  was  wanted,  and  therefore  was  made 
in  circumstances  that  would  not  have  been  specially 
arranged  at  the  outset.  But  it  has  been  done  with 
rare  intelligence  and  sympathy,  and  the  result  is 
excellent.  Here  also  is  seen  the  best  kind  of  edge 
treatment,  for  the  grass  is  either  cut  with  the  scythe 
or  the  plants  at  the  edge  are  lifted  with  a  stick  as 
the  machine  runs  along,  so  that  the  usual  pitiless 
machine  edge  is  not  seen,  and  the  plants  at  the  side 
bush  out  over  the  grass  just  as  they  should  do.  This 
is  a  thing  that  is  rarely  seen  well  done  in  gardens. 


SHRUBS    UNDER   TREES 

It  is  often  a  vexed  question  what  to  plant  under 
trees  when  the  space  is  bare,  and  sometimes  there 
is  an  ugly  view  seen  beneath  the  branches  to  shut 
out.  Evergreens  are  the  sheet  anchor,  relieved  with 
a  few  deciduous  shrubs  grouped  amongst  them. 

Much  depends  upon  the  tree,  whether  a  Beech 
or  an  Oak,  a  Maple  or  a  Chestnut,  and  so  on,  as 
trees  vary  considerably  in  their  method  of  rooting, 
as  well  as  in  the  shade  they  give  during  the  summer 
months.  This  affects  the  welfare  of  the  plants  under- 
neath. Such  trees  as  Oak,  Ash,  Plane,  Birch,  and 
Horse  Chestnut  are  inclined  to  root  deeply  when 
they  have  grown  to  a  fair  size,  and  do  not  interfere 
directly  with  anything  underneath  them,  although 
the  roots  extract  much  moisture  from  the  soil. 

On  the  other  hand.  Beech,  Elm,  Lime,  and 
Sycamore  are  more  surface-rooting,  and  their  roots 
often  get  entangled  with  and  gradually  kill  plants 
growing  near  them.  Beech  and  Elm  are  the  greatest 
offenders,  and  grass  frequently  perishes  under  these 
trees.  A  few  liberal  soakings  of  water  in  dry  weather 
are  beneficial  to  shrubs  or  anything  else  under  trees, 
but  the  soakings  must  be  thorough,  as  mere  sprinkles 
are  more  harmful  than  otherwise.  The  spread  of 
large  tree  branches  should  also  be  noticed  in  summer, 


246  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

as  sometimes  one  or  two  of  the  lower  ones  may  be 
removed  with  benefit  to  the  shrubs,  judicious  cutting 
away  letting  in  Hght  and  air. 

The  best  of  the  larger  growing  evergreens  to  use 
under  trees  are  Laurels,  both  common  and  Portugal, 
Yews,  Box,  Osmanthus,  Aucubas,  Phillyrccas,  com- 
mon and  oval-leaved  Privet,  Ligustrum  sinense,  and 
Rhododendron  ponticum.  Of  these  Yews,  Box,  and 
Osmanthus  are  perhaps  as  successful  as  any.  The 
Osmanthus  is  not  usually  considered  suitable  for  this 
purpose,  but  it  succeeds  well  in  the  shade,  and  keeps 
a  good  dark-green  colour.  Hollies  are  sometimes 
recommended,  but,  though  they  may  occasionally 
thrive  under  trees,  it  is  not  advisable  to  use  many 
of  them,  as  they  are  more  often  a  failure,  becoming 
thin  and  straggling  in  the  course  of  a  year  or  two. 
Of  dwarf-growing  evergreens  Berberis  Aquifolium, 
Butcher's  Broom  {Ruscus  aculeatus),  Cotoneaster  micro- 
phylla,  Euonymus  japonicus,  and  E.  radicans,  with  their 
respective  varieties,  Skimmias,  Gaultheria  Shallon, 
Ivies,  Pernettya  mucronata,  St.  John's  Wort  {Hypericum 
calyctnum)y  and  Vincas  can  all  be  recommended, 
as  they  all  do  well  in  the  shade,  and  most  of  them 
will  flower  freely. 

For  a  very  dry  spot  where  nothing  else  will  grow 
the  Butcher's  Broom  and  St.  John's  Wort  should  be 
planted,  as  both  will  grow  and  thrive  where  other 
plants  die.  With  deciduous  shrubs  under  trees  the 
difficulty  is  not  so  much  in  getting  them  to  live  as 
in  coaxing  them  to  flower,  but  a  few  of  them  will 
do  well  in  the  shade,  and,  as  a  rule,  bloom  freely. 


SHRUBS   UNDER   TREES  247 

Of  these  the  best  are  the  common  and  White  Brooms, 
Azalea  ponlica,  Genista  virgata,  Philadelphus,  Forsythias, 
and  Daphne  Mczerenm.  The  shrubby  Spiraeas  may 
also  be  used  sparingly  in  a  fairly  light  and  open 
place,  though  plenty  of  sun  is  required  as  a  rule 
to  enable  them  to  flower  properly.  In  addition, 
though  their  flowers  are  insignificant,  Cornus  alba, 
with  its  red  stems  in  winter,  the  Snowberry  {Symphori- 
carpus  raccntosus),  which  is  laden  every  year  with 
white  berries  long  after  the  leaves  have  fallen. 

The  question  about  shrubs  growing  under  trees 
is  so  frequently  asked  that  the  names  of  those  most 
successful  are  given,  but  generally  the  beauty  of  the 
tree  is  lost  when  smothered  up  with  evergreens  and 
other  shrubs  beneath  its  spreading  branches.  A  tree 
is  a  picture  in  itself,  and  it  is  pleasant  to  see  the 
grass  creep  to  the  branch  edge  and  then  cease,  leaving 
a  brown  earth  patch  under  the  canopy  of  foliage. 


HARDY  SHRUBS  IN  THE  GREENHOUSE 

Hardy  shrubs  have  for  many  years  brought  colour 
and  fragrance  to  the  greenhouse  in  the  depth  of 
winter,  but  we  think  it  is  only  within  recent  years 
that  they  have  been  used  in  such  beautiful  variety 
as  at  the  present  time.  The  great  show  of  the 
Royal  Horticultural  Society  in  the  Temple  Gardens, 
and  many  of  the  delightful  fortnightly  displays, 
have  been  responsible  for  much  of  their  present 
popularity,  and  the  picture  of  a  group  of  Plums, 
Peaches,  Almonds,  Wistarias,  and  many  other  things 
in  flower  long  before  their  natural  season  is  refresh- 
ingly pleasant  when  perhaps  winter  still  lingers. 

So  many  shrub  families  may  be  used  for  gently 
forcing  into  bloom  before  their  time  that  it  is  im- 
possible to  lay  down  hard  and  fast  rules  with  regard 
to  culture.  In  some  cases  the  plants  may  be  lifted 
in  the  autumn,  then  potted,  and  placed  out  of  doors 
until  they  are  removed  under  glass,  when  the  flowers 
will  open  in  profusion  ;  but  the  shrubs  that  can  be 
treated  in  this  way  make  dense,  fibrous  masses  of 
roots,  therefore  scarcely  feel  the  check  of  removal. 
Some  shrubs,  however,  transplant  so  badly  that  it 
is  needful  to  grow  them  entirely  in  pots. 

Shrubs   for    flowering   under   glass   are   grown   in 

large  quantities    by  some   English   nurserymen,  and 
248 


HARDY  SHRUBS  IN  GREENHOUSE     249 

there  is  a  considerable  trade  in  them  between  this 
country  and  Holland.  The  Dutch  cultivators  in 
particular  grow  a  great  many  of  their  plants  in 
pots,  the  general  method  being  what  may  be  re- 
garded as  a  modification  of  pot  culture  and  planting 
out,  that  is  to  say,  although  the  plants  are  potted, 
and  that  in  fairly  large  pots,  they  are  plunged  in 
the  open  ground  over  the  rim  of  the  pot,  and  in 
a  position  fully  exposed  to  air  and  sunshine.  Al- 
though a  few  roots  may  be  pushed  out  over  the  rim, 
and  also  through  the  hole  in  the  bottom,  this  treat- 
ment has  the  effect  of  keeping  them  far  more 
compact  than  would  otherwise  be  the  case,  hence 
the  check  of  removal  is  not  so  great  as  if  they  have 
unlimited  room.  This  partial  confinement  of  the 
roots  checks  a  too  luxuriant  growth  and  promotes 
flower-bud   formation. 

In  the  cultivation  of  shrubs  for  this  purpose, 
whether  they  are  confined  in  pots  or  planted  out, 
choose  an  open,  well-exposed  position,  carefully 
guarding  against  overcrowding,  as  this  tends  to  leaves 
instead  of  flowers.  With  the  same  object,  they  must 
be  kept  free  from  weeds,  and  not  allowed  to  suffer 
from  drought. 

With  few  exceptions,  the  best  time  to  lift  and  pot 
the  plants  is  as  soon  as  possible  after  the  leaves 
have  fallen  in  the  autumn.  When  done  at  this  time 
the  young  roots  recover  from  the  check,  and  get 
hold  of  the  new  soil  before  the  flowering  season. 
The  pots  must  be  plunged  in  leaves,  spent  hops,  or 
cocoa-nut  refuse,  to  keep  them  in  an  even  condition 


2 so  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

of  moisture,  and  after  potting  never  allow  the  roots 
to  suffer  through  dryness.  Whether  intended  for 
very  early  flowering  or  later  on,  the  plants  should 
at  first  only  be  taken  into  a  comparatively  cool 
structure,  and,  if  necessary,  brought  to  a  greater 
heat  by  degrees,  and  the  lower  the  temperature,  say 
about  5  5  degrees,  the  more  beautiful  the  flower 
colouring  ;  while,  when  they  are  only  required  in 
bloom  a  little  before  the  natural  season,  mere 
protection  from  sharp  frosts  and  keen  winds  is 
alone  essential.  The  advantage  of  early  potting 
is  shown  conspicuously  in  the  case  of  Azaleas.  The 
flowers  produced  by  plants  that  have  been  potted 
soon  after  the  leaves  have  fallen  will  remain  twice 
as  long  in  beauty  as  on  those  not  potted  until  after 
Christmas. 

In  a  general  way,  plants  that  have  been  forced 
hard  to  get  them  into  flower  early  cannot  be  de- 
pended upon  to  bloom  satisfactorily  the  following 
season,  no  matter  how  carefully  they  may  have  been 
treated,  but  those  merely  brought  into  bloom  a  little 
in  advance  of  those  out  of  doors  will  undergo  the 
same  ordeal  next  year.  Too  often,  when  the  flowers 
are  over,  the  shrubs  are  put  away  in  some  corner 
and  forgotten,  and  the  result  is  injured  leaves  and 
general  upset.  Shrubs  so  treated  cannot  perform 
their  duties  in  the  year  following.  Shrubs  that  have 
finished  flowering  under  glass  before  the  time  of 
frost  and  cold  winds  is  past  should  be  at  first 
carefully  protected  and  gradually  hardened  off. 
Where   a  cool  house  is  not  available,  a  frame  in   a 


HARDY  SHRUBS  IN  GREENHOUSE     251 

sheltered  position  is  suitable,  but  even  then  avoid 
overcrowding.  By  the  middle  of  May  this  precaution 
is  not  so  necessary,  although  keen  frosts  and  winds 
are  experienced  that  would  injure  foliage  developed 
under  glass.  Where  potting  is  necessary,  that  is,  in 
the  case  of  plants  grown  permanently  in  this  way, 
it  should  be  done  before  they  are  placed  in  their 
summer  quarters.  For  this  the  pots  should,  if 
possible,  be  placed  on  a  firm  bed  of  ashes  and 
planged  in  some  moisture-holding  material,  such  as 
partially  decayed  leaves,  spent  hops,  or  cocoa-nut 
fibre  refuse.  Occasional  doses  of  liquid  manure 
during  the  growing  season  are  beneficial,  particularly 
in  the  case  of  shrubs  that  have  not  been  re-potted, 
as  the  limited  amount  of  nourishment  in  the  soil 
will  have  gone  by  that  time. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  best  shrubs  for 
flowering  under  glass  : — 

Andromeda  (known  also  as  Pieris  and  Zenobia). 
— The  Andromedas  are  beautiful  shrubs,  with  lily- 
of-the-valley-like  flowers,  and  form  such  a  mass 
of  fibrous  roots  that  they  can  be  lifted  from  the  open 
ground  and  potted  without  receiving  any  check. 
When  placed  in  a  cool  house  they  flower  profusely. 
The  best  are  A.  floribunda,  which  has  crowded,  some- 
what stifif  spikes  ;  A.  japonica,  known  by  its  drooping 
racemes  ;  and  A.  speciosa  ptilverulcnta,  which  has  hoary 
leaves  and  waxy-white  bells.  The  first  two  may  be 
had  in  flower  by  the  end  of  March,  but  the  other 
is  later. 

Azalea. — One  of  the  useful  classes  of  shrubs  that 


2  52  TREES  AND   SHRUBS 

we  have  for  this  purpose,  quite  as  valuable  for  hard 
forcing  as  for  flowering  later  in  spring.  Although 
the  formation  of  the  roots  is  dense  and  wig-like, 
they  are,  as  already  stated,  all  the  better  for  being 
potted  early,  while  they  may  be  permanently  grow^n 
in  pots  in  a  satisfactory  way.  The  Chinese  A. 
sinemsis,  or  mollis,  as  it  is  more  popularly  called,  is 
of  close  and  compact  growth,  with  massive  clusters 
of  large  flowers,  varying  in  colour  from  pale  yellow 
to  deep  orange  salmon,  and  innumerable  tints  and 
shades.  Among  the  most  beautiful  are  Alphonse 
Lavalle,  bright  orange ;  Anthony  Koster,  deep  yellow ; 
Dr.  Pasteur,  orange  red  ;  General  Vetten,  orange  ; 
Hugo  Koster,  salmon  red  ;  and  J.  J.  de  Vink,  soft 
rose.  The  varieties  grouped  under  the  head  of 
Ghent  Azaleas  are  very  beautiful,  and  quite  as  suitable 
for  forcing  as  the  preceding.  The  individual  flowers 
are  smaller,  but  they  are  borne  in  such  profusion 
that  the  whole  plant  is  a  mound  of  blossom.  The 
colour  varies  from  white,  through  all  shades  of  yellow, 
orange,  pink,  rose,  and  scarlet,  to  bright  crimson, 
so  that  plenty  of  variety  is  available,  and  some  forms 
have  double  flowers.  These  are  not  so  showy  as 
the  single  Azaleas.  Azaleas,  when  planted  out,  re- 
quire a  certain  amount  of  peat  or  other  vegetable 
matter  in  the  soil,  ?nd  this  is  even  more  important 
when  they  are  grown  in  pots.  A  suitable  compost 
consists  of  equal  parts  of  loam,  leaf-mould,  and  peat, 
with  half  a  part  of  sand.  Very  little  pruning  is 
needful,  and  this  to  only  consist  of  shortening  an 
occasional  shoot  that  threatens  to  upset  the  balance 


HARDY  SHRUBS  IN  GREENHOUSE     253 

/  of  the  plant,  and  thinning  wiry  and  exhausted  growths, 
but  remove  seed  pods  directly  the  flowers  are  over, 
as  these  are  a  drain  upon  the  plant's  strength. 

Berberis. — Few  Berberises  are  of  much  account 
for  greenhouse  decoration,  the  best  being  the  orange- 
flowered  B.  Darwinii  and  the  rich  yellow  B.  stenophylla. 
They  will  not  flower  well  if  forced  hard,  but  in  a 
cool  house,  with  very  little  heat,  they  are  very  charm- 
ing. A  successful  grower  of  shrubs  under  glass 
writes  :  "  I  knew  of  some  bushes  of  B.  stenophylla 
that  had  been  treated  in  this  way  for  five  years,  and 
little  trouble  was  taken  with  them,  yet  they  were  so 
beautiful  as  to  be  much  admired  every  year.  After 
flowering,  the  weakly  growths  were  cut  out  and  the 
pots  plunged  in  the  open  ground.  Manure  water  was 
occasionally  given,  and  with  this  treatment  they  did 
well." 

Carpenteria  CALIFORNICA. — This  evergreen  shrub, 
even  in  the  south  of  England,  is  all  the  better  for 
slight  protection,  and  it  is  delightful  in  the  almost 
cold  house,  the  white  flowers,  reminding  one  of 
those  of  the  Japanese  anemone,  appearing  about 
May.      It  is  a  very  beautiful  shrub. 

Caryopteris  Mastacanthus. — This  Chinese  shrub 
will  bloom  freely  in  light  and  warm  soils,  bearing 
lavender  blue  flowers  in  profusion  during  the 
autumn  ;  indeed,  so  late  that  when  cold  and  wet 
weather  occurs  they  often  fail  to  expand  at  all.  This 
difficulty  is  overcome  when  the  plants  are  grown  in 
pots  and  taken  into  the  greenhouse  for  the  flowers  to 
open  ;   it  is  then  very  pretty  and   much   liked.     After 


2  54  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

flowering,  the  shoots  generally  die  back  almost  to 
the  ground,  but  break  up  with  renewed  vigour  in 
spring. 

Ceanothus, — Some  of  the  early-flowering  Ceano- 
thuses  are  very  valuable  ;  they  may  be  grown  in  pots, 
and  their  flowers  are  of  pleasing  blue  colouring, 
which  is  unusual  and  therefore  welcome.  Among 
the  best  for  this  purpose  are  C.  dentatus,  C.  papillosus, 
and  C.  veitchiamis.  Ceanothuses  do  not  transplant 
very  well,  and  if  intended  for  flowering  in  pots 
should  be  lifted  in  the  autumn,  potted  carefully, 
and  wintered  in  a  cool  house.  They  may  be  kept 
altogether  in  pots,  giving  them  much  the  same 
attention  during  summer  as  Berberis  stenophylla. 

Cercis  Siliquastrum. — This  is  the  Judas  tree, 
and  as  many  know,  while  the  leaves  are  still  absent 
the  stems  bear  clusters  of  rosy-purple  flowers.  It 
may  be  lifted  and  potted  in  the  autumn  or  kept 
altogether  in  pots,  but  on  no  account  indulge  in  hard 
forcing,  as  it  resents  this  treatment.  Well-grown 
specimens  are  very  pretty  when  in  flower  in  late 
March. 

Chionanthus. — There  are  two  species  of  Chio- 
nanthus,  viz.  the  North  American  Fringe  tree  (C. 
virginica)  and  its  Japanese  representative  C.  retusus. 
They  resemble  each  other  very  much,  but  the 
American  form  is  the  better  of  the  two.  The  Fringe 
trees  are  very  charming  when  in  pots.  Prune  back 
hard  after  flowering  and  fully  expose  to  the  sun  to 
ensure  plenty  of  flower  buds.  A  moist  soil  is 
essential. 


HARDY  SHRUBS  IN  GREENHOUSE     255 

Mexican  Orange  Flower  {Clwisya  temata).  This 
will  bear  its  white  fragrant  flower  clusters  in  March 
in  a  greenhouse,  and  a  succession  is  maintained  for 
some  time.  It  is  most  satisfactory  when  grown 
altogether  in  pots  and  plunged  outside  during  the 
summer. 

Clematises. — Of  late  years  the  various  forms  of 
Clematis  have  been  grown  largely  under  glass  and 
used  for  various  purposes,  not  only  in  the  shape  of 
large  specimens,  but  in  pots  five  inches  in  diameter, 
the  plant  being  secured  to  a  single  stake  and  carry- 
ing several  big  showy  flowers.  Two  somewhat  new 
continental  varieties,  Marcel  Moser  and  Nelly  Moser, 
have  proved  very  useful  for  this  treatment.  The 
plants  flowered  in  small  pots  are  those  that  are 
propagated  in  the  preceding  spring  and  plunged  out 
of  doors  during  the  summer.  The  Himalayan  C 
montana  that  flowers  naturally  so  early  in  the  season 
readily  responds  to  a  little  heat,  and  in  the  green- 
house in  spring  it  is  almost  as  welcome  as  the  New 
Zealand  C.  indivisa. 

Clethra. — Although  C.  alnifolia  does  not  flower 
until  the  autumn  it  may  be  had  in  bloom  in 
spring.  Of  course,  it  will  not  be  so  early  as  shrubs 
that  are  naturally  in  beauty  in  the  spring,  but  in  May 
its  white,  fragrant  flowers  should  be  seen.  It  requires 
a  cool,  moist  soil  and  sunshine,  while  prune  moder- 
ately immediately  after  flowering.  Lifted  in  the 
autumn  soon  after  the  leaves  drop,  it  will  succeed 
well. 

Corylopsis   spicata. — This    reminds    one    of    a 


256  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

small  Hazel  bush,  and  in  early  spring  before  the 
leaves  appear,  the  drooping  clusters  of  fragrant  yellow 
flowers  appear  in  profusion,  simple  protection  is  all 
that  is  needed  to  get  flowers  quite  early  in  the  year, 
when  it  is  very  pretty  in  the  greenhouse.  It  thrives 
well  kept  permanently  in  pots,  or  it  may  be  lifted 
and  potted  in  the  autumn.  No  pruning  is  neces- 
sary. 

Cytisus  (Broom). — The  various  Brooms  are  much 
admired,  whether  in  the  open  ground  or  under  glass, 
and  for  the  latter  purpose  they  must  be  established 
in  pots,  for  their  roots  are  few,  descend  deeply,  and 
therefore  transplanting  is  difficult.  They  will  not 
bear  hard  forcing,  but  in  a  greenhouse  may  be  had 
in  flower  by  the  end  of  March,  or  soon  after.  If 
kept  altogether  in  pots,  cut  them  hard  back  after 
flowering  to  encourage  vigorous  shoots  for  another 
year.  Numerous  sorts  may  be  grown  in  pots,  par- 
ticularly the  Spanish  Broom  (C.  a/bus),  the  common 
Broom  (C.  scoparius),  with  the  hybrid  Andreanus  and 
the  sulphur-coloured  C.  prcecox. 

Deutzia. — The  pretty  D.  gmcilis  is  well  known  as 
one  of  the  best  of  all  shrubs  for  early  forcing.  The 
Dutch  cultivators  grow  it  in  pots  and  plunge  it  in 
the  open  ground.  Of  these  smaller  Deutzias  some 
beautiful  hybrids  have  been  raised,  particularly  D. 
Lemoinei,  D.  hybrida  venusta,  and  D.  kalmceflora,  all  of 
which  may  be  forced  almost,  if  not  quite,  as  readily 
as  D.  gracilis.  The  old  and  exhausted  shoots  of 
these  Deutzias  should,  if  the  shrubs  are  kept  in  pots, 
be  cut  away  to  allow  young  and  vigorous  ones  to 


/  HARDY  SHRUBS  IN  GREENHOUSE     257 

develop.  Though  they  may  be  had  in  flower  early, 
they  are  much  appreciated  in  the  greenhouse,  even 
as  late  as  the  month  of  May.  The  larger  growing 
D,  crenata,  with  its  numerous  varieties,  Candidissima 
/lore  pleno,  IVellsii,  and  JVatererii  will  not  bear  hard 
forcing,  but  can  be  had  in  flower  with  little  trouble 
in  April  and  May.  Good,  well-ripened  bushes  may 
be  lifted  in  the  autumn,  and  if  potted  and  carefully 
attended  to  they  will  flower  well  the  following  spring. 

Heaths. — EHca  camea  is  very  pretty  in  a  cool  house 
in  midwinter,  all  that  is  needed  being  to  lift  the 
clumps  from  the  open  ground,  pot,  and  keep  watered  ; 
while  the  large-growing  Portuguese  Heath  (£".  codo- 
nodes),  which  flowers  naturally  in  February  in  the 
open  ground,  when  the  weather  is  not  too  severe, 
well  repays  glass  protection  at  that  season. 

FORSYTHIA. — The  Forsythias  flower  in  the  open 
ground  by  the  month  of  March,  and  indoors,  of 
course,  much  earlier.  The  most  effective  is  F. 
suspensa,  which  is  naturally  a  climber,  or,  at  all 
events,  of  loose  and  rambling  growth.  When  needed 
for  pots,  tie  the  principal  shoots  to  a|stout  stake,  and 
let  the  smaller  branches  grow  at  will,  the  result  being 
a  fountain  of  yellow  flowers.  After  flowering  in  the 
greenhouse,  cut  back  the  shoots  hard,  leaving  only 
an  eye  or  two  at  the  base.  These  eyes  will  break 
up  and  produce  flowering  shoots  for  another  year. 
By  this  method  of  treatment  the  same  plants  may 
be  kept  for  many  years,  provided  they  are  carefully 
attended  to  and  given  occasional  doses  of  liquid 
manure  during  the  summer. 

R 


258  TREES  AND   SHRUBS 

Hydrangea. — The  many  varieties  of  the  common 
Hydrangea  are  all  valuable  for  the  greenhouse, 
particularly  Cyanocladay  Mariesit,  Rosea,  Stc/laia,  and 
Thomas  Hogg.  To  obtain  small  flowering  plants 
the  cuttings  are  struck  in  spring  or  early  summer, 
grown  on  freely  for  a  time,  and  well  ripened  by  full 
exposure  to  air  and  sunshine  before  autumn.  Plants 
grown  in  this  way  readily  respond  to  a  little  heat 
in  the  spring.  Larger  specimens,  too,  may  be  brought 
on  in  the  same  way.  The  Japanese  H.  paniculata 
grandiflora  needs  quite  different  treatment,  the  plants 
being  generally  grown  in  the  open  ground,  from 
whence  they  are  lifted  and  potted  in  the  autumn. 
Before  potting  prune  the  long,  wand-like  shoots  back 
hard,  leaving  only  about  two  eyes  at  the  base.  By 
so  doing  the  plants  are  kept  dwarfer,  and  the  flower 
heads  are  larger  than  if  no  pruning  were  done.  By 
some  the  Hydrangea  is  grown  as  a  standard,  and 
is  very  effective  when  in  beauty. 

Itea  virginica. — A  neat  little  bush,  about  a  yard 
high,  with  dense  spikes  of  white  flowers.  It  needs 
a  sunny  spot  in  a  cool  and  moist  soil,  and  under 
these  conditions  will  flower  freely  if  carefully  lifted 
in  the  autumn  and  potted.  It  must  not  suffer  from 
dryness  afterwards.     No  pruning  is  necessary. 

Jamesia  AMERICANA. — A  pretty  Httle  white-flowered 
shrub  from  the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  will  bloom 
freely  under  glass,  but  must  not  be  forced  hard  ; 
it  may  be  treated  in  the  same  way  as  the  Itea. 

Kalmia All  the  Kalmias  are  good   pot   shrubs. 

The  roots  are  dense  and  wig-like,  reminding  one  of 


/ 

HARDY  SHRUBS  IN  GREENHOUSE     259 

those  of  a  Rhododendron,  so  that  well-budded  plants 
can  be  lifted  in  the  autumn  and  potted  without 
risk.  They  must  be  brought  on  gradually  in  a  cool 
house,  and  never  suffer  from  want  of  water.  The 
earliest  to  bloom  is  K.  glauca,  followed  by  K. 
augustifolia,  while  later  on  there  is  the  largest  and 
best-known  species,  K.  latifolia,  the  Mountain  Laurel 
of  the  United  States,  which  has  pretty  pink  flower 
clusters. 

Kerria  japonica  (the  Jews'  Mallow). — The  single 
Kerria  is  a  twiggy  bush,  with  bright  yellow  flowers, 
like  those  of  a  single  Rose,  and  expand  quickly  in 
spring.  The  ordinary  double  Kerria  is  very  bright 
amongst  forced  shrubs  ;  they  can  be  potted  in  autumn 
or  grown  permanently  in  pots.  After  the  flowering 
season  is  over  the  double  variety  can  be  spurred 
back  hard  to  prevent  a  tall  weakly  growth. 

Laburnum. — This  has  long  been  used  for  the 
greenhouse,  and  very  effective  it  is  when  well 
flowered.  It  is  as  a  rule  most  successful  when  in 
large  pots,  in  the  shape  of  a  standard.  Prune 
back  moderately  after  flowering. 

LONICERA  (Honeysuckle). — As  L.  fragrantissima 
flowers  naturally  out  of  doors  soon  after  Christmas 
when  the  weather  is  mild,  it  is  evident  that  no 
forcing  is  needed  to  obtain  it  at  that  season,  and  in 
a  cool  greenhouse  the  little  white  flowers  are  remark- 
able for  their  delicious  perfume.  As  spring  advances 
the  early  Dutch  may  be  flowered  under  glass,  while 
the  scarlet  Honeysuckle  (Z,.  sempervircus  minor)  is  a 
delightful  greenhouse  plant,  not  used  so  much  as  it 


26o  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

deserves  to  be  for  rafters  and  similar  purposes  in  the 
greenhouse. 

LOROPETALUM  CHINENSE. — This  Chinese  shrub, 
with  its  long,  pure  white,  strap-shaped  petals,  bears 
much  resemblance  to  the  Chionanthus,  and  is  quite 
as  desirable  for  flowering  in  pots.  It  may  be  either 
lifted  in  the  autumn  or  grown  altogether  in  pots. 

Magnolia. — The  Magnolias  can  be  grown  under 
glass.  If  allowed  to  come  gradually  into  bloom  in  a 
greenhouse  the  large  flowers  will  open  freely.  As  a 
rule  they  transplant  badly,  and  for  that  reason,  at 
least  the  choicer  ones,  are  kept  in  pots  for  conve- 
nience in  removal.  From  this  it  will  be  understood 
that  as  a  rule  it  is  more  satisfactory  to  keep  them 
permanently  in  pots  than  to  lift  them  in  the  autumn. 
M.  purpurea  can  be  grown  more  easily  than  any  of  the 
others  in  this  form.  When  grown  in  pots  for  the 
greenhouse,  if  they  get  too  large  for  that  structure 
they  may  be  planted  permanently  out  of  doors  and 
their  place  taken  by  smaller  plants.  Of  those  par- 
ticularly valuable  for  this  treatment  are  the  little  M. 
stcllata,  a  charming  shrub ;  M.  Lenne,  which  has  massive 
chalice-like  flowers,  rosy-purple  outside  ;  M.  conspicua, 
M.  soulangeana,  and  M.  purpurea  among  the  early 
Magnolias  ;  and  of  those  that  flower  later  the  Japanese 
M.  parviflora  and  M.  Watsoni  do  well  in  pots. 

Olearia. — The  best  known  of  the  Daisy  trees  of 
New  Zealand  is  O.  Haastii,  which  flowers  freely  in 
August.  Two  at  least  of  the  species  bloom  naturally 
much  earlier,  namely  O.  Gtinnii  and  O.  stellulata,  and 
very  pretty  they  are  under  cover  and  with  their  daisy- 


HARDY  SHRUBS  IN  GREENHOUSE     261 

like  blossom.  To  be  seen  at  their  best,  grow  them 
altogether  in  pots  and  give  the  protection  of  a  cool 
house  in  winter. 

Tree  P^eonies. — The  magnificent  varieties  of  the 
Tree  Paeony  that  have  appeared  in  recent  years  have 
led  to  a  great  increase  in  their  culture.  Though 
hardy  in  many  places,  their  young  leaves  and  flowers 
are  frequently  injured  by  late  frosts,  hence  they 
are  often  flowered  under  glass.  In  this  way  they 
make  a  gorgeous  display  in  the  greenhouse,  which  is 
sufficiently  warm  for  them  in  all  stages.  If  forcing 
is  attempted  they  are  quickly  spoilt.  They  must  be 
potted  in  good  loamy  soil,  and  are  most  satisfactory 
when  grown  altogether  in  pots,  as  many  of  the  long 
fleshy  roots  will  be  injured  in  digging  up  estab- 
lished plants. 

Pernettyamucronata. — Though  grown  chiefly  for 
its  ornamental  berries,  neat  little  bushes  are  very 
pleasing  in  the  greenhouse  when  thickly  studded 
with  little  white  lily-of-the-valley-like  flowers,  so 
pretty  against  the  dark-green  colouring  of  the  leaves. 
The  treatment  recommended  for  Kalmias  is  suitable 
for  the  Pernettyas. 

Philadelphus  (Mock  Orange). — This  in  its  several 
forms  may  be  lifted  in  the  autumn  and  flowered  well 
the  following  spring,  not  early,  as  the  forcing  must 
be  very  gentle.  Even  then  the  perfume  of  P. 
coronarius  is  too  powerful  to  be  pleasant  in  a  con- 
fined space.  This  objection  cannot,  however,  be  urged 
against  M.  Lemoine's  hybrids  between  this  species 
and  the  pretty  little  Mexican  r.  miuvpliyllus,  which  has 


262  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

a  fragrance  like  that  of  ripe  apples.  These  newer 
hybrids — Avalanche,  Boule  d' Argent,  Gerbe  de  Neige, 
Manteau  d H ermine,  Mont  Blanc,  and  Lemoinei — are 
all  worth  a  place  either  in  the  open  ground  or  for 
flowering  in  pots. 

Prunus. — Several  classes  that  were  at  one  time 
considered  as  separate  genera  are  now  included  in 
the  genus  Prunus,  which  was  formerly  limited  to  the 
Plum  family.  Now  the  Cherries,  Almonds,  and 
Peaches  are  only  sections  of  the  genus  Prunus,  as 
explained  elsewhere  in  this  book,  but  as  they  are 
better  known  under  their  respective  names  it  will  be 
wiser  to  refer  to  them  thus.  The  Cherries  {Cerasus) 
have  been  added  to  considerably  of  recent  years, 
several  varieties  having  come  from  Japan,  mostly  of 
P.  {Cerasus)  pseudo- cerasus.  These,  which  include 
such  varieties  as  Sieboldi,  Watereri,  and  J.  H.  Veitch, 
all  flower  freely  when  quite  small,  an  important  point 
when  considering  plants  needed  for  flowering  under 
glass.  Where  larger  plants  are  required  the  double 
form  of  the  Wild  Cherry  {P.  Avium)  is  very  beautiful. 
The  Almonds  {Amygdalus)  flower  early  naturally, 
and  under  glass,  of  course,  earlier  still  ;  the  variety 
purpurea  is  one  of  the  best,  while  a  distinct  species, 
A.  davidiana  and  its  variety  alba,  are  also  suitable  for 
growing  under  glass.  The  Peaches  {Persica)  form  a 
delightful  group,  all  available  for  flowering  under 
glass  ;  indeed,  they  respond  readily  to  gentle  forcing, 
hence  may  be  had  in  bloom  by  March.  There  are 
several  varieties,  the  flowers  ranging  in  colour  from 
white,  through  pink,  to  crimson,  and  double  as  well 


HARDY  SHRUBS  IN  GREENHOUSE     263 

as  single.  One  of  the  finest  forms  is  magnifica,  a 
Japanese  variety,  semi-double,  and  brilliant  carmine 
crimson  in  colour. 

Of  the  true  Plums,  special  mention  must  be  made 
of  the  dark-leaved  variety  of  the  Cherry  Plum,  known 
as  Prumis  Pissardi,  of  the  pretty  Httle  P.  sinensis  alba 
plena,  and  Rosa  plena,  which  has  slender  shoots, 
wreathed  for  the  greater  part  of  their  length  with 
double  rosette-like  flowers,  and  the  charming  pink 
semi-double  P.  triloba.  AH  these  forms  of  Prunus 
will,  if  they  have  been  regularly  transplanted,  lift 
well  in  the  autumn  and  flower  without  a  check. 
They  are  also  quite  satisfactory  if  kept  altogether 
in  pots  when  spurred  back  after  flowering  and  en- 
couraged to  make  free  and  well-ripened  growth 
during  the  summer  months,  when  they  should  be 
plunged  out  of  doors  in  a  sunny  spot. 

Pyrus. — The  beautiful  P.  Malus  floribunda  is  quite 
happy  under  this  treatment,  and  P.  or  Cydonia  japonica 
(the  Japanese  Quince)  that  flowers  early  in  the  year 
is  pretty  under  glass,  especially  the  distinct  P.  Maulei, 
which  is  of  dense  and  compact  growth,  and  bears 
salmon-red  flowers  in  profusion.  Grow  the  Pyruses 
in  a  similar  way  to  the  Prunuses. 

Raphiolepis  japonica  {R.  ovotus). — An  evergreen 
of  sturdy  growth,  and  about  3  feet  high,  with  terminal 
spikes  of  pure  white  hawthorn-like  flowers.  It  is 
decidedly  uncommon  and  ornamental  when  in  bloom. 
Out  of  doors  its  season  is  June,  but,  of  course,  is 
earlier  under  glass. 

Rhododendron. — These  are   the  most  gorgeous 


264  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

of  shrubs,  and  largely  used  for  flowering  in  pots  or 
tubs.  They  form  a  dense  mat  of  fibres,  and  can 
therefore  be  lifted  with  little  check.  Owing  to  this 
they  can,  when  ordinary  care  is  used,  be  transferred 
to  new  quarters  without  losing  a  leaf,  not  only  when 
potted,  but  also  when  planted  out  in  the  open  ground. 
Hard  forcing  must  be  avoided,  but  the  Rhododen- 
drons may  be  brought  on  gradually  in  gentle  heat. 
Under  this  treatment  they  must  be  well  supplied 
with  water,  and  liberal  syringing  is  also  beneficial. 
The  wide  range  of  colouring  in  the  Rhododendron 
family  gives  an  opportunity  for  getting  almost  any 
shade  desired. 

Rhodotypus  kerrioides. — A  beautiful  Japanese 
shrub,  reminding  one  of  a  Kerria,  but  the  fiowers  are 
white.  It  will  succeed  with  the  same  treatment  as 
the  Kerria  requires. 

RiBES  (Flowering  Currant). — Both  the  yellow- 
flowered  R.  aureuni  and  the  curious  forms  of 
R.  sanguima  can  be  brought  into  flower  early 
under  glass,  but  the  flowers  do  not  last  long,  and 
for  this  reason  the  shrubs  are  little  used  for  the 
purpose. 

Spir^aS. — An  extensive  family,  some  of  which 
bloom  delightfully  when  lifted  and  potted  in  the 
autumn  and  brought  into  flower  in  gentle  heat. 
They  may  also  be  grown  permanently  in  pots,  but 
as  a  rule  autumn  potting  is  preferable.  The  most 
popular  is  S.  confusa  or  media,  but  also  very  charming 
are  S.  arguta,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  all  Spiraeas, 
S.    Van  Houttei,  S.   Thunbergi,  and  5.  prunifolia  fl.  pi., 


HARDY  SHRUBS  IN  GREENHOUSE     265 

which  all  bear  white  flowers,  those  of  the  last  men- 
tioned being  double. 

Staphylea  (Bladder  Nut). — S.  colchica  is  most 
used  for  forcing,  and  is  a  charming  shrub  for  the 
purpose.  It  quickly  responds  to  heat  and  moisture. 
Brought  on  in  a  gentle  greenhouse  temperature,  it 
gives  a  wealth  of  drooping  clusters  of  white  fragrant 
flowers.  Keep  the  shrubs  in  pots,  as  the  buds  are  pro- 
duced more  freely  than  when  planting  out  is  done, 
and  after  the  flowers  are  over  prune  hard  back. 

Syringa  (Lilac). — The  Lilac  is  one  of  the  most 
popular  of  shrubs  for  forcing,  and  may  be  had  in 
bloom  by  Christmas  or  soon  after,  its  flowers  being 
welcome  from  then  until  they  appear  out  of  doors. 
Thousands  of  plants  for  flowering  under  glass  are 
sent  to  this  country  from  Holland  every  year,  the 
neat  bushes,  about  2  feet  high,  having  been  grown 
in  pots  7  or  8  inches  across  and  plunged  in  the 
open  ground.  This  treatment  results  in  close  and 
compact  balls  of  soil,  which,  when  turned  out  of  the 
pots,  retain  their  shape  and  bear  the  journey  well. 
These  plants  are  pruned  hard  back  after  flowering 
to  keep  them  dwarf.  Lilacs  that  have  been  frequently 
moved  may  be  lifted  and  flowered  without  risk.  Most 
of  those  sent  from  Holland  consist  of  the  white- 
flowered  variety,  Marie  Legratige,  but  the  dark-coloured 
Charles  X.  is  also  grown.  The  many  double-flowered 
Lilacs  are  not  so  popular  as  the  singles.  Although 
it  has  been  mentioned  that  considerable  quantities 
of  plants  are  received  from  Holland,  excellent  dwarf 
specimens  may  be  obtained  here  by  plunging  out. 


266  TREES  AND   SHRUBS 

Viburnum. — When  the  plants  are  well  budded  the 
Laurestinus  (V.  Turns)  will  flower  throughout  the 
winter  in  a  greenhouse.  Of  those  that  are  amenable 
to  slight  forcing  the  best  are  the  common  Guelder 
Rose  ( V.  Opulus  sterile),  the  Chinese  V.  plicatuntf  and 
V.  macrocephalum.  Treat  them  in  the  same  way  as 
the  Lilac.  The  Guelder  Rose  is  a  delightful  shrub 
under  glass,  with  its  wealth  of  ivory-white  balls. 
It  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  of  all  the  things  that 
can  be  brought  into  bloom  in  a  greenhouse.  Treat 
the  Viburnums  in  the  same  way  as  recommended  for 
the  Lilacs. 

Weigela. — Many  of  the  Bush  Honeysuckles,  as 
the  Weigelas  are  called,  will  flower  well  in  a  cool 
house,  but  they  do  not  last  sufficiently  long  in  bloom 
to  make  them  of  great  value  for  this  purpose.  The 
best  is  the  dark-coloured  Eva  Rathke,  which  grows 
naturally  into  a  neat  bush  ;  the  flowers  are  of  claret 
colouring. 

Wistaria. — It  is  only  within  the  past  few  years 
that  the  Wistaria  has  been  used  to  any  extent  for 
flowering  in  this  way,  but  now  it  is  universally 
admired.  At  the  exhibitions  early  in  the  year  it 
always  attracts  more  attention  than  any  other  shrub 
grown  in  a  greenhouse  ;  the  soft  lilac  colouring  of 
the  flowers  is  very  beautiful  against  the  tender  green 
of  the  expanding  leaves.  The  best  and  general  way 
is  to  grow  it  as  a  standard,  as  the  racemes  hang 
down  in  graceful  profusion.  W.  sinensis  is  the 
Wistaria  planted  so  freely  against  houses  and  per- 
golas, and  for  flowering  under  glass  the  variety  alba 


HARDY  SHRUBS  IN  GREENHOUSE     267 

may  be  mentioned  ;  it  is  more  satisfactory  than  in 
the  open  garden.  IV.  multijttga,  which  has  racemes 
of  great  length,  may  also  be  tried,  but  IV.  sinensis  is 
as  charming  as  any,  and  the  most  likely  to  give 
satisfaction.  Wistarias  transplant  badly,  hence  in 
nurseries  are  usually  kept  in  pots  ;  therefore,  fbr 
flowering  under  glass,  permanent  pot  culture  is  the 
proper  treatment.  To  obtain  standards  train  up  a 
single  shoot  till  the  required  height  is  reached,  then 
stop  it,  and  encourage  the  formation  of  branches. 
When  the  head  has  reached  flowering  size,  after  the 
flowers  are  over,  spur  the  shoots  back  to  good  eyes 
to  keep  the  growth  fairly  compact. 

Japanese  Maples  [Acer  palmatum  and  varieties). — 
The  handsome  foliage  of  the  Japanese  Maples  forms 
their  chief  charm.  When  grown  under  glass  they 
are  very  beautiful,  the  leaves  varying  greatly  both  in 
colour  and  shape ;  some  almost  plain,  others  deeply 
cut  and  almost  fringe-like. 


SHRUB   GROUPS   FOR   WINTER   AND 
SUMMER    EFFECT 

In  the  gardens  of  Lord  Aldenham  at  Elstree  an 
interesting  feature  is  the  grouping  of  shrubs  for 
summer  and  winter  effect,  and  some  valuable  notes 
contributed  to  the  Garden  by  the  gardener  there, 
Mr.  Beckett,  may  be  helpful  to  those  desirous  of 
getting  the  best  results  from  both  tree  and  shrub  : — 

The  grouping  of  suitable  subjects,  either  in  the 
pleasure-ground  proper,  on  the  margin  of  wood, 
lake,  and  stream,  and  especially  so  in  the  half-wild 
garden,  when  carefully  carried  out,  has  such  a  good 
effect  at  all  seasons  that  it  is  difficult  to  understand 
why  it  is  not  more  generally  done,  for  only  when 
massed  together  is  it  possible  to  see  the  true  beauty 
of  many  of  the  commoner  hardy  shrubs.  For  some 
years  we  have  practised  this  way  of  planting  to  a 
considerable  extent,  and  I  will  endeavour  to  give 
my  experience  as  a  possible  help  to  others. 

The  chief  desire  here  has  been  to  create  autumn 
and  winter  effect,  and  I  may  mention  that  Nature 
has  assisted  us  but  little,  as  the  land  is  not  un- 
dulating but  generally  flat  and  uninteresting,  con- 
sequently much  thought  and  attention  have  been 
devoted    to  attaining    the   desired   object.     No    two 

shrubs  grown  either  for  the  beauty  of  their  leaves 
268 


WINTER   AND   SUMMER   EFFECT      269 

or  bark  should  be  mixed  together ;  the  display  is 
more  pleasurable  when  they  are  kept  apart. 

Having  determined  on  the  sites  to  be  planted, 
use  white  stakes  for  marking  the  outline,  and  plant 
boldly.  The  ground  should  be  thoroughly  trenched, 
and  poor  land  well  enriched  with  farmyard  manure, 
and  the  planting  proceeded  with  either  in  spring  or 
early  autumn.  This  planting  will  apply  to  dwarf- 
growing  subjects.  I  will  first  of  all  deal  with  the 
deciduous  section. 

Aronia  floribunda. — A  delightful  plant  when 
grown  as  a  bush,  bearing  sweetly-scented  Hawthorn- 
like flowers  in  May,  very  effective,  and  succeeded 
by  a  wealth  of  deep-purple  berries  in  autumn.  This 
should  also  receive  an  annual  pruning  during  winter 
or  early  spring.  Allow  a  distance  of  2  feet  6  inches 
between  the  plants,  which  are  well  suited  for  any 
purpose.  The  ground  should  be  kept  clean  under- 
neath it. 

Pyrus  arbutifolia  is  a  synonym. 

Berberis  Thunbergi. —  Few  deciduous  shrubs 
can  excel  this  for  its  beautiful  foliage  during  autumn, 
and  it  deserves  to  be  planted  more  extensively.  In 
no  position  is  it  seen  to  better  advantage  than  when 
in  large  masses  over  bold  pieces  of  rock.  The 
shrub  should  not  be  pruned,  but  allowed  to  retain 
its  natural  habit,  and  will  succeed  in  almost  any 
soil.     No  plant  is  better  adapted  for  such  positions. 

Berberis  vulgaris  purpureis. — This  has  deep- 
purple  foliage  of  a  very  pleasing  shade,  and  it  bears 
bright-scarlet    berries   in   autumn,  succeeds   best  on 


270  TREES  AND   SHRUBS 

chalky  soils,  should  be  cut  close  to  the  ground  every 
third  winter,  and  the  soil  left  undisturbed  about 
the  roots. 

COLUTEA  ARBORESCENS. —  The  Bladder  Senna 
may  be  planted  in  the  half-wild  garden,  and  will 
succeed  in  almost  any  position  and  in  any  soil. 
Its  yellow  flowers  in  July  are  pretty,  but  the  seed- 
vessels  during  winter  are  most  effective  ;  it  should 
be  pruned  back  hard  annually.  There  are  several 
varieties,  each  of  which  are  equally  well  adapted 
for  this  purpose.     Plant  3  feet  apart. 

CORNUS  SANGUINEA  (Dogwood). — Few  deciduous 
shrubs  are  more  easily  grown  or  more  effective 
during  winter  than  the  Scarlet  Dogwood.  It  may 
be  grouped  in  any  position  either  in  the  gardens  or 
outside  when  of  any  extent,  and  when  space  is 
no  object  the  beds  or  groups  can  hardly  be  too 
large.  The  foliage  attains  a  beautiful  bronze  tint 
during  autumn,  but  unfortunately  soon  falls.  The 
position  should  be  open,  and  it  is  absolutely  essential 
that  the  growths  be  cut  to  the  ground  annually  the 
first  week  in  April,  bearing  in  mind  that  it  is  only 
the  young  wood  which  puts  on  its  brightly-coloured 
robe  in  winter,  and  the  more  intense  the  cold  the 
better  colour  will  be  the  wood.  Plant  3  feet 
apart.  Cornus  sanguinea  variegata  is  a  beautiful  silver 
variegated  form  of  the  above,  but  not  so  vigorous. 
It  is  very  fine  for  summer  decorations  ;  the  ground 
requires  to  be  well  manured.  Plant  at  a  distance 
of  18  inches  and  prune  annually.  The  scarlet 
wood,   though  small,  is  very  pretty   in  winter,   but 


WINTER   AND  SUMMER   EFFECT      271 

not  showy  enough  in  the  distance.  Comus  alba  Spathi 
has  beautiful  golden  foliage  in  the  summer,  but  is 
too  scarce  and  not  vigorous  enough  to  plant  to  any 
extent.      Requires  the  same  treatment  as  the  above. 

CORYLUS    AVELLANA    PURPUREA. One  of    Our  best 

purple-leaved  plants,  especially  so  in  early  summer. 
Arrange  to  plant  this  near  Acer  negundo  varicgata, 
Sambiicits  nigra  aurea,  or  both,  and  the  effect  will 
be  good.  It  will  succeed  on  almost  any  kind  of 
well-trenched  ground.  Plant  the  shrubs  3  feet 
apart,  and  they  will  require  little  attention,  but 
every  fifth  year  the  shoots  should  be  cut  clean  to 
the  ground,  when  the  growth  and  foliage  will  be 
much  more  robust  and  telling. 

COTONEASTER  SiMONSii. — A  strong-growing  shrub, 
and  suitable  for  making  large  groups  ;  it  is  very 
effective  during  autumn  and  winter  when  studded 
with  its  red  berries.  It  should  be  planted  3  feet 
apart  and  not  pruned,  but  about  every  fifth  year  it 
should  be  cut  close  to  the  ground. 

Cydoxia  japonica. —  This  well  -  known  early- 
flowering  shrub  may  be  grouped  in  almost  any 
position,  but  is  seen  to  the  best  advantage  when 
on  raised  ground  or  overhanging  masses  of  rock. 
It  should  not  be  pruned,  but  allowed  to  retain  its 
natural  habit.  Plant  at  a  distance  of  4  feet  apart. 
The  variety  caniea  is  equally  good,  but  bears  more 
freely  ;  the  fruits  make  excellent  preserve,  while  the 
flowers  are  a  beautiful  flesh  colour.  C.  Manlci  is 
quite  distinct  from  the  above,  but  quite  as  valuable, 
and  flowers  and  fruits  freely. 


272  TREES  AND   SHRUBS 

Cytisus  albus  multiflorus,  the  Common  White 
Broom  ;  C.  scoparius,  Common  Yellow  Broom  ;  and 
the  effective  although  newer  variety,  C.  scoparius 
andrcanus,  are  all  delightful  plants  when  extensively 
planted,  not  only  when  in  flower,  but  their  fresh- 
looking  green  wood  is  pleasing  at  all  seasons.  Plant 
early  in  April  'i,\  feet  apart,  using  small  plants. 
None  of  the  Brooms  like  being  cut  back  to  the 
hard  wood,  but  the  young  growths  may  be  shor- 
tened back  after  flowering,  C.  s.  prcecox  is  perhaps 
the  best  of  the  whole  family,  flowering  profusely, 
and  is  of  good  habit.  It  should  be  planted  4  feet 
apart, 

Spartium  junceum  (the  Spanish  Broom). — Flowers 
in  early  autumn  and  lasts  a  considerable  time.  Its 
bright-yellow  blooms  are  very  telling  in  the  distance. 
Plant  4  feet  apart,  and  prune  after  flowering. 

Daphne  mezereum  and  the  white  variety  album 
are  among  our  earliest  and  most  beautiful  flowering 
shrubs.  They  should  be  planted  4  feet  apart,  either 
immediately  after  flowering  or  in  very  early  autumn, 
both  flourishing  best  on  light  soils. 

DiMORPHANTHUS  MANDSCHURICUS  (syn.  aralia 
mandschurica). — This  fine  tropical-looking  plant,  when 
planted  in  large  beds,  forms  a  magnificent  feature 
during  the  summer  months,  and  in  the  winter  the 
stems  when  bare  are  both  curious  and  interesting. 
It  enjoys  a  deep  rich  soil,  and  is  easily  propagated 
from  root  suckers.  Plant  at  a  distance  of  5  feet 
apart. 

EuONYMUSES. — The  true  variety  of  Euonymtis  alatus 


WINTER   AND   SUMMER   EFFECT      273 

aniericatiHS  must  rank  as  one  of  the  best  plants  for 
autumn  effect.  Words  can  hardly  describe  its  beautiful 
tints.  It  is  a  slow  grower,  but  will  succeed  on  almost 
any  kind  of  soil.  Plant  3  feet  apart,  E.  etiropceus  (the 
Spindle  tree)  should  be  planted  in  large  beds  or  masses 
at  a  distance  of  4  feet  apart,  and  pruned  annually.  It 
deserves  a  place  by  any  woodland  walk  or  in  the  half- 
wild  garden.  Thus  treated  it  will  fruit  most  freely, 
and  its  pretty  pink  berries  hanging  in  thick  bunches 
are  sure  to  attract  attention.  The  white  variety,  though 
as  pretty,  does  not  fruit  so  freely. 

FORSYTHIA  SUSPENSA. — This  is  most  effective  when 
planted  in  any  position  in  the  gardens  or  grounds.  It 
makes  a  delightful  bed  when  planted  at  a  distance  of 
4  feet  apart,  and  should  not  be  pruned.  F.viridissima, 
though  not  such  a  pretty  kind  as  the  above,  is  equally 
well  suited;  it  flowers  profusely.  Both  of  these  flower 
during  March  and  April.  The  surface-soil  should  be 
pricked  over  every  spring. 

Fuchsia  Riccartoni. — This  charming  old  shrub 
makes  magnificent  beds  in  any  part  of  the  grounds. 
It  should  be  cut  down  close  to  the  ground  every 
spring  and  receive  a  mulching  of  half-decayed  man- 
ure. Thisis  not  planted  half  so  largely  as  it  deserves 
to  be. 

Hydrangea  paniculata  grandiflora. — This  is 
perfectly  hardy,  and  few  flowering  shrubs  are  more 
admired  during  autumn  when  in  large  beds.  They 
should  be  planted  in  a  deep  rich  soil,  in  a  moist 
position,  3  feet  apart,  and  pruned  back  hard  annually 
at  the  end  of    March.     We  have  some  which  were 

s 


274  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

planted  sixteen  years  ago  and  have  never  once  failed 
to  make  a  splendid  display.  The  surface-soil  should 
be  pricked  over  early  in  spring. 

HiPPOPH^  RHAMNOIDES  (the  Sea  Buckthorn). — 
This  will  succeed  well  in  any  deep  moist  soil.  Its 
beautiful  grey  foliage  shows  up  well  during  summer, 
and  when  the  male  and  female  plants  are  mixed 
together  the  branches  will  be  wreathed  with  clusters 
of  beautiful  orange-coloured  berries  during  autumn 
and  winter.  Plant  5  feet  apart  and  somewhat  in 
the  background.  Very  little  pruning  will  be  required, 
except  to  regulate  the  growths.  Prick  over  the  surface- 
soil  annually.  The  Sea  Buckthorn  also  lends  itself 
admirably  for  planting  by  the  sides  of  lakes  and 
streams  or  at   the  back  of  rock-work. 

Hypericums. — H.  androsemum  grows  to  the  height 
of  2  feet  6  inches,  and  is  sure  to  be  appreciated.  Its 
flowers  appear  profusely  during  summer,  and  are  fol- 
lowed by  clusters  of  dark-brown  berries.  Plant  2  feet 
apart  and  prune  close  to  the  ground  annually  early  in 
April.  H.  calycinum  (the  Common  St.  John's  Wort) 
is  partly  evergreen  and  admirably  suited  for  clothing 
banks  or  making  beds  where  low-growing  subjects 
are  required  ;  it  will  flourish  anywhere,  and  should 
be  cut  close  to  the  ground  with  the  shears  annually. 
H.  moserianum  is  one  of  the  best  of  this  class  of  plants, 
but  needs  some  protection  in  cold  districts.  H,  patu- 
lum  is  also  an  excellent  variety,  and  not  so  extensively 
planted  as  it  deserves. 

Kerria  japonica. — A  charming  compact-growing 
shrub,  with  single  bright-yellow  flowers.      It  is  suit- 


WINTER    AND    SUMMER   EFFECT      275 

able  for  small  beds  or  grouping  in  the  front  of 
shrubberies.  There  is  a  variegated  variety  which 
is  liable  to  revert  back  to  the  green  form,  but  such 
shoots  should  be  kept  cut  out.  Very  little  if  any  other 
pruning  is  required  ;  a  poor,  light,  sandy  soil  suits  it 
best. 

Leycesteria  f-ormosa. — A  delightful  shrub  for 
massing  in  the  wilderness  or  wild  garden  ;  requires 
a  deep  rich  soil.  Its  large  purple  and  white  flowers 
in  August  and  September  are  very  pleasing,  and 
during  autumn  and  winter  the  wood  is  very  con- 
spicuous, being  bright  green.  It  should  be  pruned 
back  annually,  and  the  ground  pricked  over  in  spring. 
Plant  at  a  distance  of  4  feet  apart. 

LoNicERA  (Honeysuckle),  Large  Dutch. — To 
see  this  beautiful  climbing  plant  at  its  best,  make 
a  mound  of  tree  roots,  fill  in  with  soil,  and  plant 
at  a  distance  of  4  feet  apart.  At  first  the  growths 
will  require  to  be  trained  and  nailed  over  the  roots, 
and  when  once  covered  they  will  need  little  other 
attention.  Large  beds  planted  in  this  way  will  be 
sure  to  be  highly  appreciated,  if  for  nothing  else,  for 
the  fragrance  of  the  flowers. 

Lycium  barbarum. — Commonly  called  Box  Thorn 
or  Tea  Tree  ;  should  be  planted  in  large  groups  where 
it  can  ramble  away  near  the  water  or  overhang  large 
roots  of  trees  or  boulders.  Except  to  regulate  the 
growths  once  a  year,  it  will  give  no  further  trouble. 
There  are  several  other  varieties  well  suited  for  the 
same  purpose. 

Rhus  cotinus  (Venetian  Sumach),  the  Smoke  Plant 


276  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

or  Wig  Tree,  is  one  of  the  most  effective  shrubs  for 
this  purpose.  A  large  mass  of  this,  with  its  dehght- 
fully-tinted  foliage  in  autumn,  is  a  pleasing  picture, 
and  is  well  adapted  for  any  position  or  any  part  of 
the  garden.  It  should  be  planted  in  deep  but  poor 
soil,  at  a  distance  of  5  feet  apart,  and  slightly  pruned 
annually  early  in  April  ;  it  requires  no  other  atten- 
tion. R.  typhina  (the  Stag's  Horn  Sumach)  is  one 
of  the  commonest  plants  grown,  with  not  much 
beauty,  except  when  planted  in  large  beds  and  cut 
close  to  the  ground  annually.  When  treated  in  this 
way  few  things  are  more  attractive  ;  it  then  throws 
up  strong,  vigorous  shoots,  with  fine  tropical-looking 
foliage,  which  is  highly  attractive  during  summer,  and 
the  colouring  of  the  foliage  during  autumn  is  most 
conspicuous,  also  of  the  wood  during  winter.  When 
stripped  of  its  foliage  it  is  distinct  and  pleasing  ;  it 
will  flourish  in  any  soil.  Plant  3  feet  apart,  and 
it  is  easily  propagated  by  root  suckers. 

Rosa  rugosa. — This  charming  Rose,  when  planted 
in  the  wilderness,  wild  garden,  or  around  the  lake, 
in  large  beds  or  masses,  is  always  seen  to  advan- 
tage ;  it  has  fragrant  flowers  in  summer,  and  large, 
highly-coloured  fruit  in  autumn.  Place  it  in  the  fore- 
front of  flowering  plants.  Plant  in  deep,  well-enriched 
soil,  at  a  distance  of  4  feet  apart,  and  prune,  like  other 
Roses,  annually.  The  white  variety  is  equally  well 
adapted,  and  may  be  mixed  with  the  above. 

Rosa  Bengale  Hermosa,  belonging  to  the  monthly 
or  China  section,  is  the  freest  flowering  of  all  Roses 
that  I  am  acquainted  with.    In  mild  autumns  it  flowers 


WINTER   AND   SUMMER   EFFECT      277 

treely  until  Christmas  when  planted  in  sheltered  posi- 
tions. It  enjoys  a  rich  soil,  and  should  be  pegged 
down  annually,  merely  thinning  out  the  growths  in 
spring.  May  go  in  any  part  of  the  garden  or  grounds, 
and  it  is  perhaps  unequalled  for  covering  southern 
slopes. 

RuBUS. — Nearly  the  whole  of  these  may  be  freely 
grouped.  I  will  mention  those  only  which  I  have 
found  do  best :  R.  bijlorus  (the  white-washed  Bramble) 
is  one  of  the  most  distinct  and  effective  of  the  whole 
class.  During  winter  it  looks  as  if  it  had  been  painted 
white,  and  when  planted  close  to  the  Scarlet  Dogwood 
is  exceedingly  attractive  in  the  distance.  It  succeeds 
best  on  a  good  deep  loam,  and  the  old  growths  should 
be  cut  out  every  winter.  Plant  at  a  distance  of  4  feet 
apart.  R.  canadensis  rosea  (the  tiowering  Raspberry) 
is  invaluable  for  making  large  beds.  It  continues  to 
produce  its  highly-coloured  flowers  freely  all  through 
the  summer  and  autumn.  Plant  3  feet  apart  and 
thin  out  the  old  growths  annually.  R.  fruticosus  roseo 
Jlore-plcno,  also  the  white  form  alba{ihe  double-flowered 
Blackberry),  may  be  grouped  on  slopes.  The  old 
growths  should  be  cut  out  annually,  and  plant  4  feet 
apart.  R.  laciniata  (American  Blackberry)  is  the  best 
of  the  fruiting  kinds  for  this  purpose  ;  it  produces 
large  crops  of  valuable  fruit  every  year.  Treat  in  the 
same  way  as  advised  for  the  above.  R.  phoenicolasitis 
(the  Japanese  Wineberry).  This  somewhat  new  form 
of  Rubus  is  one  of  the  best  plants  for  this  kind  of 
planting.  It  bears  freely,  and  the  fruits  are  much 
appreciated    by    many,  and    its   bright    canes    during 


278  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

winter  produce  a  most  pleasing  effect.  It  is  a  strong 
grower  when  planted  in  good  soil  at  a  distance  of 
5  feet  apart.  Remove  all  the  old  canes  during 
winter.  The  ordinary  garden  forms  of  Raspberry 
also  make  fine  groups  in  the  unkept  parts  of  the 
grounds.  The  old  growths  should  be  pruned  out 
each  autumn,  when  the  young  canes  have  a  warm 
and  pleasing  appearance. 

Salix.  —  Many  of  the  Willows  form  splendid 
features  during  the  winter  months.  Perhaps  on 
a  fine  winter's  day  large  masses  of  the  highly- 
coloured  barked  Willows  can  hardly  be  excelled 
for  their  beauty  and  rich  colouring,  but,  of  course, 
are  only  adapted  for  water-side  planting  or  low,  wet, 
marshy  land.  Nothing  is  more  readily  propagated 
from  cuttings  than  these.  They  should  be  planted 
3  feet  apart,  and  the  young  growths  pruned  hard 
to  the  ground  annually  the  last  week  in  March,  for 
it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  any  wood  more  than 
twelve  months  old  has  very  little,  if  any,  beauty  in  it. 
The  three  best  kinds  I  know  for  the  beauty  of  their 
wood  are  Salix  vitellina,  the  golden-barked  Willow, 
S.  cardinalis  (which  has  bright-red  bark),  and  5.  pur- 
pureuy  as  its  name  implies,  is  purple.  Though  not 
so  effective  in  the  distance  as  the  foregoing,  it  is  well 
worthy  of  cultivation.  I  will  mention  one  other 
Willow  only  which  should  be  planted  for  its  summer 
beauty,  that  is  S.  rosmarinifoUa.  Its  beautiful  grey 
foliage  much  resembles  that  of  Rosemary.  It  is  not 
so  robust  a  grower  as  many  of  the  family,  and  there 
is  no  beauty  in  the  wood  during  winter,  consequently 


WINTER   AND   SUMMER   EFFECT      279 

the  growths  should  only  be  shortened  back  to  within 
three  eyes  of  the  base  annually. 

Sambucus. — The  Elder  family,  like  the  preceding, 
is  a  large  one,  and  fortunately  adapts  itself  to  almost 
any  soil  and  situation.  First  and  foremost  must  be 
mentioned  Sambucus  nig^a  aurea,  a  bold  and  beautiful 
tall-growing  Elder,  and  its  rich  golden  foilage  pro- 
duces a  marvellous  effect  in  the  landscape.  Large 
bold  masses  of  this  should  always  be  used  where 
practical  in  a  half-open  position.  Hard  pruning  in 
this  case  must  be  carried  out,  cutting  the  summer's 
growth  close  to  the  ground  annually  in  the  last  week 
of  March.  The  effect  of  the  greenish-grey  wood  in 
winter  when  treated  in  this  way  is  pleasing  ;  the 
silvery  variegated  form,  though  not  so  showy,  is 
worthy  of  a  place  where  the  grounds  are  extensive. 
Should  be  planted  on  poor  soil  in  an  open  position, 
and  pruned  hard  annually.  S.  n.  laciniata  (the 
Parsley-leaved  Elder)  is  a  beautiful  and  distinct 
form  of  the  cut-leaved  Elder,  which  attains  its  true 
character  and  makes  splendid  beds  ;  it  requires  the 
same  kind  of  treatment  as  to  pruning  as  the  above. 
S.  racemosa  scrratifolia  aurcis  is  unquestionably  the 
finest  variety  in  cultivation  ;  but  unfortunately  is 
not  so  robust  as  many  of  the  others,  and  it  is  far  too 
rare  and  expensive  at  present  to  plant  to  any  extent. 
It  does  best  on  a  deep  rich  soil  in  a  fully-exposed 
position,  and  prune  back  hard  early  in  April.  The 
cuttings  should  be  propagated  in  pots  in  a  cold 
frame.  The  whole  of  the  Elders  should  be  planted 
3  feet  apart. 


2  8o  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

Spir^as. — Another  beautiful  and  interesting  class 
for  effect  either  in  summer  or  winter,  when  suffi- 
ciently large  plantations  are  made  and  properly 
treated.  The  whole  of  these  should  be  planted  at 
a  distance  of  2  feet  apart,  on  deeply-trenched  and 
well-manured  ground.  The  North-West  American 
Spircea  Douglasi,  though  one  of  the  most  common, 
is  unsurpassed  for  its  distinct  and  beautiful  wood 
during  autumn  and  winter,  but  the  only  way  to  see 
it  at  its  best  is  to  cut  it  clean  to  the  ground  every 
year  during  the  last  week  in  March.  It  will  then 
produce  young  strong  growths  from  4  to  5  feet 
in  height,  each  of  which  will  furnish  fine  heads  of 
deep-pink  flowers  during  summer,  and  its  beautiful, 
warm-looking,  nut-brown  wood  in  winter  is  among 
the  most  richly  toned  of  all  the  barks  which  are 
used  to  produce  effect,  and  yet  when  grown  in  the 
ordinary  way,  and  partially  pruned  down,  as  we  in 
nearly  all  cases  see  it,  it  produces  miserable  flowers, 
and  the  wood  is  uninteresting.  About  every  third  or 
fourth  year  after  pruning  give  a  surface  dressing  of 
half-decayed  manure  and  loam  in  equal  proportions. 
The  prunings  should  be  tied  up  and  saved  for  staking 
purposes  ;  I  know  of  nothing  to  equal  them  for  all 
kinds  of  slender-growing  plants.  S.  callosa  also  makes 
a  fine  bed,  and  is  very  effective  during  late  summer  ; 
its  large  heads  of  deep-pink  flowers  render  it  most 
conspicuous  ;  they  are  produced  when  the  others  are 
past  their  best.  It  should  be  cut  to  the  ground 
every  third  year.  S.  prunifolia  flore-pleno  is  a  very 
beautiful  form,   flowers  freely  in   March    and   April, 


"^ 


WINTER   AND   SUMMER   EFFECT      281 

and  its  foliage  assumes  lovely  tints  in  the  autumn. 
It  is  of  very  graceful  habit,  and  well  suited  for  banks 
or  overhanging  rocks.  It  should  be  moderately 
pruned  each  year,  and  when  it  attains  to  a  leggy 
appearance  cut  hard  back.  S.canescens  (syn.  hyperici- 
folid)  makes  splendid  beds  owing  to  the  pretty 
arrangement  of  the  foliage.  This  should  be  pruned 
to  the  ground  annually. 

Symphoricarpus  RACEMOSUS  (the  Common  Snow- 
berry)  is  generally  regarded  as  an  almost  worthless 
plant,  but  when  in  a  sunny  open  position  on  well- 
trenched  land  and  cut  close  to  the  ground  each  year, 
large  beds  are  most  attractive  in  autumn  and  winter, 
as  by  such  treatment  the  growths  will  become  thickly 
studded  with  pure  white  fruits.  S.  variegatus  is  a  very 
pretty,  somewhat  slow-growing  golden-leaved  shrub, 
and  should  be  planted  in  an  open  position.  It  has  a 
tendency  to  revert  back  to  the  green  form.  Shoots 
of  the  type  should  be  kept  cut  away.  This  should 
be  slightly  pruned  in  spring,  and  when  leggy  cut  to 
the  ground. 

Rosa  kubiginosa  (the  Sweet  Briar).  —  Every 
woodland  walk,  wilderness,  or  wild  garden  should 
have  one  bed  or  more  of  this  fragrant  plant.  The 
delicious  scent  emitted  from  its  foliage  in  spring  after 
showers  is  very  welcome,  and  the  bushes,  when 
heavily  laden  with  the  bright-red  fruits  in  autumn 
and  winter,  are  most  effective.  This  should  be 
planted  at  a  distance  of  3  feet  apart  in  well-trenched 
and  heavily-manured  ground,  and  clipped  over  every 
spring. 


282  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

Evergreens 

Berberis  (syn.  mahonia)  aquifolium,  or  Holly- 
leaved  Barberry,  is  too  well  known  to  need  much 
description.  It  is  one  of  the  most  useful  and 
accommodating  of  shrubs,  and  will  succeed  in  almost 
any  soil,  and  either  in  the  open  or  under  the  shade 
of  trees  is  quite  at  home.  For  clothing  banks  few 
things  can  equal  it.  It  should  be  planted  when  in  a 
small  state  i8  inches  apart,  choosing  the  beginning 
of  April  for  the  purpose.  It  may  be  allowed  to  take 
care  of  itself  when  once  established. 

Box. — The  entire  Box  family  is  excellent  for 
grouping  when  the  soil  is  suitable,  but  it  is  waste  of 
time  to  attempt  planting  it  in  large  quantities  unless 
the  position  and  soil  agree  with  it.  A  light  surface, 
with  a  chalky  sub-soil,  is  what  it  enjoys. 

Laurels. — The  two  best  Laurels  are  Cerasus 
Laurocerasus  caucasica,  the  hardiest  of  the  whole 
family,  and  rotundifolia.  The  former  may  be 
severely  pruned  and  is  excellent  for  clothing  large 
bare  places,  mounds,  or  banks.  Rotundifolia  is  a 
splendid  variety  with  larger  foliage,  but  not  so  hardy. 
The  ground  in  which  these  Laurels  are  to  be  planted 
should  be  trenched  or  bastard  trenched,  and  small 
plants  be  planted  3  feet  apart  all  ways.  To  keep 
them  in  condition,  prune  hard  down  during  the  grow- 
ing season  twice,  if  not  three  times,  when  they  will 
remain  in  good  health  for  many  years.  Cerasus  lusi- 
tanica  (Portugal  Laurel)  is  happy  in  heavy  soils,  and 
its  beautiful  dark-green  leaves  are  very  telling.     This 


WINTER   AND   SUMMER   EFFECT      283 

should  also  be  planted  in  trenched  ground  at  a 
distance  of  5  feet  apart,  and  pruned  once  only 
during  the  year.  So  treated,  splendid  beds  are 
formed  when  suitable  positions  are  chosen. 

COTONEASTER  BUXIFOLIA  and  Wheeleri,  very 
nearly  allied  to  each  other,  are  fine  strong-growing 
evergreens  for  almost  any  soil.  They  are  well 
adapted  for  making  beds,  covering  large  boulders 
or  the  old  roots  of  trees.  C.  buxifolia  is  a  graceful 
and  pleasing  plant  when  covered  with  its  bright 
berries,  and  allowed  to  assume  its  natural  habit. 
Plant  3  feet  apart,  merely  thinning  out  the  growths 
occasionally. 

COTONEASTER  MiCROPHYLLA. — A  very  charming 
shrub,  and  when  planted  on  a  raised  position,  or 
on  overhanging  rocks,  tree  roots,  and  such  like,  forms 
beautiful  masses,  especially  when  thickly  studded 
with  its  crimson  berries.  It  sometimes  becomes 
badly  infested  with  brown  scale,  but  this  is  easily 
got  rid  of  by  applying  a  strong  solution  of  soft  soap 
and  water  with  a  syringe. 

Ilex  aquifolium  (the  Common  Holly). — The 
Holly  is  one  of  the  very  finest  of  our  evergreens 
for  bold  planting.  Fortunately,  it  is  one  of  the  few 
evergreens  that  will  succeed  and  grow  luxuriantly 
under  the  drip  of  trees,  where  many  other  things 
fail.  Large  breadths  of  Holly  in  good  health  are 
a  pleasure  to  look  at  at  all  seasons  of  the  year, 
particularly  when  well  laden  with  bright  -  scarlet 
berries.  The  Holly  is  seen  at  its  best  on  light,  well- 
drained  soils,  that  of  a  stiff  clayey  nature  (especially 


2  84  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

so  when  water- logged)  being  the  most  unfavourable 
to  its  growth.  Fortunately,  it  will  adapt  itself  to 
any  mode  of  pruning,  but  unquestionably  the  best 
way  to  treat  it  is  to  plant  in  large  bold  clumps, 
allowing  it  to  grow  away  at  its  own  sweet  will. 
Many  of  the  more  uncommon  varieties,  both  green 
and  variegated,  make  highly  attractive  groups  and 
beds,  and  where  expense  is  of  little  object  should 
most  certainly  be  planted. 

Rhododendrons. — Of  course,  one  must  possess 
a  suitable  soil  to  plant  the  more  beautiful  varieties  in 
any  quantity  ;  nevertheless,  the  common  R.  ponticum 
and  hybrid  seedlings,  of  which  there  are  now  for- 
tunately a  great  variety,  will  succeed  in  nearly 
all  soils  free  from  lime.  The  ground  should  be 
thoroughly  broken  up  during  autumn,  and  the 
planting  done  4  feet  apart  in  the  spring.  The  seed- 
vessels  should  be  picked  off  after  flowering,  and 
the  plants  are  much  benefited  by  an  occasional  top- 
dressing  of  road  grit  and  leaf  soil.  Even  here  on 
a  cold  London  clay,  where  the  ground  has  been 
well  drained  and  treated  as  above,  they  succeed 
very  well. 

Ruscus  ACULEATUS  (Butcher's  Broom),  a  native 
of  this  country,  is  invaluable  for  planting  in  masses 
in  shady  spots.  It  appears  to  enjoy  the  drip  from 
other  trees,  and  is  very  accommodating  as  to  soil 
and  position,  but  likes  to  remain  undisturbed. 
Ruscus  raceniosus,  which  is  a  native  of  Portugal,  and 
commonly  called  the  Alexandrian  Laurel,  is  un- 
questionably the   best  of  the  Ruscus  family,  and  its 


WINTER   AND   SUMMER   EFFECT      285 

growth  very  much  resembles  that  of  the  Bamboo. 
It  is  rarer  than  the  commoner  kinds,  but  it  deserves 
extended  cuhivation,  being  worth  a  good  position 
in  any  part  of  the  gardens  or  grounds.  It  berries 
freely  in  some  seasons.  It  lasts  remarkably  well, 
and  is  very  handsome  in  a  cut  state.  It  enjoys  a 
deep  rich  loam,  but  will  not  fail  to  give  a  good 
account  of  itself  on  any  soil. 

JUNIPERUS  SABINA  TAMARISCIFOLIA  is  a  beautiful 
shrub  for  the  fringe  of  a  plantation,  it  is  of  robust 
growth,  and  the  best  of  the  Junipers  for  this 
planting. 

Taxus  baccata  aurea  (the  Golden  Yew)  is  a 
most  effective  evergreen  shrub.  It  should  be 
planted  in  open  sunny  positions.  Without  doubt 
it  has  no  rival,  being  the  most  useful  and  telling 
golden  evergreen  shrub  we  have.  It  is  of  some- 
what slow  growth,  consequently  should  be  planted 
fairly  thick.  Like  the  Common  Green  Yew,  it 
succeeds  in  almost  any  kind  of  soil,  but  it  colours 
best  on  a  deep  yellow  loam  in  a  thoroughly  exposed 
position. 

Ulex  EUROPiEUS  (Common  Gorse  or  Whin). — 
This  common  British  plant  needs  little  description 
here.  When  seen  in  its  wild  state,  where  it  is 
thoroughly  naturalised,  it  presents  a  most  charming 
sight.  Half-wild  patches  of  land  may  easily  be 
made  suitable  for  it  at  little  expense.  During  winter 
the  land  should  either  be  ploughed  or  dug,  and  the 
seed  sown  during  April,  either  in  drills  or  broad- 
cast,  and    the  seedlings  thinned   to    a   fair   distance 


2  86  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

apart  during  the  following  spring.  When  once 
thoroughly  established,  little  trouble  will  be  ex- 
perienced in  keeping  the  ground  well  stocked. 
Occasionally,  when  the  old  plants  become  leggy, 
they  should  be  cut  close  to  the  ground  immediately 
after  flowering,  and  in  a  short  time  these  will  break 
away  freely  from  the  bottom.  Ulex  europceus  flore- 
pleno,  an  invaluable  plant  for  all  kinds  of  ornamental 
planting,  is,  unfortunately,  very  expensive,  as  it  has 
to  be  struck  from  cuttings  and  distributed  in  pots  ; 
nevertheless,  it  is  a  most  important  plant  to  have. 
The  flower  is  a  much  brighter  yellow  than  the 
common  form,  is  produced  more  freely,  and  lasts 
a  considerable  time  in  beauty.  It  is  very  suitable 
for  either  making  beds  or  forming  large  patches  of 
colour  behind  rocks  and  among  the  fissures  of  the 
rock  garden.  It  should  be  planted  about  3  feet 
apart,  in  fairly  good  ground,  and  about  every  fifth 
year  pruned  down  close  to  the  ground. 

Viburnum  Tinus  {Laurustinus).—A  beautiful  ever- 
green flowering  shrub,  and  generally  well  known, 
but  unfortunately  it  is  not  sufficiently  hardy  to  plant 
in  many  parts  of  the  country,  especially  in  exposed 
positions.  It  will  grow  and  flower  profusely  in 
very  shallow  and,  indeed,  in  almost  any  soil.  It 
makes  a  handsome  bed,  and  should  be  planted  4  feet 
apart. 

The  Hon.  Vicary  Gibbs  has  taken  keen  interest 
in  the  tree  and  shrub  planting  in  the  gardens  of 
Aldenham   House. 


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THE  USE  OF  HARDY  CLIMBING  SHRUBS 

The  best  and  best  known  of  our  good  hardy  climbing 
shrubs  are  by  no  means  neglected,  but  yet  they  are 
not  nearly  as  much  or  as  well  used  as  they  might  be. 
Such  a  fine  thing  as  the  easily-grown  Clematis  montana 
will  not  only  cover  house  and  garden  walls  with  its 
sheets  of  lovely  bloom,  but  it  is  willing  to  grow  in 
wilder  ways  among  trees  and  shrubs  where  its  natural 
way  of  making  graceful  garlands  and  hanging  ropes 
of  bloom  show  its  truest  and  best  uses  much  better 
than  when  it  is  trained  straight  along  the  joints  of 
walls  or  tied  in  more  stiffly  and  closely.  Even  if 
there  are  only  a  few  stiff  bushes  such  as  Gorse  or  low 
Thorns  to  support  and  guide  it,  it  gladly  covers  them 
just  as  does  the  Traveller's  Joy  {Clematis  Vitalba)  of 
our  chalkland  hedges.  This  also  is  a  climber  that, 
though  a  native  plant  and  very  common  in  calcareous 
soils,  is  worthy  of  a  place  in  any  garden.  Clematis 
Flammula  is  another  of  the  family  that  should  be 
more  often  treated  in  a  free  way,  and  grown  partly 
trained  through  the  branches  of  a  Yew  or  an  Ilex. 
The  less-known  Clematis  graveolens,  with  yellow  flowers 
and  feathery  seeds,  and  the  fine  October-blooming 
C.  paniculata,  make  up  five  members  of  one  family, 
apart    from    the    large-flowered    Clematises,   that    all 


288  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

lend  themselves  willingly  to  this  class  of  pictorial 
treatment. 

One  of  the  most  important  of  our  climbing  shrubs, 
the  Wistaria,  makes  grand  growth  in  all  the  south  of 
England.  This  also  can  be  used  to  excellent  effect 
trained  into  some  rather  thinly-furnished  tree  such 
as  an  old  Acacia.  Its  grey  snake-like  stems  and 
masses  of  bloom  high  up  in  the  supporting  tree 
are  shown  to  excellent  effect.  This  is  also  a  fine 
plant  for  a  pergola.  A  few  plants  growing  free  and 
rambling  full  length  would,  after  the  first  few  years, 
when  they  are  getting  old,  cover  a  pergola  from  end 
to  end.  The  piers  or  posts  could  also  be  covered 
with  the  same,  for  though  the  nature  of  the  plant  is 
to  ramble,  yet  if  kept  to  one  stem  and  closely  pruned 
it  readily  adapts  itself  to  pillar  form,  and  bears  a 
wonderful  quantity  of  bloom. 

Among  the  Grape  Vines  there  is  a  great  variety  of 
ways  of  use  other  than  the  stiff  wall  training  they 
generally  receive.  If  they  are  wanted  for  fruit  they 
must  be  pruned,  but  most  outdoor  Vines  are  grown 
for  the  beauty  of  their  foliage.  Here  is  another  first- 
class  pergola  plant,  making  dense  leafy  shade,  and 
growing  in  a  way  that  is  delightfully  pictorial. 
Nothing  looks  better  rambling  over  old  buildings. 
Now  that  so  many  once  prosperous  farms  are  farms 
no  longer,  and  that  their  dwelling-houses  are  being 
converted  to  the  use  of  another  class  of  occupier, 
the  rough  out-buildings,  turned  into  stabling,  and 
adapted  for  garden  sheds,  often  abut  upon  the  new- 
made  pleasure-garden.     This  is  the  place  where  the 


USE  OF  HARDY  CLIMBING  SHRUBS     289 

Vines  may  be  so  well  planted.  If  the  main  stem 
only  is  trained  or  guided  it  is  well  to  leave  the 
long  branches  to  shift  for  themselves,  for  they  will 
ramble  and  dispose  themselves  in  so  pictorial  a  way 
that  the  whole  garden  is  bettered  by  their  rioting 
grandeur  of  leaf  mass. 

Aristolochia  Sipho,  with  its  twining  stems  and  hand- 
some leaves,  will,  like  the  Vine  and  the  Virginian 
Creeper,  answer  to  all  these  uses  of  jungle-like 
growth  among  trees  and  shrubs  and  free  climbing 
in  hedge,  over  pergola  or  rough  building. 

The  employment  of  the  climbing  and  rambling 
Roses  is  also  now  understood  for  all  such  uses,  and 
the  illustration  shows  the  value  of  the  Dutch  Honey- 
suckle for  this  purpose. 

A  rough  hedge  containing  perhaps  only  a  few 
Thorns  and  Hollies  and  stub  Oaks,  and  a  filling  of 
Wild  Brambles,  may  be  made  glorious  with  the 
free  hardy  climbers  just  guided  into  the  bushes 
and  then  left  to  ramble  as  they  will. 

In  the  growth  of  the  rarer  and  most  distinct  and 
beautiful  of  climbing  shrubs  one  must  in  the  main 
be  guided  by  the  natural  surroundings  of  soil  and 
shelter  or  by  climatic  conditions.  In  the  cold  mid- 
land and  northern  districts  of  England  we  have 
seen  common  Laurels  and  many  Roses  killed  to  the 
ground  during  severe  winters. 

In  Hampshire,  Devon,  and  Cornwall,  and  in  many 
other  isolated  and  sheltered  nooks  near  the  sea  in 
England  south  of  the  Thames,  many  so-called  cool 
greenhouse  plants  often  grow  and  thrive  luxuriantly 


290  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

in  the  open  air.  This  is  also  true  of  many  locaHties 
in  the  south  and  west  of  Ireland,  such  as  Fota, 
Cork,  Bantry,  and  Tralee,  where  New  Zealand, 
Japanese,  Californian,  and  many  Chilian  shrubs  are 
quite  happy  in  the  open  air.  Nearly  all  visitors  to 
Glengarriff  notice  the  luxuriance  of  the  Fuchsias, 
which,  not  being  cut  down  there  every  winter  by 
severe  frosts,  assume  more  or  less  of  a  tree-like 
aspect,  and  are  literally  one  mass  of  brilliant  coral- 
red  fiowers  during  summer  and  autumn.  But  it 
is  even  more  wonderful  to  see  there  growing  up 
the  front  of  the  hotels  and  elsewhere  such  plants 
as  Maurandya,  Lophospemium,  Mikania,  and  Cape 
Pelargoniums  year  after  year.  But,  apart  from 
mild  climates,  aspect  has  an  enormous  effect  on 
many  climbing  shrubs,  and  especially  on  light  dry 
soils.  LapageriUf  for  example,  prefers  a  northern 
exposure,  and  the  same  is  true  of  Berberidopsis  and 
in  the  case  of  the  familiar  Fatsia  {Aralia)  japonica. 
Many  climbers  and  trailers,  again,  are  hardy  on 
north  or  north-western  walls  that  are  ruined  by 
bright  sunshine  after  frost,  which  is  often  ex- 
perienced on  south  and  especially  south-western 
exposures.  Even  when  climbers  like  Wistaria, 
Jasminum  nudi/lorum,  Ceanothus,  Cydonia,  and  many 
others  are  perfectly  hardy  on  sunny  walls  it  is  often 
a  great  advantage  to  train  a  few  branches  over  the 
top  of  the  wall  to  the  shady  side,  as  in  these  cases 
there  is  a  week  or  ten  days  or  more  difference  in 
the  time  of  blooming,  and  so  an  agreeable  succession 
is  obtained. 


USE  OF  HARDY  CLIMBING  SHRUBS     291 

In  planting  both  walls  and  pergolas  there  is 
danger  in  planting  too  thickly,  and  in  planting  too 
hurriedly  or  without  sufficient  preparation.  We  all 
must  perforce  often  do  the  best  we  can  rather  than 
the  best  we  know.  Large  -  growing,  permanent 
shrubs,  such  as  Cydonia  japonica^  Wistaria^  and  Mag- 
nolias, which  may  remain  in  the  same  spot  for 
twenty  years  or  more,  often  fail  through  starvation, 
and  in  any  case  never  attain  their  full  luxuriance 
and  beauty  if  cramped  and  stunted  during  the  first 
few  years  after  planting.  Again,  it  must  be  re- 
membered that  both  wall  and  pergola  creepers 
often  suffer  from  dryness  during  the  summer  and 
autumn  months,  and  provision  should  be  made  for 
necessary  mulching  and  watering. 

There  is  one  important  point  that  must  be  at- 
tended to  in  the  planting  of  anything  of  which  the 
general  hardiness  is  not  fully  assured,  and  that  is, 
never  plant  late  in  autumn.  The  golden  rule  with 
all  half-hardy  things  is  to  plant  well  in  April  or 
May,  after  all  danger  from  severe  frost,  &c.,  is  over, 
so  as  to  allow  the  plants  a  long  summer  and  autumn 
season  of  root  and  top-growth  before  the  stress  and 
strain  of  winter  weather  come  upon  them.  In  this 
way  many  plants  will  succeed  perfectly  in  establish- 
ing themselves  that  would  at  once  die  off  if  planted 
out  in  October  or  November. 

Abelia. — A.  floribunda  is  a  Mexican  plant.  Mr. 
Burbidge  writes  in  the  Garden,  April  14,  1900,  p. 
272  :  "I  have  seen  it  very  handsome  in  flower  on  a 
low    wall    at    Mount   Usher,   county  Wicklow.       Its 


292  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

pendent  flowers  in  axillary  clusters  are  of  a  rich 
purple  red,  and  remind  one  of  some  Fuchsias." 
A.  rupestris,  a  Chinese  plant,  is  very  pretty,  as 
also  is  A.  triflora  from  North   India. 

Abutilon. — Several  of  the  Abutilons  are  suffi- 
ciently hardy  to  thrive  on  walls  or  in  borders  near 
to  heated  plant-houses.  Mr.  Burbidge  writes  m 
the  Garden:  "I  h3,\e  seen  A.  siriaiumj  A.  vexiliarmm, 
and  A.  vitifolhim  grow  and  bloom  for  years  outside. 
The  last-named  forms  a  spreading  bush  lo  to  13 
feet  high  in  South,  West,  and  Eastern  Ireland.  It 
has  leaves  somewhat  resembling  those  of  the  Grape 
Vine,  and  clusters  of  pale-lilac,  mauve,  or  lavender- 
tinted  flowers  that  remind  one  of  those  of  Mecon- 
opsis  WallicJn  in  shape,  size,  and  colour.  A.  vitifolium 
comes  from  Chili,  and  enjoys  shelter  and  ample 
root  moisture,  being  apt  to  suffer  from  drought 
near  walls,  otherwise  it  grows  well  thereon."  Abu- 
tilon vexillarium,  when  afforded  the  protection  of 
a  south  wall,  blooms  for  eight  months  out  of  the 
twelve,  bearing  on  slender,  curving  shoots  its  hand- 
some, bell-shaped  flowers  with  their  crimson  sepals, 
yellow  petals,  and  protruding  dark-brown  stamens 
well  into  the  month  of  December  should  no  severe 
frost  occur.  Florist's  varieties  of  the  Abutilon,  such 
as  Boule  de  Neige,  also  do  well  on  sheltered  walls. 

Adlumia  CIRRHOSA. — This  grows  quickly,  and  the 
fern-like  leaves,  covering  almost  the  twining  stems, 
possess  much  beauty  ;  the  flowers  are  white.  A 
biennial,  but  sows  itself  freely.     North  America. 

Akebia     quinata. —  A     most    distinct     Japanese 


USE  OF  HARDY  CLIMBING  SHRUBS     293 

creeper  with  jfive-lobed  leaves  and  twining  stems  ; 
although  generally  grown  in  a  greenhouse,  where 
it  flowers  in  January  or  February,  it  is  quite  hardy 
in  mild  sea-shore  places,  and  bears  its  monoecious 
flowers  in  April  or  May.  The  rich  wine-purple 
flowers  are  borne  in  axillary  grape-like  clusters,  and 
their  translucent  petals  are  very  beautiful  as  seen 
between  the  eye  and  the  light.  It  likes  a  rich,  deep, 
loamy  soil,  and  is  increased  by  suckers  or  layers. 
Although  introduced  to  our  gardens  from  Chusan 
in  1845,  it  has  never  become  very  abundant,  but  it 
deserves  a  place  for  its  distinctive  character. 

Aloysia  citriodoka  (Sweet  Verbena).— Another 
popular  name  for  the  Aloysia  is  Lemon  plant  ;  it  is  a 
fragrant  pale-green  leaved  bush,  not  very  hardy,  and 
therefore  best  placed  when  against  a  sunny  wall. 
Except  in  quite  the  south  of  England  and  Ireland,  it 
is  generally  wise  to  cover  over  the  stems  with  a  straw 
mat  and  heap  ashes  over  the  roots.  It  is  often  seen 
as  a  large  bush  against  the  sea.  We  have  seen  it 
thus  on  the  Carnarvon  coast.     Chili. 

Ampelopsis.— Now  included  with  the  Vines  {Vitis). 

Apios  tuberosa. — This  has  pea-shaped  violet- 
scented  flowers.  It  is  sometimes  pretty  rambling 
over  a  shrub.     North  America. 

Aristolochia  Sipho  (Dutchman's  Pipe). — Fre- 
quently planted  against  a  wall  ;  its  leaves  are  very 
large  and  handsome,  and  the  dull-coloured  flowers, 
owing  to  their  shape,  have  given  rise  to  the  popular 
name. 

Atragene    alpina. — A    hardy    wall    climber,    and 


294  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

known  under  the  names  of  Clematis  ccemlca  and  C 
alpina.      It  enjoys  a  lime  soil.     A  native  of  Europe. 

AzARA. — The  best  known  of  these  is  A.  microphylla; 
it  is  not  one  of  the  hardiest  of  shrubs,  but  in  many 
gardens,  especially  where  sheltered  and  by  the  sea, 
it  covers  much  space  with  dense  glossy  leaves  ;  the 
flowers  are  white,  small,  and  give  place  to  orange- 
coloured  berries  in  autumn.  It  is  quite  a  shrubby 
wall  plant. 

Benthamia  fragifera. — Now  known  as  Cornus 
capitaia,  but  in  gardens  its  old  name  will  long  be 
retained.  In  Devon,  Cornwall,  and  in  Wicklow, 
Cork,  and  Kerry,  and  elsewhere  in  Ireland,  this  fine 
shrub  flowers  and  fruits  luxuriantly  as  a  bush  on 
the  border  or  lawn,  but  in  less  favoured  places  it 
needs  the  warmth  and  shelter  of  a  wall.  It  is  a 
native  of  Nepaul,  and  is  readily  increased  from 
home-grown  seeds,  and  the  plant,  like  all  its  allies, 
is  a  rapid  grower  in  any  deep,  rich,  loamy  soil. 
Quite  small  bushes  of  this  plant  and  the  common 
Arbutus  Unedo  are  often  very  handsome  as  seen  laden 
with  fruit  in  South  and  Western  Ireland. 

Berberidopsis  corallina. — Mr.  Burbidge  writes 
in  the  Garden :  "  The  finest  specimen  of  this  beau- 
tiful and  distinct  evergreen  climber  I  ever  saw  was 
on  the  stable  wall  at  Lakelands,  Cork,  when  that 
noble  place  was  in  the  hands  of  the  late  Mr.  William 
Crawford,  a  great  lover  of  garden  vegetation.  It  is 
a  native  of  the  Chilian  Andes,  introduced  in  1862. 
It  likes  a  deep  peaty  soil  or  loam  and  leaf-mould  on 
a  moist  bottom,  and,  like  the  Lapageria  and  its  dwarf 


USE  OF  HARDY  CLIMBING  SHRUBS     295 

cousin  Philesia,  it  enjoys  a  northern  or  shaded  aspect, 
rarely  thriving  for  long  together  in  full  sunshine. 
Its  fiowers  resemble  those  of  the  Berberis,  but  are 
much  larger,  have  pendent  stalks,  and  are  of  the 
brightest  coral-red  or  blood  colour.  It  grows  and 
flowers  here  in  a  shaded  corner  under  an  ivy-topped 
wall." 

BiLLARDIERA  LONGIFLORA. — This  is  the  Apple 
Berry  of  Tasmania,  and  is  of  elegant  twining  habit, 
its  greenish-yellow  fiowers,  which  are  not  very  showy, 
being  succeeded  by  handsome  blue  berries  that  are 
very  ornamental,  and  are  similar  in  shape  and  size  to 
Fuchsia  fruits.  The  plant  is  closely  related  to  the 
Pittosporiims  of  New  Zealand,  and  grows  2  or  3  feet 
in  height.  There  are  two  or  three  other  kinds,  but 
none  prettier  than  B.  longiflora.  It  grows  best  in 
moist  peat  and  sandstone,  at  the  foot  of  a  half-shaded 
wall. 

BiGNONiA  RADICANS. — This  is  the  hardiest  of  the 
Bignonias.  It  clings  to  walls,  and  there  is  much 
beauty  in  the  orange-scarlet,  trumpet-shaped  flowers, 
which  are  in  clusters.  It  grows  to  a  considerable 
height.     North  America. 

Calystegia. — Also  known  as  Convolvulus.  C. 
piibcscens  fl.  pi.,  the  double  Birdweed,  is  more  useful 
for  rough  stumps  than  walls,  but  may  be  included  ; 
the  tiowers  are  double,  of  rosy  colouring,  and  large, 
and  appear  during  the  summer  and  into  the  autumn. 
It  is  best  in  warm,  well-drained  soil. 

Camellia.  —  Mr.  Scrase-Dickins  writes  in  the 
Garden,   March    30,   1901,   p.   227,  as   follows  about 


296  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

these  little-understood  hardy  shrubs :  "  The  best 
Camellias  for  planting  out  of  doors  in  the  open  air 
are  those  which  bloom  late  and  start  late  into 
growth,  such,  for  instance,  as  Chandleri  elegans  or 
Anemoncejlora  ;  the  varieties  with  broad  roundish 
leaves  appear  to  grow  in  more  robust  fashion  than 
those  having  narrow  pointed  ones  with  a  serrated 
edge,  though  the  latter  will  make  sometimes  very 
compact  bushes.  It  is  possible  that  the  sorts  with 
dark-red  fiowers  are  hardier  than  those  with  pink. 
The  old  double  white  seems  to  stand  the  cold  well 
enough,  but  it  hides  its  flowers  rather  too  much 
among  the  foliage  to  make  any  effective  display  of 
them,  though  in  this  way  they  are  often  secured 
from  frost  or  bad  weather  and  made  serviceable 
for  cutting.  To  train  against  a  trellis  or  wall 
Doncklaani  is  very  good,  and  next  to  reticulata  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  when  well  grown,  blooming  so 
freely. 

Camellias  appear  to  grow  in  almost  any  aspect, 
but  are  naturally  sun  lovers  ;  and  though  preferring 
peat,  they  will  do  in  most  other  soils,  provided  that 
there  is  no  lime  present.  The  points  of  the  young 
roots  are  very  sensitive  to  drought,  so  should  be 
protected  until  well  established,  by  light  mulching 
or  a  surrounding  growth,  from  the  risk  of  being 
withered  up  by  a  fierce  sun  striking  the  ground  in 
which  they  are  starting.  Unlike  many  other  shrubs, 
they  seem  to  have  the  advantage  of  being  exempt 
from  the  destructive  attention  of  rabbits  ;  perhaps 
when  snow  is  on  the  ground  they  might  be  barked, 


USE  OF  HARDY  CLIMBING  SHRUBS     297 

but  I  do  not  remember  to  have  noticed  it.  Apart 
from  the  question  of  varieties,  it  may  be  well  to  draw 
attention  to  the  fact  that  only  strong  healthy  plants 
should  be  turned  out,  for  sickly  specimens  from  a 
conservatory  or  greenhouse  are  very  slow  indeed  to 
make  a  start,  and  will  remain  sometimes  for  an 
astonishing  number  of  years  in  almost  the  same 
pitiable  state." 

Ckanothus. — Beautiful  wall  shrubs.  They  cannot 
be  regarded  as  quite  hardy,  but  C.  azureus  in  a  garden 
near  London  has  mounted  almost  to  the  chimney 
stacks  ;  a  surface  of  foliage,  and  in  the  appointed 
season  pale-blue  flower  clusters.  The  soil  is  light 
and  the  aspect  due  south  ;  and  in  cold,  sunless 
places  the  Ceanothuses,  it  is  well  to  remember, 
utterly  fail.  A  warm  soil  and  sunny  place  suit  the 
shrubs  well.  Gloire  des  Versailles,  Lucie  Simon,  and 
pallidus  are  amongst  the  best  of  the  others.  Of  other 
species,  C.  vcUcliianus,  deep  blue,  is  very  beautiful  ;  and 
C.  dentatus  and  C.  papillosus  are  also  noteworthy. 

Chimonanthus  fragrans  (Winter-sweet). — The 
variety  grandiflonis  has  larger  flowers  and  of  a 
clearer  shade  of  citron  yellow  than  those  of  the  type, 
and  though  the  plant  is  bare  of  leaf  the  blossoms 
make  a  brave  show,  and  may  be  descried  against  a 
well-toned  brick  wall  from  some  little  distance.  It 
is  just  as  well  to  bear  in  mind  that  this  is  one  of  the 
shrubs  which  bloom  on  the  young  wood,  and  any 
pruning  or  cutting  out  of  useless  branches  that  may 
be  necessary  should  be  done  in  early  spring  when 
the  flowers  are  over,  for  if  it  be  delayed  there  will  be 


298  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

no  flowers  next  year.  It  may  be  raised  from  seed, 
but  seedlings  vary  greatly. 

Choisya  TERNATA(Mexican  Orange  Flower).— Very 
vigorous,  shrubby,  glossy,  green-leaved  plant  ;  rather 
tender,  but  quite  happpy  in  northern  gardens  if  not 
very  exposed.  Its  clusters  of  flowers  are  very  sweet 
and  white. 

Clematis. 

cotoneaster. 

ECCREMOCARPUS.  —  Beautiful  climber  for  wall, 
arch,  or  pergola,  with  reddish  flowers.  Protect  the 
roots  by  coating  the  soil  above  them  with  ashes  or 
some  protective  material. 

Edwardsia  (Sophora)  tetraptera.  —  This  is 
called  the  New  Zealand  Laburnum.  A  tree  in  its 
own  country,  but  a  shrubby  wall  plant  here.  Grandi- 
flora  is  the  best  variety. 

ESCALLONIA. 

Fuchsia. — The  hardy  Fuchsias  are  almost  un- 
known, though  amongst  the  most  beautiful  of  hardy 
shrubs.  My  favourite  is  F.  Riccartoni,  but  this  often 
makes  a  good  hedge.  Very  charming  also  are 
F.  coccinea,  F.  corymbiflora,  F.  globosa,  F.  macrostemma, 
F.  microphylla,  F.  splendens,  and  F.  thymifolia. 

Hablitzia  tamnoides. — Better,  perhaps,  for  arch, 
pergola,  or  tree  stump  than  a  wall,  but  in  some  cases 
it  may  be  placed  there.  It  is  a  vigorous  climber, 
with  misty  masses  of  greenish  flowers  in  summer  and 
autumn.     Not  often  seen. 

Hedera  (Ivy). — The  Common  Ivy  when  growing  in 
an  exposed  position  will  often  acquire  a  rich  bronzy 


USE  OF  HARDY  CLIMBING  SHRUBS     299 

hue  during  winter,  but  in  this  respect  individual 
plants  vary  a  good  deal,  the  smaller-leaved  forms 
being  as  a  rule  the  richest  in  colour. 

The  most  marked  in  this  respect,  and  one  that 
from  its  neat,  prettily-lobed  leaves  is  well  suited  for 
use  in  making  up  button-holes,  sprays,  &c.,  is  the 
variety  atropurpureay  whose  distinctive  character  is  far 
more  marked  in  winter  than  in  summer.  Hedera 
Helix  minima  must  not  be  confounded  with  H.  H. 
conglovterata,  though  at  a  certain  stage  of  growth 
there  is  some  similarity.  A  three-year  old  specimen 
differs  from  the  freer  conglomerata  form  in  that  it 
grows  more  fiat  both  as  regards  the  twigs  and  the 
leaves  on  the  twigs.  It  has  more  shining  foliage  of 
a  deeper  and  more  sombre  green,  with  pleasing 
clouded  tints,  and  further,  as  the  name  would  suggest, 
it  is  a  smaller  plant  in  all  its  parts.  It  is  a  beautiful 
creeper  for  positions  on  the  rock  garden,  and  is  one 
of  the  best  surface  plants,  as  through  it  bulbs  may 
spear  their  growth  and  flowers  without  injury.  H.H. 
pedata  and  //.  H.  gracilis,  both  charming  varieties  of 
the  small-leaxed  Ivies,  should  be  in  every  collection. 

The  uses  to  which  Ivy  may  be  put  are  innumer- 
able, and  with  the  many  beautiful  varieties  that  are 
now  to  be  obtained  their  sphere  of  usefulness  has 
considerably  extended.  One  of  the  most  picturesque 
methods  of  growing  Ivy  is  to  allow  it  to  clamber 
over  tree  stumps  placed  here  and  there  in  suitable 
parts  of  the  garden.  Ivy  banks  also  are  very  charm- 
ing, and  for  carpeting  the  bare  ground  beneath  the 
spreading  branches  of  large  trees  nothing  could  be 


300  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

more  suitable.  For  the  latter  purpose  the  shoots 
should  be  pegged  down  and  kept  in  position  so  that 
they  may  take  root.  Suitable  varieties  for  this  pur- 
pose are  H.  dentata,  H.  rcegneriana,  rhonbea,  obovata, 
himalaica,  pedata,  palmata,  lobata,  &c. 

Indigofera  gerardiana, — During  the  late  sum- 
mer and  early  autumn  this  leguminiferous  shrub  is 
one  of  the  most  attractive  of  those  that  are  then  in 
flower.  Its  finely  divided  pinnate  leaves  are  of  a 
rich  deep  green,  and  almost  fern-like  in  grace  and 
luxuriance.  It  is,  indeed,  worth  growing  for  their 
sake  alone.  About  the  end  of  June  it  commences  to 
flower,  produces  its  flower-spikes  in  the  leaf-axils, 
and  continues  to  do  so  until  the  middle  of  September. 
The  flowers  are  pea-shaped,  and  borne  on  spikes 
4  to  5  inches  long.  The  colour  is  a  bright  rosy 
purple.  The  species  is  a  native  of  the  Himalaya,  and 
its  stems  do  not  survive  winters  of  even  moderate 
severity.  The  root -stock  is,  however,  perfectly 
hardy,  and  it  sends  up  a  thicket  of  young  growths 
every  spring  2  to  4  feet  long,  which  flower  the  same 
summer.  It  is  not  suited  for  growing  in  large 
masses  by  itself,  because  it  starts  rather  slowly,  and 
the  season  is  advanced  before  the  space  the  plants 
occupy  becomes  furnished.  But  it  is  very  suitable 
for  the  herbaceous  border,  or,  still  better,  as  an 
undergrowth  beneath  groups  of  taller,  thinly-planted 
shrubs.  It  is  happy  also  against  a  wall.  Also 
known  as  I.  floribimda. 

JASMINUM.— The  White  Jasmine  (/.  officinale)  is  too 
well  known  to  describe.     It  is  one   of   the   best  of 


R^S,' 


USE  OF  HARDY  CLIMBING  SHRUBS     301 

the  cheaper  wall  climbers.  Affine  is  the  best  variety  ; 
it  has  larger  flowers.  /.  humile  {revolutum\  although 
an  Indian  species,  will  succeed  against  a  wall  ;  it  has 
yellow  flowers  and  is  evergreen.  J.fruticans^  another 
bushy  species,  may  also  be  grown  ;  its  flowers  are 
yellow.  Of  course,  the  beautiful,  fragrant,  yellow- 
flowered  J.  nudiflorum  will  not  be  omitted  ;  it  is 
bright  with  colour  in  winter. 

Kerria  japonica. — Sometimes  grown  against  a 
wall,  but  an  excellent  bush  for  grouping,  except  in 
very  cold  and  exposed  gardens.  The  flowers  are 
yellow  and  produced  abundantly.  It  should  be 
more  grown.  The  double  variety,  K.  /.  Jlorc-pleno, 
is  frequently  seen  against  cottage  walls,  and  making 
a  cloud  of  yellow  from  the  double  rosette-like  flowers 
in  early  summer. 

LONICERA  (Honeysuckle), — This  is  too  well  known 
to  describe.  The  Honeysuckle  of  the  hedgerow  is 
as  familiar  as  the  Poppy  of  the  cornfield.  The 
common  native  Honeysuckle  is  Lonicera  Pericylmenum, 
the  best  variety  of  which  is  serotina,  or  late  Dutch  ;  it 
flowers  into  the  autumn,  and  is  of  redder  colouring. 
Belgica  is  the  Dutch  Honeysuckle  and  is  of  strong 
growth.  L.  Caprifolium  is  not  a  true  native,  but 
has  become  naturalised.  Major  is  a  distinct  variety. 
Then  there  are  the  evergreen  Trumpet  Honeysuckles 
(Z..  sempervirens  and  varieties,  minor  being  the  best 
known  ;  the  flowers  are  scarlet  and  yellow).  Plantie- 
rensis  is  a  good  hybrid  with  larger  flowers.  The 
Trumpet  Honeysuckles  are  not  so  robust  and  free  as 
the  late  Dutch,  for  example.     The  well-known  varie- 


302  TREES   AND  SHRUBS 

gated  Japan  Honeysuckle,  L.  japontca  aureo-reticulata, 
should  not  be  planted  much  ;  its  small,  green,  yellow- 
netted  leaves  are  pretty,  but  one  quickly  tires  of  their 
colouring.  L.  etrusca,  orange  yellow,  and  L.  flava, 
which  must  have  a  warm  place,  may  also  be  men- 
tioned. Certain  species  are  quite  bushy  in  growth. 
L.  tomentella  has  small  pink  flowers  in  July.  L. 
fragrantissima  blooms  in  winter  and  is  a  delightful 
wall  Honeysuckle  ;  its  small  white  flowers  are  very 
fragrant.  L.  Standishii  is  also  sweet  scented.  A  plant 
or  two  of  either  kind  near  the  windows  is  very 
pleasant  on  sunny  winter  days.  L.  tatarica,  another 
bushy  Honeysuckle,  has  rose-coloured  flowers  in 
early  summer. 

LOPHOSPERMUM  SCANDENS.  —  A  slender,  pink- 
flowered  climber,  but  only  for  warm  wall. 

Magnolia. — M.  grandijlora  is  generally  grown 
against  a  wall.  The  large,  glossy,  green  leaves  and 
big,  creamy,  fragrant  flowers  are  very  handsome. 
M.  conspicua  I  have  also  seen  very  beautiful  against 
a  wall,  a  mass  of  white  in  late  spring.  The  flowers 
in  this  position  are  less  likely  to  get  damaged  by 
frost  and  rain.  Its  varieties  may  be  used  in  the 
same  way,  but  the  type  is  the  best. 

Olearia. 

Passiflora  C.ERULEA. — Few  climbing  plants  are 
more  fascinating  than  the  blue  Passion  Flower.  It 
is,  with  its  bluish  flowers  and  orange,  egg-shaped 
fruit,  most  happy  against  a  warm  wall,  and  is  not  the 
hardiest  of  climbers.  The  white  variety,  Constance 
Elliot,  should  be  grown  also. 


rOLYGuSUM  L.ILDSCIW.IXICUM  OVIiK  IIR. 


USE  OF  HARDY  CLIMBING  SHRUBS     303 

PiPTANTHUS  NEPALENSIS  (Nepaul  Laburnum). — 
This  is  a  shrubby  wall  plant,  and  not  a  very  im- 
portant one.  Its  yellow  flowers  remind  one  of  those 
of  the  Laburnum,  and  are  borne  in  clusters. 

Polygonum  baldschuanicum. — A  beautiful 
shrubby  climber,  with  clouds  of  white,  pink-tinted 
flowers  in  summer  and  autumn.  An  illustration 
shows  it  clambering  into  a  Fir  tree  near  the  rock 
garden  at  Kew.  I  have  seen  many  poor  forms  in 
gardens,  seedlings,  and  therefore  to  keep  the  true 
type,  it  must  be  increased  by  cuttings.  If  frost  cuts 
the  stems  down  in  winter,  new  growths  spring  up  in 
the  following  year.  Its  graceful  flower  masses  are 
useful  in  the  house.  P.  molle  is  not  unlike  it,  but 
there  is  considerable  difference  between  them. 

PUNICA. 

Pyrus. — The  Pyruses  are  described  elsewhere  in 
this  book.  P.  {Cydonia)  japonica  and  its  many  beautiful 
varieties  and  P.  Maulei  are,  however,  more  frequently 
grown  against  walls  than  any  other  members  of  the 
same  family.     Primus  triloba  is  an  excellent  wall  shrub. 

Rosa  (Rose). 

RUBUS. 

Smilax. — This  group  is  not  common  in  gardens, 
but  is  interesting.  They  are  a  change  from  the 
repetition  of  a  few  common  things.  S.  rotiindifolia 
is  a  very  handsome  large-leaved  Smilax  with  shiny 
foliage,  now  and  then  met  with  as  S.  laurifolia  or  5. 
latifolia,  from  which,  however,  according  to  Mr.  R. 
Irwin  Lynch,  of  Cambridge,  it  is  distinct.  All  the 
kinds  of  hardy  Smilax  form  handsome  leafy  creepers 


304  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

for  walls,  but  in  our  climate  they  rarely  produce 
the  rich  clusters  of  red  berries  that  often  render  them 
so  attractive  abroad. 

SOLANUM.  —  5.  jasminoides  is  the  most  popular 
flowering  climber  of  the  south-west,  producing  its 
white  bloom-clusters  for  many  months  in  succession. 
It  is  classed  as  deciduous  in  botanical  dictionaries, 
but  is  rarely  bare  of  leaves,  except  after  severe  frosts 
in  the  early  months  of  the  year.  S.  crispum  and 
S.  Wendlandi  will  also  succeed  in  mild  counties ;  the 
latter  has  very  large  bluish  flowers. 

SOLLYA  HETEROPHYLLA. — This  is  the  dainty  little 
Australian  Bluebell  Creeper,  and  belongs  to  the 
shrubby  Pittosporums,  growing  from  2  to  6  feet  in 
height.  It  was  formerly  much  valued  as  a  greenhouse 
plant  in  the  old  days  of  the  "  balloon  trellis  " — surely 
a  "  false  ideal,"  and  one  of  the  very  ugliest  ways  in 
which  graceful  climbers  could  be  grown.  But  even 
in  that  way  this  Sollya  and  the  dainty  little  tuberous- 
rooted  kinds  of  Tropaeolum  used  to  be  extremely 
fascinating  to  many  in  habit,  such  as  S.  parviflora 
(S.  Drummondi),  S,  salicifolia  (S.  heterophylla) ,  and 
S.  angnstifolia,  or  S.  linearis,  also  a  form  of  the  last- 
named. 

Stauntonia  LATIFOLIA  (syn.  Holbcellia  latifolid). — 
This  plant  bears  clusters  of  small  greenish-white, 
highly-fragrant  flowers  in  March,  and  often  perfects 
seed-pods  in  the  autumn.  It  is  a  rapid  grower,  and 
its  leathery  leaves  are  rarely  affected  by  frost. 

Stuartia  pseudo-Camellia.  —  A  rare  and  very 
beautiful  flowering  shrub  now  seldom  seen  in  even 


USE  OF  HARDY  CLIMBING  SHRUBS     305 

the  best  of  gardens.  It  is  a  native  of  Japan,  the 
flowers  being  ivory  white  and  perfectly  cup-shaped, 
somewhat  like  a  single  White  Camellia.  S.  pentagyna 
comes  from  North  America,  as  also  S.  virginica,  but 
the  first-named  is  the  finest  and  is  worth  a  good  deal 
of  trouble  to  grow  well.  Planted  in  loam  and  peat 
and  sand  at  the  foot  of  a  sunny  and  sheltered  wall, 
the  flowering  shoots  may  be  preserved  intact  during 
the  winter. 

Tricuspidaria  hexapetala. — A  very  distinct  and 
beautiful  evergreen  shrub,  perhaps  better  known  as 
Crinodevdron  Hookeri.  It  is  a  native  of  Chili,  and  grows 
5  or  6  feet  high,  its  stiff  branches  set  with  dark,  shiny 
ovate  leaves.  The  flowers  are  nearly  globular,  very 
fleshy,  and  rich  crimson-red  or  cherry  colour.  In 
both  CO.  Wicklow,  at  Mount  Usher,  and  at  Salerno, 
CO.  Dublin,  this  rare  shrub  is  very  luxuriant  and 
beautiful.  It  grows  wellin  deep,  rich,  moist  loam 
or  in  peaty  soils,  and  propagates  readily  by  layers 
laid  down  under  stones. 

Viburnum. — Some  of  the  Viburnums  are  hand- 
some against  walls,  such  as  V.  macrocephalum  and  the 
Chinese  V.  plicatnm. 

ViTis  (Vine). — The  Vines  are  the  most  graceful 
and  beautiful  of  all  climbers,  and  many  of  them  are 
of  glorious  colour  in  autumn.  The  Virginian  Creepers 
{Ampclopsis)  are  now  grouped  with  the  Vines.  Of  the 
American  Vines,  Vitis  cesiivalis,  V.  californica,  beautiful 
autumn  colour;  V.  cordi/olia,  the  Northern  Fox  Grape 
{V.  Labntsca),  Southern  Fox  Grape  {V.vulpwa).  The 
Virginian  Creeper  {V.  quinquefolia)  is,  as  is  generally 

U 


3o6  TREES  AND   SHRUBS 

known,  very  showy  in  autumn.  Of  the  Asiatic  Vines, 
V.  Coignetice  is  the  most  famous.  It  has  very  large 
leaves,  which  turn  to  a  glowing  crimson  in  autumn. 
It  is  a  noble  climber,  V.  heterophylla  humulifolia  has 
beautiful  fruit,  each  berry  about  the  size  of  a  pea  and 
turquoise  blue  ;  it  likes  a  warm,  sunny  wall.  V.  [Am- 
pelopsis)  Veitchii  is  too  well  known  to  describe.  V. 
Romaneti  and  V.  vtnifera,  the  Common  Grape  Vine, 
also  deserve  notice.  Of  the  last-mentioned  there 
are  many  beautiful  varieties,  such  as  Purpurea, 
Miller's  Burgundy,  Teinturier,  with  claret-coloured 
foliage,  and  the  Parsley-leaved  Vine.  V.  Thunbergi 
has  very  fine  leaves,  which  turn  crimson  in  autumn. 
The  Vines  should  be  seen  in  greater  variety  in 
gardens. 

Weigela. — May  be  grown  against  fences  and  even 
walls,  but  are  better  against  the  former.  I  saw  a  fence 
covered  with  the  crimson-flowered  Eva  Rathke  in  a 
London  garden,  and  it  flowered  abundantly  every 
year. 

Wistaria. — Wistaria  time  is  a  pleasant  season  of 
the  year.  A  few  noble  examples  may  be  seen  in  the 
suburbs  of  London,  especially  at  Kew  and  Hampton 
Court,  where  the  trees  must  be  a  great  age,  while 
quite  a  fine  plant  is  in  the  Royal  Gardens,  Kew,  also. 
What  may  be  achieved  with  this  plant  if  some  atten- 
tion to  its  needs  were  forthcoming  is  not  clear,  for 
most  of  the  Wistarias  we  see  from  time  to  time  shift 
for  themselves,  and  by  the  position  they  occupy  must 
have  large  numbers  of  their  roots  in  dusty,  dry  soil. 
In  former  days  it  was  always  the  custom  to  plant  this 


OLD  WISTARIA    AT  HAMPTON  COURT. 


WISTARIA     RACEME:    SHORT,    W.    SINENSIS 
IV.  MULTIJUGA. 


LONG. 


USE  OF  HARDY  CLIMBING  SHRUBS     307 

fine  climber  at  the  base  of  the  dwelling-house  wall, 
but  now,  with  a  fuller  knowledge  of  its  robust  growth, 
its  widely-extending  branches,  and  equally  its  wide- 
rooting  capacity,  other  positions  may  with  advantage 
be  secured  for  it.  One  example  may  be  seen  at  Kew, 
where  a  fine  plant  covers  a  huge  cage-like  structure. 
Another  good  way  would  be  to  plant  it  to  run  over 
pergolas,  and  with  Clematis  to  succeed  the  Wistaria, 
the  effect  would  be  distinctly  good.  W.  chimnsis,  the 
mauve-flowered  species  is  the  one  usually  planted. 
The  variety  alba  is  less  robust,  and  does  not  flower  so 
freely ;  it  wants  a  warm  place.  W.  multijuga  has  very 
long  racemes.  The  double  variety  is  very  beautiful 
when  in  perfection,  but  our  experience  is  that  it  never 
flowers  freely,  and  the  raceme  is  often  poor. 


FLOWERING  AND  OTHER  HEDGES 

Of  the  more  or  less  known  3000  species  and  varieties 

of  trees  and  shrubs  hardy    in  this  country,  only    a 

small  proportion  are  suitable  for  making  good  hedges. 

Every  garden  of  any   size   has   a   hedge  or  two   of 

untidy  look  through  inattention  at  the  proper  time. 

A  hedge  must  be  kept  in  proper  order,  not  a  difficult 

business  when  clipping  is   done  annually,  when    to 

do  so  depending  upon  the  plants  used. 

Hedges  may  be  of  two  kinds — the  neat  trimmed 

hedge,  which  serves  as  an  outside  line  to  a  garden, 

and  also  as  a  screen  or  wind-break  to  sm^ll  or  tender 

plants  growing    near   it  ;    and   the   straggling  rough 

hedge,  varying  from   10  to  20  feet  in  width,  more 

properly  a  wide  bank  made  up  of  all  sorts  of  plants, 

rambling  Roses,  ornamental  Vines,  and  other  things 

which  usually  serve  to   brighten   some   spot   where 

colour  is  desirable,  or  to   shut   out   an   undesirable 

view.     The  best  plants  comprise  both  evergreens  and 

deciduous,  but  only  one  thing  should   be   used,    as 

mixed  hedges  are  rarely  a  success,  and  of  mingled 

evergreen  and  deciduous  plants  are  generally  quite 

a  failure.     The  best  evergreen  plants  in  their  order 

of  merit  are  Holly,  Yew,  Arbor-vitae  {Thuya  occidentalis)^ 

Thuya  gigantea,  Lobbi,   Common    Box,   Cupressus  law- 

soniana,  C.  nootkaiensis  {Thujopsis  borealis),  Privet  [Ligus- 
308 


FLOWERING  AND  OTHER  HEDGES     309 

irum),  Common  Laurel,  Portugal  Laurel  Pyramid 
Laurel  [Primus  lusitanica  myrtifolia),  Berberis  Darwinii, 
and  Ostnanthus  ilicifolius. 

Holly. — The  Common  Holly  makes  one  of  the 
best  evergreen  hedges.  Its  growth,  though  some- 
what slow,  is  regular,  and  it  does  not  mind  the 
shears,  but  it  is  costly  to  use  to  any  extent.  It  does 
not  move  readily,  so  that  for  the  first  year  or  two 
there  will  probably  be  a  few  gaps  to  fill  up,  but  when 
the  hedge  is  once  established  it  is  there  practically 
for  ever,  and  with  proper  attention  will  never  become 
rough  or  unsightly.  Before  planting  the  site  should 
be  marked  out,  and  the  ground  trenched  3  feet  wide 
and  deep,  breaking  the  subsoil  with  a  fork,  and 
working  some  well-decayed  manure  about  half-way 
down.  This  will  tend  to  draw  the  roots  down,  and 
keep  them  from  running  out  on  either  side  to  the 
injury  of  neighbouring  plants.  Plants  should  be 
obtained  in  the  early  autumn,  as  soon  as  it  is  safe 
to  move  them,  and  planted  at  once  before  the  ground 
gets  cool.  If  this  be  done  they  will  make  fresh  roots 
and  get  established  before  winter.  Some  prefer  to 
move  Hollies  in  May,  but  much  depends  on  whether 
artificial  watering  can  be  done.  If  it  can.  May  is 
quite  as  good  a  time  as  September  or  October  ;  if 
not,  then  choose  the  autumn. 

The  size  of  the  plants  used  depends  upon  taste 
and  the  depth  of  the  pocket,  but  good  plants,  i\ 
to  2  feet  high,  with  a  leading  shoot  or  two  on  each, 
placed  from  12  to  16  inches  apart,  can  be  recom- 
mended, as  they  move  readily  at  that  size,  and  are 


3IO  TREES  AND   SHRUBS 

not  so  costly  as  larger  plants.  Holly  hedges  should 
be  clipped  in  late  August  or  early  September,  when 
they  will  make  a  short  growth  before  winter,  and 
keep  in  good  condition  without  further  attention 
until  the  following  autumn.  The  height  of  the  hedge 
is  entirely  a  matter  for  the  owner  to  decide,  one  30 
or  40  feet  high,  properly  feathered  to  the  ground, 
being  quite  possible,  as  we  know  from  some  already 
in  existence.  When  grown  to  this  height,  however, 
the  top  should  be  cut  to  a  point  to  throw  off  snow. 
The  flatness  of  the  hedge  can  be  broken  by  allowing 
a  few  leading  shoots,  20  or  30  feet  apart,  to  run 
up,  budding  them  in  August  with  some  of  the 
variegated  varieties.  Gold  Queen,  Waterer's  Gold, 
Silver  Queen,  and  Argcntea  variegata  are  good  sorts 
to  use  for  this. 

When  a  Holly  hedge  has  been  neglected  for  some 
years  cut  it  back  to  the  old  wood  in  March  or  April, 
and  fork  in  a  liberal  dressing  of  manure  around  it. 
It  may  not  make  much  growth  the  first  year,  but 
will  practically  re-establish  itself  the  second. 

Yew. — The  Common  Yew  is  hard  to  kill,  and  easy 
to  prune  into  various  shapes,  as  topiary  work  suggests. 
Yew  is  generally  used  for  the  inside  of  a  garden,  such 
as  terraces  and  hedges  near  the  house.  It  should  be 
treated  in  the  same  way  as  the  Holly,  with  the  im- 
portant exception  of  being  clipped  in  May,  as  the 
Yew  makes  most  of  its  growth  in  the  early  part  of 
the  year.  In  buying  Yews,  choose  rather  stunted- 
looking  plants  in  preference  to  those  of  fresher  look 
and   freer  growth.     The   former   have   been   moved 


FLOWERING  AND  OTHER  HEDGES     311 

within  the  last  year  or  two,  the  latter  have  stood  for 
three  or  four,  and  become  coarse  rooted,  suffering, 
therefore,  after  removal. 

Akbor-vit^. — For  a  hedge  this  and  Thuya  giganka 
can  be  placed  together.  The  common  Arbor-Vitae 
is  sometimes  not  liked  because  it  gets  brown  in 
winter,  but  this  colouring  is  not  so  pronounced  in 
Thuya  gigantea.  In  preparing  the  ground  little  or  no 
manure  need  be  trenched  in,  but  a  dressing  of  spent 
manure  may  be  added  with  advantage.  The  soil 
should  be  as  good  as  possible,  but  not  too  heavy. 
They  may  be  clipped  at  any  season,  and  for  the  first 
two  or  three  years  twice  annually  will  not  be  too 
often.  It  is  wise  to  cut  off  from  six  inches  to  one 
foot  of  the  leaders  every  year,  otherwise  the  plants 
attain  a  great  height  without  breadth.  If  a  hedge 
of  these  conifers  is  allowed  to  become  rough  and 
ragged,  it  is  almost  impossible  to  restore  it,  as  it 
will  not,  except  in  special  cases  break  from  the 
older  wood. 

Box. — The  dwarf  edging  so  largely  used  for 
borders  and  paths  needs  no  description,  but  the 
Common  Box  is  not  so  largely  used  because  it  gets 
yellow,  the  result  of  sheer  starvation,  the  Box  being 
a  gross  feeder,  requiring  plenty  of  feeding  at  all 
times.  It  should  have  a  dressing  of  manure  annually, 
or  at  least  biennially,  to  keep  it  in  good  health  and 
colour.  It  should  be  clipped  in  the  spring,  April 
or  May  being  the  best  months,  and  a  top-dressing 
about  the  same  time  will  be  very  beneficial  to  it. 
Box  is  a  good  shrub  for  an  inside  hedge,  but  should 


312  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

never  become  overgrown,  as,  in  addition  to  the  hard 
cutting  necessary  to  bring  it  into  shape,  it  is  a  terrible 
plant  to  cut,  even  the  small  wood  being  very  hard 
and  tough. 

Lawson  Cypress. — Cupressus  lawsoniana  and  C. 
nootkatensis  {Thujopis  horealis)  can  be  treated  together, 
as,  in  addition  to  their  natural  relationship,  both 
require  the  same  treatment  as  a  hedge.  Neither 
makes  a  good  flat-topped  hedge  of  the  ordinary  kind, 
as  the  growth  is  distinctly  pyramidal,  and  unless 
kept  to  a  point  is  apt  to  get  injured  by  snow. 
They  should  be  cut  to  a  point,  and  a  hedge  12  to 
20  feet  high  of  this  shape  is  very  handsome  and 
effective  in  a  garden,  as  well  as  forming  a  first-rate 
screen.  They  can  be  trimmed  at  any  time  preferably 
in  the  spring  or  early  summer,  care  being  taken  not 
to  cut  the  base  too  hard,  and  the  leading  shoots  top 
annually.  In  planting  no  manure  need  be  used, 
provided  the  ground  is  good,  and  it  is  not  required 
later  on  unless  the  hedge  shows  signs  of  starva- 
tion, when  a  good  top  dressing  may  be  given  with 
advantage.  Plants  2  or  3  feet  in  height,  placed 
about  1 8  inches  apart,  are  a  good  size  to  use,  as  they 
move  readily  and  are  not  expensive. 

Privet. — The  oval-leaved  Privet  [Ligustrum  ovali- 
folium)  is  a  native  of  Japan,  and  makes  a  fairly  good 
hedge  about  5  or  6  feet  high.  It  grows  readily, 
and  moves  without  any  trouble  at  almost  any  time. 
It  can  be  bought  cheaply.  The  ground  should 
be  well  treated  in  the  first  place  ;  afterwards  it  will 
require  little  attention  in  the  way  of  feeding.     It  can 


FLOWERING  AND  OTHER  HEDGES     313 

be  clipped  at  almost  any  time,  but  for  the  tirst  year 
or  two  should  be  cut  hard  back  before  growth  begins 
in  the  spring.  Neglect  of  this  leads  to  a  hedge  that 
is  leafy  at  the  top  but  bare  at  the  bottom.  In  this 
note  the  use  of  Privet  is  not  wholly  condemned,  but 
it  must  be  understood  its  use  is  not  recommended. 
We  have  never  seen  a  Privet  hedge  that  ever  looked 
respectable  for  any  length  of  time.  We  have  not 
a  Privet  hedge  in  the  garden,  and  hope  to  be  always 
free  from  such  an  affliction. 

Laurels. — Any  of  the  various  forms  of  the  Common 
and  Portugal  Laurels  with  the  types  are  suitable  for 
what  may  be  called  second-rate  hedges,  the  best 
being  the  Pyramid  Portugal,  which  is  a  smaller- 
leaved  and  more  upright-growing  kind  than  any  of 
the  others.  With  the  exception  of  the  last-named, 
all  the  Laurels  make  hedges  rather  wide  for  their 
height,  and  all  require  much  attention  to  keep  them 
in  proper  shape.  All  should  be  clipped  in  June, 
after  the  first  growth  is  made  ;  they  will  then  make 
another  short  growth,  which  will  keep  the  hedge 
in  good  condition  until  the  following  year.  The 
Pyramid  Portugal  has  leaves  about  half  the  size  of 
those  of  the  type  and  quickly  makes  a  hedge.  It 
is  rather  more  expensive  than  the  commoner  Laurels, 
but  it  moves  well,  and  does  not  become  bare  at  the 
bottom. 

OSMANTHUS  ILICIFOLIUS.  —  This  plant  has  not 
been  much  used  for  hedges,  but  it  makes  a  very  good 
one  if  carefully  looked  after  during  the  first  year  or 
two.       It  somewhat  resembles  the  Common   Holly, 


314  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

and  requires  much  the  same  treatment.  It  is  not 
very  expensive  to  buy,  and  the  hedge  should  be  kept 
to  a  height  of  3  or  4  feet. 

Deciduous  Hedges 

Many  deciduous  plants  can  be  used  for  hedges, 
but  a  good  selection  comprises  Beech,  Hornbeam, 
Quick,  Myrobalan  Plum,  and  Sweetbriar.  The  first 
two  require  practically  the  same  treatment,  the  most 
important  part  of  which  is  to  procure  good  two  or 
three  years  old  transplanted  plants,  and  to  treat  them 
liberally  at  first.  Beyond  an  annual  trimming  they 
will  not  require  any  further  attention,  except  to  tie 
or  peg  down  a  branch  or  two  where  gaps  may 
occur. 

Quick  and  the  Myrobalan  Plum  should  be  planted 
in  double  rows  to  form  a  hedge,  and  be  cut  back 
hard  at  the  time  of  planting  to  form  a  bottom  to  the 
hedge,  which  would  otherwise  become  leggy  and 
bare  at  the  base.  If  they  should  happen  to  get  into 
this  state  most  of  the  growth  should  be  cut  away, 
and  the  main  branches  tied  or  pegged  down  in  the 
direction  of  the  hedge.  In  a  year  or  two  it  will  be 
practically  as  good  as  ever. 

For  a  dividing  line  between  the  flower  and  kitchen 
gardens,  or  for  some  spot  where  too  much  formality 
is  not  required,  the  Common  Sweetbriar  makes  an 
excellent  hedge,  although  it  requires  much  attention 
for  the  first  few  years.  If  planted  without  support, 
such  as  a  wooden  railing,  it  should  be  kept  tied  or 
pegged  down  almost  to  the  ground  for  the  first  two 


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SRiiaiin»:. ., 

ri_ 

FLOWERING  AND  OTHER  HEDGES     315 

or  three  years,  using  practically  every  growth  that 
is  made  by  the  plants.  By  this  means  a  good 
foundation  is  laid  for  the  hedge,  which  will,  when 
made,  merely  require  an  annual  trimming.  We 
plant  Sweetbriars  everywhere.  Its  leaves  in  the  early 
morning,  or  after  a  warm  summer  rain,  saturate  the 
air  with  their  fragrance. 

Hedges  of  Flowering  Shrubs 

It  often  happens  that  some  kind  of  hedge  is  wanted 
in  a  garden,  either  as  a  screen  to  hide  vegetable 
ground,  or  as  a  wind-break,  or  some  kind  of  partition. 
When  this  is  the  case,  it  is  a  good  plan  to  plant 
hardy  flowering  shrubs  about  4  feet  apart,  and  30 
to  train  and  trim  them  that  they  grow  into  a  compact 
hedge,  and  yet  have  enough  lateral  play  to  allow 
them  to  flower.  Two  years  ago  we  privately  advised 
some  friends  who  were  planting  new  gardens  where 
such  dividing  hedges  were  wanted,  and  the  hedges 
are  already  coming  into  use  and  beauty. 

Such  a  hedge  is  not  only  ornamental,  but  it  yields 
endless  material  for  cutting.  It  should  be  allowed 
to  grow  quite  4  feet  thick,  and  is  best  formed  with 
a  backbone  of  stiff  woody  shrubs,  such  as  Guelder 
Roses,  Ribes,  and  Lilac,  while  between  the  stiffer 
shrubs  might  be  some  that  are  weaker,  such  as  Kerria, 
Rliodotypus,  and  Leycesteria.  Plants  of  rank  rambling 
growth,  such  as  free  Roses  and  double-flowered 
Brambles,  Aristolochia,  IVisiaria,  Virginia  Creeper,  and 
the  rambling  Honeysuckles,  are  not  in  place  in  such 
a  hedge  ;    they  are  more  suitable  for    rough   hedge 


3i6  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

banks,  walls,  or  for  arbour  and  pergola  ;  the  flower 
hedge  wants  true  shrubs.  The  bush  Honeysuckles, 
such  as  Lonicera  fragrantissima  and  L.  iatarica,  are 
just  right,  or  any  woody,  twiggy  bushes  of  moderate 
growth,  or  such  as  are  amenable  to  pruning  and 
thinning,  such  as  Deutzia  and  Snowberry  shrubs  that 
so  often  get  overgrown  in  a  shrubbery.  In  the 
hedge  these  would  do  well,  as  they  could  easily  be 
watched  and  thinned  ;  also  many  true  shrubs  that 
flower  all  the  better  for  reasonable  pruning. 

Any  one  would  be  surprised  to  see  what  a  quantity 
of  useful  flowers  such  a  hedge  would  yield,  while,  if 
there  is  another  of  foliage  for  winter  use,  it  will  be 
invaluable  to  the  indoor  decorator.  We  have  just 
planted  a  hedge  for  this  use,  all  of  golden  variegated 
or  yellow-leaved  shrubs,  those  chosen  being  the 
Scotch  Gold  Holly,  Golden  Euonymus,  Golden 
Privet,  the  variegated  Eiirya  latifolia,  yellow  variegated 
Box,  Cassinia  fidvida  and  Golden  Tree  Ivy,  all  shrubs 
of  the  utmost  value  for  winter  cuttings.  Though 
they  are  barely  2  feet  high  as  yet,  the  slightly  varied 
golden  hedge  is  already  a  pleasant,  cheering  sight 
in  the  quickly-shortening  November  days. 

Other  flower  hedges  are  also  delightful  possessions. 
Hedges  of  China  Rose,  of  Lavender,  of  Sweetbriar, 
of  old  garden  Roses,  or  of  climbing  or  rambling  Roses 
trained  down,  of  Honeysuckles,  of  Jasmine  ;  some 
of  these  are  occasionally  seen,  but  of  a  good  selection 
of  true  shrubs  hedges  are  rarely  if  ever  made. 

Any  of  the  shrubs  recommended  for  the  mixed 
flowering  hedge  could,  of  course,  be  used  alone  ;  and 


FLOWERING  AND  OTHER  HEDGES     317 

excellent  it  would  be  to  have  a  hedge  of  Guelder 
Rose  or  flowering  Currant  or  Japan  Quince,  and 
how  much  more  interesting  than  the  usual  hedge 
of  Quick  or  Privet  or  Holly.  Both  sides  of  the 
flower  hedge  should  be  easily  accessible,  not  neces- 
sarily by  a  hard  path,  but  by  a  space  just  wide 
enough  to  go  along  comfortably.  An  additional 
advantage  well  worth  considering  would  be  that, 
supposing  the  direction  of  the  hedge  to  be  east  and 
west,  the  south  side  would  flower  in  advance  of  the 
north,  and  so  prolong  the  supply  of  bloom. 


PLEACHED  OR  GREEN  ALLEYS 

In  the  old  days  the  pleached  alley  was  as  familiar 
in  English  gardens  as  the  pergola  of  the  present 
age.  Both  are  interesting,  and  both  provide  grate- 
ful shadowed  walks  in  the  heat  of  summer.  The 
trees  most  generally  used  in  the  fashioning  of 
pleached  alleys  were  the  Hornbeam  and  Lime, 
both  native  of  this  country,  but  green  alleys  have 
been  made  of  Yew,  of  Cotoneaster  microphylla,  of 
Holly,  and  other  evergreens.  There  are  flowering 
Cherries  of  weeping  habit  that  would  suit  well  for 
such  treatment,  and  several  other  small  trees  of 
pendulous  growth,  such  as  Laburnum,  Weeping 
Ash,  and  the  large-leaved  Weeping  Elm.  There 
is  an  important  green  alley  at  West  Dean,  near 
Chichester,  of  Laburnum  only. 

The  green  alley  differs  from  the  pergola  in  that 
the  pergola  has  solid  and  permanent  supports,  its 
original  purpose,  in  addition  to  the  giving  of  shade, 
being  to  support  vines.  The  green  alley,  being 
made  of  stiffer  and  more  woody  growths,  only 
needs  a  temporary  framework  to  which  to  train 
the  trees  till  they  have  filled  the  space  and  formed 
the  shape.  Hornbeam  was  the  tree  most  used  in 
former  ages,  and  for  a  simple  green  alley  nothing 
is  better.     Beech   is   also  good.     Several    other    of 


PLEACHED   OR   GREEN   ALLEYS      319 

the  smaller  trees  of  weeping  growth  should  be 
more  used  for  this  and  the  allied  uses  of  train- 
ing for  arbours  and  other  shelter  places  in  the 
garden. 

The  common  Plane  is  much  used  on  the  conti- 
nent for  green  shelters  ;  the  trees  are  pollarded  at 
at  about  eight  feet  high,  and  the  vigorous  young 
growths  trained  down  horizontally  to  a  slight 
framework. 

It  would  be  interesting  to  make  a  green  alley 
with  two  or  perhaps  three  kinds  of  plants  whose 
leaf  form  was  of  the  same  structure.  For  instance, 
a  groundwork  of  Weeping  Ash  could  soon  be 
trained  into  shape,  and  Wistaria  would  be  best  to 
grow  all  over  and  through  it.  The  more  stiff  and 
woody  Ash  would  supply  the  eventual  solid  frame- 
work, as  by  the  time  the  Wistaria  was  making 
strong  growth  (for  it  is  very  slow  to  make  a  be- 
ginning) the  whole  would  be  well  in  shape,  and 
might  dispense  with  the  framing  of  "  carpenters' 
work "  that  is  necessary  for  its  first  shaping.  It 
would  be  best  to  plant  the  Ash  zigzag  across  the 
path  so  that  the  main  of  the  head  of  each  tree 
might  be  trained  across  the  path  and  down  to 
the  ground  on  the  opposite  side,  when  it  would 
occupy  the  space  between  the  two  opposite  trees. 

It  is  important  to  further  maintain  the  distinc- 
tion between  green  alley  and  pergola  by  using  in 
the  green  alley  only  things  of  a  permanent  and 
woody  character  ;  no  Roses  or  Clematis,  or  any 
other   plants  of   which    portions   are   apt   to   die   or 


320  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

wear  out.  These  are  proper  to  the  pergola,  whose 
permanent  substructure  makes  it  easier  to  cut 
away  and  renew  those  of  its  coverings,  whether  struc- 
tural or  growing,  that  are  liable  to  partial  decay. 

A  great  many  delightful  things  may  be  done 
with  these  green  alleys  and  green  shelters.  Much 
interest  is  already  aroused  in  the  pergola,  and 
when  thinking  of  this  it  is  well  to  consider  these 
other  ways  of  adding  to  the  comfort  and  charm  of 
our  gardens.  One  thing,  however,  should  be  care- 
fully considered.  It  should  be  remembered  that 
where  a  path  is  made  more  important  by  passing 
under  trained  green  growths  it  should  have  some 
definite  reason  for  being  so  accentuated,  certainly  at 
one  and  desirably  at  both  ends.  It  often  occurs 
that  in  laying  out  ground  the  owner  wishes  to 
have  a  pergola,  as  it  were,  in  the  air,  and  when 
there  is  nothing  to  justify  its  presence.  It  should 
not  be  put  at  haphazard  over  any  part  of  the 
garden  walk.  If  of  any  length,  it  should  distinctly 
lead  from  somewhere  to  somewhere  of  importance 
in  the  garden  design,  and  should,  at  least  at  one 
end,  finish  in  some  distinct  full-stop,  such  as  a 
well-designed  summer-house  or  tea-house. 

Another  important  matter  is  that  a  pergola  or 
green  alley,  in  the  usual  sense,  should  never  wind 
or  go  uphill.  It  is  not  intended  by  this  that 
shading  coverings  cannot  be  used  in  such  places, 
but  that  they  would  want  especial  design,  and  it  is 
altogether  a  matter  of  doubt  if  these  could  not  be 
much  better  treated  in  other  ways. 


PLEACHED  OR  GREEN  ALLEYS   321 

The  circumstances  of  different  gardens  are  so 
infinitely  various  that  it  is  impossible  to  lay  down 
hard  rules ;  only  general  rules  can  be  given  and 
exceptional  circumstances  dealt  with  by  exceptional 
treatment. 

Green  alleys  require  some  attention.  In  winter 
the  oldest  of  the  wood  must  be  cut  out  to  make 
room  for  the  young  growth,  and  when  this  is 
lengthening  vigorously  it  must  be  carefully  laid  in. 

If  the  alley  has  an  iron  framework,  which  is  neces- 
sary when  such  strong  growing  things  as  Wistaria  are 
used,  this  may  be  clothed  during  the  first  few  years 
until  the  Wistaria  is  growing  strongly  with  annual 
climbers  such  as  Cobaa  scaridcus,  lophospermum,  Mina 
lobala,  and  even  varieties  of  the  large-flowered 
Clematis,  which  must  be  removed  when  the  Wistaria 
covers  the  alley. 

Very  charming  alleys  are  sometimes  formed  of 
fruit  trees — Pear,  Apple,  Cherry,  and  Plum  making 
delightful  spring  pictures,  and  almost  as  much  so 
when  in  fruit  in  autumn.  Where  fruit  and  flower 
are  desired  every  shoot  must  be  exposed  to  sun  and 
air.  When  densely  shaded  by  other  growths  the 
wood  does  not  ripen,  and  therefore  flowers  badly,  if 
at  all. 


THE   GARDEN    ORCHARD 

One's  enjoyment  of  the  garden  would  be  greatly 
increased  if  the  orchard,  which  is  so  often  thrust 
away  into  a  remote  corner,  were  brought  into  direct 
communication  with  it.  How  easily  the  trimmer 
lawn  spaces  might  lead  through  groups  of  flowering 
shrubs  to  the  rather  rougher  grassy  orchard.  How 
naturally  the  garden  Roses  and  masses  of  free-grow- 
ing Cluster  Roses  would  lead  to  their  near  relations, 
the  Pears  and  Apples  and  other  fruiting  trees  of  the 
great  Rose  order. 

There  is  no  need  to  make  a  definite  break  between 
the  two  ;  it  is  all  the  better  not  to  know  where  the 
garden  ends  and  the  orchard  begins.  Towards  the 
edge  of  the  mown  lawn  there  may  already  be  trees 
of  the  Red  Siberian  Crab  and  the  handsome  Crab 
John  Downie,  and  the  pretty  little  Fairy  Apple ; 
while  the  nearer  orchard  trees  may  well  be  wreathed 
with  some  of  the  free  Cluster  Roses,  such  as  Bennett's 
Seedling  or  Dundee  Rambler. 

If  the  orchard  is  of  some  extent  its  standard  trees 
of  Pear,  Apple,  Cherry,  and  Plum  may  be  varied  by 
three  or  four  bush  trees,  or  by  some  of  the  beautiful 
fruit  trees  of  lower  growth,  such  as  Medlars  and 
Quinces.  There  may  also  be  breaks  of  cut-leaved 
Blackberry  and  a  thicket  of  Crabs  or  Filberts,  and 


THE   GARDEN   ORCHARD  323 

on  some  one  side,  or  perhaps  more,  a  shady  Nut 
alley.  There  is  no  need  to  be  always  moving  the 
garden  orchard.  One  wide,  easy,  grassy  way  might 
well  be  kept  closely  shorn,  but  much  of  the  middle 
and  side  spaces  had  better  not  be  cut  until  hay-time, 
for  many  would  be  the  bulbs  planted  under  the  turf, 
great  drifts  of  Daffodils  and  Spanish  Scillas,  and 
Fritillaries  for  the  larger  effects,  and  Colchicums 
and  Saffron  Crocus  for  the  later  months.  If  the 
grass  were  mown  again  in  September,  just  before 
the  Colchicums  appear,  it  would  allow  of  easy  access 
to  the  fruit  trees  in  the  time  of  their  harvest,  and 
in  those  interesting  weeks  immediately  before  the 
Apples  ripen. 

It  must  not  be  forgotten  that  the  best  use  of  many 
fruit-bearing  trees  is  not  restricted  to  the  kitchen 
garden  only,  for  many  of  them  are  beautiful  things 
in  the  most  dressed  ground.  Few  small  trees  are 
more  graceful  in  habit  than  the  old  English  Quince 
that  bears  the  smooth,  roundish  fruits.  It  is  not 
only  a  pleasant  object  in  leaf  and  flower  in  early 
summer,  and  in  autumn  glory  of  golden  fruit,  but 
even  when  bare  of  leaves  in  winter  a  fully  matured 
tree  is  strikingly  beautiful,  and  in  boggy  ground 
where  no  other  tree  would  thrive  it  is  just  at  its 
happiest  and  is  most  fruitful.  Then  many  Apples 
are  extremely  ornamental,  and  there  is  a  whole  range 
of  Crabs  ;  Siberian,  Chinese,  and  home-raised  hybrids 
that  are  delightful  things  both  in  flower  and  in  fruit. 
Pyrns  Maulei,  vieing  in  beauty  of  bloom  with  its  near 
neighbours,  the  Japanese  Quinces,  quite  outdoes  them 


324  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

in  glory  and  bounty  of  fruit,  which  in  October  is 
one  of  the  most  briUiant  things  in  the  garden.  There 
are  no  better  garden  ornaments  for  foHage  than  Figs 
and  Vines,  and  though  the  needful  pruning  of  a  Vine 
for  fruit  takes  off  somewhat  of  its  pictorial  value, 
which  depends  in  some  measure  on  the  wide-flung, 
luscious  summer  growth  and  groping  tendril,  yet  in 
any  shape  the  Grape  Vine  is  a  thing  of  beauty. 
Some  of  its  garden  kinds  also  show  how,  in  distinct 
departures  in  colour  and  shape  of  leaf,  it  is  always 
beautiful  ;  for  the  Parsley-leaved  Vine,  with  its  dainty 
and  deeply-cut  foliage,  is  a  suitable  accompaniment 
to  the  most  refined  architecture  ;  while  the  red-purple 
leaf  of  the  Claret  Vine  and  its  close  clusters  of  blue 
fruit  are  richly  ornamental  in  the  autumn  garden. 
A  Medlar  tree,  with  its  large  white  bloom  and  hand- 
some leaves,  is  desirable,  and  several  of  the  Services 
are  ornamental  small  trees.  Every  one  knows  the 
lovely  pink  bloom  of  the  Almond  in  April,  but  few 
may  have  tried  something  that  is  not  an  experiment 
but  a  certainty — namely,  the  successful  culture  of 
the  hardier  Peaches,  near  relatives  to  the  Almond, 
as  standards  in  the  south  of  England,  A  Peach  of 
American  origin,  the  Early  Alexander,  bears  full  or 
fair  crops  every  year.  The  only  danger  is  from  leaf 
blister  from  sudden  cold  in  May,  but  if  its  position  is 
sheltered,  or  if  it  can  be  afforded  the  protection  of  a 
net,  it  will  suffer  but  little,  and  perfectly  ripened 
peaches,  red  all  round,  may  be  had  at  the  end  of 
July.  The  beauty  of  Cherry  blossom  is  so  well 
known  that  it  needs  no  extolling  ;  and  any  great  high 


THE   GARDEN   ORCHARD  325 

wall  looks  the  better  at  all  seasons  for  a  well-trained 
old  Pear. 

A  free  planting  of  the  cut-leaved  Bramble  is 
pleasant  to  see  on  the  outskirts  of  the  garden,  and 
is  beautiful  in  leaf,  in  flower,  and  in  fruit. 


THE   WORTHY   USE   OF   ROSES 

For  a  full  consideration  of  the  Rose  as  a  garden 
flower,  one  must  look  to  such  a  work  as  "  Roses 
for  English  Gardens,"  but  as  the  Rose  is  a  flowering 
shrub  it  cannot  be  omitted  from  the  present  volume. 

In  these  days  of  horticultural  prosperity  and  rapid 
progress,  when  there  would  appear  to  be  one  or 
more  specialists  devoting  themselves  to  every  worthy 
flower,  we  need  scarcely  say  that  the  Rose  has  not 
been  forgotten.  Indeed,  within  the  memory  of  many 
who  have  watched  its  culture  for  the  last  forty  years, 
the  rapid  advance  is  nothing  less  than  astonishing. 
Our  own  veteran  growers  and  some  of  the  foreign 
firms  seem  to  have  vied  with  each  other  in  produc- 
ing new  forms  in  the  Hybrid  Perpetuals  and  in  the 
Teas,  but  it  has  been  almost  within  the  last  decade 
that  growers  have  not  only  deepened  the  interest 
in  the  cultivation  of  the  Rose,  but  have  immensely 
widened  it  by  striking  out  in  new  directions. 

It  is  now  a  good  many  years  since  the  Bennett 
hybrids  appeared  and  gave  us  many  forms  of  note- 
worthy novelty,  but  the  parents  of  these  were  still 
among  the  well-known  H.P.'s  and  Teas  and  Chinas. 
But  of  late  years  hybridists  have  taken  in  hand  some 
of  the  handsomer  of  the  species,  and  by  working 
them  with  well-established  favourites  have  produced 


THE   WORTHY    USE   OF   ROSES      327 

whole  new  ranges  of  fine  Roses.  Of  these  the  most 
prominent  have  been  products  of  R.  polyantha,  mgosa, 
ntbigi)iosa,  and  wichiriana.  The  striking  success  of 
many  of  these  later  hybrids  is  encouraging  in  the 
highest  degree,  and  the  field  for  future  work  is  so 
immense  that  the  imagination  can  hardly  grasp  the 
extent  of  the  prospect  that  these  earlier  successes 
seem  to  open  out. 

There  are  so  many  ways  in  which  Roses  may  be 
beautiful.  Even  in  the  varied  form  and  habit  pos- 
sessed by  the  types  some  special  kind  of  beauty 
is  shown  and  some  special  garden  utility  is  fore- 
shadowed. And  then  we  think  of  the  future  pos- 
sibilities of  the  Rose  garden  !  Already — we  say  it 
with  deliberation  and  a  feeling  of  honest  convic- 
tion— the  Rose  garden  has  never  been  developed 
to  anything  like  its  utmost  possible  beauty.  The 
material  already  to  hand  even  twenty  years  ago  has 
never  been  worthily  used. 

The  Rose  garden  to  be  beautiful  must  be  designed 
and  planted  and  tended,  not  with  money  and  labour 
and  cultural  skill  only,  but  with  brains  and  with 
love,  and  with  all  those  best  qualities  of  critical 
appreciation — the  specially-cultured  knowledge  of 
what  is  beautiful,  and  why  it  is  beautiful — besides 
the  indispensable  ability  of  the  practical  cultivator. 

There  are  in  some  places  acres  of  Rose  gardens, 
many  of  them  only  costly  expositions  of  how  a  Rose 
garden  had  best  not  be  made.  The  beautiful  Rose 
garden,  that  shall  be  the  living  presentment  of  the 
poet's  dream,  and  shall  satisfy  the  artist's  eye,  and 


32  8  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

rejoice  the  gardener's  heart,  and  give  the  restful 
happiness  and  kindle  the  reverent  wonderment  of 
delight,  in  such  ways  as  should  be  the  fulfilment  of 
its  best  purpose,  has  yet  to  be  made. 

It  matters  not  whether  it  is  in  the  quite  free 
garden  where  Roses  shall  be  in  natural  groups  and 
great  flowery  masses  and  arching  fountains,  and 
where  those  of  rambling  growth  on  its  outskirts 
shall  clamber  into  half-distant  surrounding  trees  and 
bushes,  or  whether  it  is  in  the  garden  of  ordered 
formality  that  befits  a  palatial  building  ;  there  are 
the  Roses  for  all  these  places,  and  for  all  these  and 
many  other  uses.  Indeed,  for  reducing  the  hard 
lines  of  the  most  formal  gardens  and  for  showing 
them  at  their  best,  for  such  enjoyment  as  they  may 
give  by  the  humanising  of  their  rigid  lines  and  the 
softening  of  their  original  intention  as  a  display  of 
pomp  and  state  and  the  least  sympathetic  kind  of 
greatness,  the  beneficent  quality  of  age  and  accom- 
panying over-growth  may  be  best  shown  by  the 
wreathing  and  clambering  cluster  Roses,  whose 
graceful  growth  and  tender  bloom  are  displayed  all 
the  better  for  their  association  with  the  hard  lines 
and  rough  textures  of  masonry  surfaces. 

Some  Beautiful  Wild  Roses 

No  family  of  hardy  shrubs  is  more  bewildering 
in  the  multiplicity  and  intricacy  of  its  nomenclature 
than  Rosa.  There  are  only  some  seventy  species 
now  accepted  by  botantists,  yet  the  pseudo-specific 


THE   WORTHY    USE   OF    ROSES      329 

names  may  be  counted  by  hundreds.  Fortunately 
for  those  interested  in  their  cultivation,  a  good  many 
of  these  names  refer  to  plants  with  very  unimportant 
distinctions  (many  of  them,  indeed,  are  minor  forms 
of  our  native  Dog  Rose),  and  the  best  of  the  wild 
species  are  mostly  grown  under  the  names  applied 
to  them  in  the  following  notes. 

Their  cultivation  is  simple.  They  are  like  the 
Hybrid  Perpetuals  in  their  love  for  a  rich  loamy 
soil — one  inclining  to  a  clayey  rather  than  to  a 
sandy  nature.  Loving  abundant  sunlight,  they  are 
not  happy  in  shady  spots.  The  commonest  mistake 
in  their  cultivation  is  m  pruning.  The  notion  that 
they  have  to  be  cut  back  like  Hybrid  Perpetuals  and 
such-like  Roses  has  often  resulted  in  the  loss  of  a 
season's  fiowers,  besides  destroying  for  the  time  the 
peculiar  beauty  of  habit  that  many  species  possess. 
The  shoots,  often  long,  sucker-like  growths  that  push 
from  the  base  in  summer,  supply  the  flowers  of  the 
following  year,  and  until  they  have  flowered  should 
not  be  touched  with  a  knife.  Whatever  pruning 
is  necessary — and  it  is,  as  a  rule,  a  mere  matter  of 
thinning  out  of  old  worn-out  stems — is  to  give  the 
young  growths  more  air  and  freedom.  No  shorten- 
ing back  is  needed.  It  may  always  be  remembered 
that  some  of  the  most  beautiful  specimens  of  Wild 
Roses  in  existence,  especially  those  of  rambling 
growth,  have  never  been  pruned  at  all.  The  chief 
thing  is  always  to  retain  the  free,  unfettered  grace 
natural  to  the  plants.  Pruning  will  help  to  do  this, 
but  it  must  be  pruning  of  the  proper  kind. 


330  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

In  the  wilder  parts  of  the  garden  the  common 
Dog  Rose  (R.  canina)  and  its  numerous  varieties  are 
worth  a  place  ;  they  flower  well,  and  are  always 
beautiful  in  fruit.  The  same  may  be  said  of  the 
Sweet  Briar  {R.  rubiginosa),  the  fragrance  of  whose 
young  growths  is  always  a  delight,  whether  in  garden 
or  hedgerow.  R.  hibernica,  a  British  Rose,  thought 
to  be  a  hybrid  between  the  Scotch  Rose  and  R. 
canina,  comes  in  the  same  category.  It  flowers 
earher  than  the  Dog  Rose. 

For  the  wdld  garden  also  there  are  several 
other  Roses  that  may  be  mentioned,  such  as  cin- 
namomea,  with  rosy-red  flowers  and  crimson  fruit ; 
nutkana,  acicularis,  pisocarpa,  and  californica.  Only 
those  are  mentioned  that  from  their  greater 
beauty  and  distinctness  deserve  a  more  detailed 
notice. 

R.  ALBA. — Although  found  wild  in  several  parts 
of  Europe,  this,  the  "  Common  White  Rose  "  of  Lin- 
naeus, is  supposed  to  be  a  hybrid  between  R.  gallica 
and  the  Dog  Rose.  It  is  always  found  in  places 
which  lead  to  the  belief  that  it  is  not  truly  indige- 
nous, but  an  escape  from  cultivated  grounds.  The 
typical  plant  has  white  flowers  that  are  considerably 
larger  than  those  of  the  Dog  Rose,  and  the  petals 
have  more  substance.  There  are  now  numerous 
double-flowered  varieties  in  gardens,  some  beauti- 
fully tinged  with  rose. 

R.  Alberti. — A  native  of  Turkestan,  where  it  was 
discovered  by  M.  Albert  Regel  not  many  years  ago. 
This  is  one  of  the  rarest  species  of  Rosa  in  cultiva- 


THE   WORTHY    USE   OF    ROSES      331 

tion.  The  flowers  are  bright  yellow,  the  leaves  small 
and  much  divided. 

R.  ALPINA. — This  is  the  species  from  which  the 
Boursault  Roses  have  been  derived.  It  is  a  native 
of  the  Alps  and  Pyrenees.  The  stems  are  4  to  5 
feet  high,,  and  have  few  or  no  spines  except  when 
young.  The  flowers  are  rosy  red  ;  the  fruits  red, 
often  pear-shaped,  and  covered  with  bristles,  which, 
when  rubbed,  have  a  turpentine-like  odour. 

R.  AKVEXSis  (or  R.  repens). — From  this  species 
the  Ayrshire  Roses  have  been  obtained.  It  is  natur- 
ally a  trailing  or  climbing  plant,  having  long  thin 
shoots  and  white  flowers.  When  trained  over  tree 
stumps  or  rough  stakes  and  ultimately  allowed  to 
grow  at  will,  it  forms  tangled  masses  which  are  very 
pretty.  But  the  double  forms — even  the  common 
variety,  Jlorc-peno — are  to  be  preferred,  being  espe- 
cially useful  in  semi-wild  spots.  The  type  is  wild  in 
England,  and  frequently  to  be  seen  in  hedges  and 
thickets. 

R.  CAROLINA — For  certain  positions  this  is  a  useful 
Rose.  It  has  erect  stems  and  forms  dense  thickets, 
spreading  rapidly  by  means  of  the  numerous  under- 
ground rhizomes  it  sends  out  in  all  directions.  The 
flowers  are  purplish  rose.  A  later-flowering  variety 
known  as  nuttalliana  is  a  stronger  grower  and  has 
larger  flowers.  This  will  flower  up  to  September. 
R.  hicida  and  R.  nitida  are,  like  R.  Carolina,  natives  of 
North  America,  and  are  of  similar  habit,  but  they  are 
dwarfer  and  the  leaves  are  more  glossy.  All  these 
arc   apt   to   become  crowded   with   old    stems,    and. 


332  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

besides  an  occasional  thinning  out,  are  much  im- 
proved by  dividing  up   every  three  or  four  years, 

R.  FERRUGiNEA  (R.  rubrifolia). — This  species, 
which  comes  from  the  Pyrenees  and  Alps,  is  re- 
markable for  the  reddish-purple  colour  of  its  leaves 
and  young  shoots.  Groups  of  half-a-dozen  or  more 
plants  give  a  striking  colour  effect.  The  flowers  are 
similar  to  the  Dog  Rose,  but  red. 

R.  L^viGATA  (R.  sinica). — Except  in  the  south 
and  south-west  or  in  similarly  favoured  localities,  this 
is  not  really  hardy,  but  where  it  thrives  it  is  a  singu- 
larly beautiful  Rose,  perhaps  unsurpassed  among 
single  Roses  in  the  size  of  its  pure  white  flowers.  It 
is  known  as  the  Cherokee  Rose,  and  is  naturalised  in 
some  of  the  Southern  United  States.  A  lovely  hybrid 
between  it  and  R.  indica  has  been  raised  and  named 
Anemone.      Its  flowers  are  soft  rose. 

R.  LUTEA  (Austrian  Briar). — Of  all  the  Wild  Yellow 
Roses  this  is  the  most  beautiful.  The  yellow-flowered 
species  do  not,  as  a  rule,  thrive  so  well  as  the  others 
in  gardens — one  has  only  to  mention  such  species  as 
berberifolia,  sulphurea,  xanthina  (or  Ecce)  to  recall  that. 
But  R.  lutea,  in  strong  loam  with  plenty  of  lime  added, 
generally  thrives  well.  The  copper-coloured  varieties 
are  more  difficult  to  deal  with  in  suburban  districts. 
The  flowers  of  the  typical  R.  lutea  are  of  the  brightest 
rich  yellow.  When  in  good  health  it  produces  each 
year  long  arching  shoots,  wreathed  from  end  to  end 
with  blossom.     This  species  comes  from  the  Orient. 

R.    MICROPHYLLA This    interesting    species    is 

closely    allied    to    R.    rugosa,    and    is    a    native    of 


THE    WORTHY   USE   OF   ROSES      333 

China.  It  has  a  sturdy  bushy  habit,  few  spines,  and 
the  curious  habit  of  peeling  its  bark.  Its  foliage  is 
very  handsome,  the  leaflets  being  small  and  numerous. 
The  flowers  are  rose  coloured  and  very  fragrant. 
The  shrub  is  interesting  for  its  fine  fruits,  which  are 
of  large  size,  very  spiny,  and  of  a  yellowish  colour 
when  ripe.  Although  some  other  species  surpass 
this  in  showiness,  it  is  one  of  the  most  distinct. 

R.  MOSCHATA  (Musk  Rose). — When  seen  at  its 
best,  few  of  the  rambling  species  are  more  beautiful 
than  this.  It  is  not,  however,  so  hardy  as  some, 
especially  when  young,  in  which  state  it  makes 
long,  succulent  shoots  during  summer  and  autumn, 
which  are  apt  to  be  killed  back  in  winter.  Old 
plants  do  not  sufter  in  the  same  way,  or  not  so 
severely.  Its  flowers  are  borne  in  great  clusters,  and 
are  notable  for  their  pure  whiteness  and  conspicuous 
bunches  of  bright-yellow  stamens.  The  best  plants 
often  of  this  species  are  in  shrubberies,  where,  no 
doubt,  the  other  shrubs  afford  it  some  protection. 
It  is  a  native  of  the  Orient  and  India.  The  name 
"  Musk  Rose  "  refers  to  a  perfume  which  may  occa- 
sionally be  detected  in  its  flowers  after  a  shower,  but 
is  never  very  apparent.     Nivea  is  a  beautiful  form. 

R.  MULTIFLORA. — This,  the  Polyantha  Rose,  the 
wild  type  of  the  group  so  named  and  the  progenitor 
of  many  graceful  Roses,  is  a  native  of  Japan  and 
China.  It  is  a  shrub  8  feet  or  more  high,  forming 
a  dense  thicket  of  arching  branches.  Its  flowers 
individually  are  small,  but  they  come  in  large  dense 
clusters  and  so  abundantly  as  to  transform  the  shrub 


334  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

into  a  mass  of  white.  They  are  very  fragrant.  This 
is  an  admirable  plant  for  putting  at  the  top  of  a  wall 
or  steep  bank  which  it  is  desirable  to  drape  with 
vegetation.  The  Polyantha  group  of  Roses  can 
always  be  distinguished  by  the  stipules  at  the  base 
of  the  leaf-stalk  being  fringed. 

R.  OCHROLEUCA. — In  stature,  foliage,  and  mode  of 
growth  this  is  like  the  Scotch  Rose,  but  its  flowers 
are  of  as  bright  and  rich  a  yellow  as  those  of  the 
Austrian  Yellow  (R.  lutea).  Where  R.  liitca  does  not 
grow  well,  this  will  be  an  excellent  substitute.  A 
native  of  Siberia. 

R.  POMIFERA  (Apple  Rose). — This  is,  perhaps,  the 
most  striking  of  Roses  in  regard  to  its  fruit.  The 
hips  are  i  to  li  inches  long,  apple  or  pear-shaped, 
of  a  fine  bright  red,  and  covered  with  bristles.  It  is 
a  species  that  requires  generous  conditions  at  the  root 
to  be  seen  at  its  best.  R.  mollis  and  R.  tomentosa  belong 
to  the  same  group,  and  have  also  fine  red  fruits,  but 
they  are  much  smaller  than  those  of  R.  pomifera. 

R.  RUGOSA  (Japanese  Rose). — No  plant  has  come 
to  the  front  more  rapidly  in  recent  years  than  this 
Rose.  It  was  introduced  from  Japan  in  1845,  but 
appears  to  have  been  neglected.  It  is  one  of  the 
very  hardiest  of  Roses,  as  well  as  one  of  the  sturdiest 
and  most  robust.  The  leaves  are  very  handsome, 
the  leaflets  being  of  a  rich  green  and  wrinkled.  The 
flowers  in  the  wild  type  are  rosy  crimson,  but  there 
is  also  a  white  variety,  and  seedlings  give  quite  a 
variety  of  shades.  It  hybridises  freely  with  other 
species   and   garden    varieties,  and   has   in   this  way 


THE   WORTHY   USE   OF    ROSES      335 

enriched  our  gardens  with  many  good  hybrids, 
Mme.  Georges  Bruant  and  the  Coubert  Double 
White  among  them.  The  fruits  of  R.  rngosa  are 
orange-shaped,  scarlet  red,  and  of  large  size — alto- 
gether very  ornamental. 

R.  SEKICEA. — For  some  reason  this  Rose  has  never 
obtained  the  recognition  it  deserves.  Perhaps  its  com- 
parative rarity  may  account  for  this.  It  is  the  earliest 
of  all  Roses  to  flower  out  of  doors,  its  first  blossoms 
opening  as  a  rule  towards  the  latter  end  of  May  ;  the 
flowers  are  creamy  white.  In  the  cooler  days  of  May 
and  early  June  it  lasts  longer  in  bloom  than  many  of 
the  later  flowering  species  do.  It  has  one  very  dis- 
tinctive character,  in  the  petals  being  nearly  always 
four  (instead  of  the  usual  five)  to  each  flower.  Some- 
times the  bark  of  the  young  shoots  is  a  bright  red. 
A  native  of  North  India. 

R.  SETIGERA. — Of  the  North  American  Roses  none 
has  proved  more  useful  in  this  country  than  the  Prairie 
Rose.  A  rambler  in  habit,  it  is  valuable  for  its  vig- 
orous growth  and  late  flowering.  The  flowers  are 
large,  deep  rose,  and  appear  in  July  and  August. 

R.spinosissima(R.pimpinellifolia). — The  Scotch 
Rose  is  one  of  the  earliest  species  to  bloom ;  it  is  also 
one  of  the  prettiest  and  most  distinct.  The  stems  are 
dwarf  and  covered  with  bristles,  the  leaves  small,  and 
the  flower  white  and  cup-shaped.  There  are  several 
wild  varieties  of  it,  the  two  most  noteworthy  being 
altaica  (or  gramUJlora)  and  hispida.  Both  these  grow 
6  feet  or  more  high,  and  the  flowers  of  both  are  larger 
than  the  typical  Scotch   Rose.     Those  of  altaica  are 


336  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

creamy  white ;  those  of  hispida  a  lovely  cream  yellow. 
The  garden  varieties  of  this  Rose  are  numerous — 
some  double,  some  single,  and  varying  in  colour  from 
yellow  to  white  and  from  pink  to  purple.  The  type 
is  found  wild  in  several  parts  of  Britain. 

R.  WEBBIANA. — Coming  from  some  of  the  highest 
elevations  on  the  Himalaya  at  which  shrubby  vegeta- 
tion exists,  this  species  is  the  hardiest  of  the  Indian 
Roses.  It  has  a  thin,  graceful  habit,  and  its  spiny 
stems  are  blue  white  when  young.  This  year  it  has 
been  very  pretty  in  the  unusual  profusion  of  its  bluish- 
tinted  flowers,  each  of  which  are  about  2  inches 
across.  The  leaves  are  of  a  blue  green,  and  are 
similar  in  size  and  division  to  those  of  the  Scotch 
Roses.  But  it  is  quite  distinct  from  them  or  any 
others,  for  which  reason  it  is  worth  the  notice  of 
lovers  of  these  wild  types. 

R.  WICHURIANA. — It  is  not  many  years  since  this 
Japanese  Rose  was  first  introduced,  but  it  is  now 
fairly  well  known.  It  is  a  perfectly  prostrate  plant, 
and  is  remarkable  for  the  shiny,  varnished  appearance 
of  the  leaves.  It  is  one  of  the  latest  species  to  come 
into  bloom.  The  flowers  are  pure  white,  and  appear 
during  July  and  August  in  clusters  resting  on  the 
carpet  of  glossy  foliage.  It  makes  an  excellent  cover- 
ing for  sunny  banks  where  the  soil  is  good.  Old  tree 
stumps  are  also  pretty  when  covered  with  this  Rose. 
It  has  already  been  hybridised,  and  among  its  progeny 
are  Pink  Roamer,  Manda's  Triumph,  South  Orange 
Perfection,  and  Jersey  Beauty.  There  is  a  very  dis- 
tinct cross  between  it  and  R.  rugosa  at  Kew. 


PLANTING   AND   STAKING   TREES 

A  FEW  words  of  advice  upon  these  important  subjects 
will  be  helpful.  When  planting  a  tree,  prepare  the 
groimd  beforehand,  so  that  when  the  trees  arrive 
they  can  be  put  at  once  into  their  proper  places 
without  having  to  be  laid  in.  If  tlie  trees  are  to  be 
planted  thickly,  trench  tiie  ground  to  a  depth  of  at 
least  2  feet,  keeping  the  top  spit  to  the  top  all  the 
while,  merely  burying  the  turf  if  there  is  any.  If 
the  soil  is  poor,  enrich  it  during  the  trenching.  If 
possible  this  trenching  should  be  done  the  spring 
previous  to  the  planting  of  the  trees,  and  the  ground 
cropped  with  Potatoes  or  Cabbages  to  keep  down 
weeds  during  summer.  If  the  trees  are  to  be  planted 
wide  apart  or  as  isolated  specimens,  make  large  holes, 
varying  in  diameter  from  6  to  lo  feet,  these  being 
trenched  2  or  2 A  feet  deep  and  filled  in  again  to 
within  I  foot  of  the  surface.  The  shape  of  the 
hole  is  a  small  matter,  round  or  square  being 
equally  good.  In  some  instances,  however,  especially 
when  a  tree  is  being  moved  with  a  large  mass  of 
soil,  a  square  hole  will  be  found  handier  than  a 
round  one,  on  account  of  the  additional  room  given 
by  the  corners. 

The   time   to   plant    is   of    much    importance,    for 
though  deciduous  trees  may  be  transplanted  through- 
337  Y 


338  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

out  winter,  October,  November,  February,  and  March 
are  preferable  to  December  or  January.  October 
and  November  are  the  two  best  months,  as  then  the 
ground  is  warm  and  root  action  begins  before  winter 
sets  in. 

If  the  trees  are  simply  to  be  transplanted  from 
one  position  in  the  garden  to  another,  the  work  may 
be  begun  in  the  case  of  deciduous  trees  as  soon  as 
the  leaves  turn  colour  and  commence  to  fall.  In 
lifting,  take  care  not  to  injure  the  roots.  When 
putting  the  spade  into  the  ground  the  edge  should 
be  to  the  tree,  not  the  face.  Digging  must  begin 
at  a  reasonable  distance  from  the  tree,  and  if  a  ball 
of  soil  is  not  required,  the  soil  should  be  forked  from 
between  the  roots  into  a  trench  which  has  previously 
been  made  round  the  stem.  If,  while  lifting,  any 
of  the  main  roots  have  suffered,  cut  the  injured  parts 
away  with  a  sharp  knife  and  tar  over  the  wounds. 
When  planting,  the  tree  should  be  stood  in  the  hole, 
and  a  stick  laid  across  the  top  of  the  hole  near  the 
tree  to  ascertain  whether  the  depth  is  right,  sufficient 
space  for  an  inch  of  soil  over  the  uppermost  root 
being  allowed.  The  centre  of  the  hole  should  be 
filled  in  slightly  higher  than  the  sides,  and  on  the 
little  mound  the  tree  should  be  stood,  laying  the 
roots  out  carefully  all  round.  When  filling  the 
soil  in,  some  fine  material  should  be  worked  in 
among  the  roots  with  the  hand,  and  before  the  hole 
is  fully  filled  in  give  a  good  watering  ;  this  has 
the  effect  of  settling  the  soil  well  about  the  roots. 
The  amount  of  ramming  necessary  depends  on  the 


A^ 


PLANTING   AND   STAKING   TREES     339 

consistency  of  the  soil.  After  a  tree  is  planted  in 
early  autumn  a  mulching  of  rotten  manure  may  be 
given,  but  if  the  planting  is  done  in  spring  the 
mulching  is  better  left  until  early  summer  when  the 
ground  has  become  warmed. 

After  planting,  staking,  where  necessary,  should 
be  attended  to.  It  is  not  necessary  to  stake  every 
tree  that  is  planted.  When  it  is  sturdy,  wnth  a  well- 
balanced  head  and  set  of  roots,  and  the  position  is 
not  exposed  to  rough  winds,  staking  is  needless.  If, 
however,  the  stem  is  weak  or  the  roots  are  mostly 
on  one  side,  not  spread  round  the  tree,  or  the 
position  is  very  exposed,  staking  for  a  time  will  be 
necessary.  In  the  case  of  young  trees  little  difficulty 
will  be  experienced,  as  good  straight  stakes  can  be 
easily  got.  As  a  rule,  one  stake  is  quite  enough  for 
a  tree,  and  that  should  be  driven  in  as  close  as 
possible  to  the  trunk  without  injuring  it  or  the 
roots.  To  the  stake  the  tree  should  be  secured  with 
wire  or  stout  tar  string,  using  thin  cushions  of  felt, 
leather,  or  old  hose-pipe  to  keep  the  wire  or  string 
from  cutting  into  the  bark.  Allow  a  little  room 
between  the  stem  and  stake  for  growth.  Two  or 
three  ties  are  usually  sufficient,  and  these  should  be 
examined  and  loosened  once  or  twice  a  year  until 
the  stakes  can  be  dispensed  with.  The  habit  of 
putting  in  stakes  in  such  a  way  that  they  cross  the 
trunk,  and  that  when  the  wind  blows  there  is 
sufficient  play  for  the  stem  and  the  stake  to  rub 
against  each  other,  is  a  bad  one,  the  chafing  often 
causing  serious  wounds.      In  exposed  situations,  or 


340  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 

when  there  is  danger  of  the  tree  rocking  about  and 
becoming  loose  at  the  collar,  put  in  three  stakes  in 
the  form  of  a  triangle,  the  stem  fitting  in  the  space 
left  between  the  three  stakes  at  the  top,  while  the 
bottoms  of  the  stakes  extend  some  2  or  3  feet 
from  the  tree.  For  this  purpose  wires  fastened  to 
stakes  driven  in  the  ground  are  useful,  and  neater 
than  stout  stakes.  When  wires  are  used,  however, 
take  care  to  provide  a  good  soft  pad  between  the 
tree  and  the  wire.  For  trees  with  large  heads,  or 
those  not  well  furnished  with  roots,  this  way  of 
staking  will  be  found  very  useful.  When  inserting 
stakes  they  should  be  properly  sharpened  for  the 
sake  of  straight  driving.  The  staking  of  trees  which 
have  the  lower  parts  of  their  trunks  straight  and 
their  leaders  crooked  differs  from  other  staking,  as 
the  stakes  should  not  be  driven  into  the  ground,  but 
tied  firmly  to  the  trunk  below  the  bend,  the  leader 
being  then  drawn  to  the  stake.  In  all  cases,  however, 
where  staking  is  done  the  stakes  should  be  removed 
as  soon  as  the  trees  are  able  to  do  without  them.  A 
stake  is  not  beautiful.  There  is  always  the  chance  of 
the  tying  material  being  left  a  little  too  long  without 
examination,  and  therefore  it  cuts  into  the  bark. 
Ties  also  harbour  insects. 


SOME    HARDY    FLOWERING    TREES 
AND    SHRUBS 

The  following  are  tables  of  hardy  tiowering  trees  and  shrubs, 
and  comprise  only  species  and  varieties  suitable,  unless  other- 
wise stated,  for  almost  all  parts  of  the  British  Isles.  An 
asterisk  (*')  denotes  those  of  the  first  importance.  This  way 
has  been  adopted  to  compress  as  much  information  as  possible 
into  a  small  space. 


1 

Country  or 

Colour 

Namk. 

Origin  and 

AND 

General  Remarks. 

Natural  Order. 

Season. 

^SCULL'S    (Pavia), 

Sapindaceae 

A   well-known    group    repre- 

Horse   Chestnut, 

sented  most  largely  by  the 

Buck-eye 

Horse  Chestnut,  which  is  the 
tallest  of  the  species.  The 
iEsculi  generally  are  of 
medium  size,  and  not  very 
particular  about  soil  or  posi- 
tion, 'riic  smaller  growers 
were  at  one  time  placed  in 
a  distinct  genus,  Pavia,  but 
now  placed  with  /Esculus. 
The  more  shrubby  species 
are  welcome  in  the  garden, 
where  the  Horse  Chestnut 
would  be  out  of  place. 

*JE.  carnea 

Hybrid     between 

Bright  red  ; 

This   is   a   handsome   tree   for 

M.    Hippocas- 

late  May 

the  garden,  and  is  generally 

tanum  and  .¥.. 

and  early 

about  15  feet  high  in  Britain. 

Pavia.       Syno- 

June 

Its  chief  charm  is  in  the  profu- 

nymous      with 

sion  and  brilliant  red  colour- 

^. rubicunda 

ing  of  the  flower-spikes.  It 
is  not  of  quick  growth,  but 
flowers  when  very  young.  It 
will  be  found  in  many  lists 
under  the  name  of  /E.  rubi- 
cunda, the  red  Horse  Chest- 
nut. Rosea  is  a  good  variety 
recommenicd  by  Mr.  An- 
thony Watorer  as  a  "tree 
for  planting  in  smoky  dis- 
tricts." Another  fine  variety, 
peculiarly  bright  in  flower 
colouring,  is  M.  Brioti. 

M.  flava 

A  native  of  Caro- 

Pale yellow 

'rhose  who  want  a  tree  in  this 

lina    and    Vir- 

family of  distinct  colour  will 

ginia,  and  intro- 

find jileasurc  probably  in  this. 

duced   in    1764 

but  its  colouring  is  dull,  and 

on      mountain 

the  flowers  are  not  plentiful. 

slopes 

342 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Name. 


*AL.  Hippocastanum 
(Common  Horse 
Chestnut) 


Country  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order. 


M.  indica 


JE.    (Pavia)    parvi- 
flora 


Loudon,  in  his 
"  Arboretum," 
says:  " Accord- 
ing to  M.Jaunie 
Sainte-  Hilaire, 
and  his  account 
appears    to    us 


Colour 
and 

Season. 


White ; 

late    May 

or  early 

June. 

There  is 

considerable 

variation 


the  most  prob-  i  as  many  of 
able,  the  Horse  :  the  trees  in 
Chestnut  passed  j  parks  and 
from  the  moun-  |  gardens 
tains  of  Thibet 
to  England  in 
1550."  Gerard 
mentions  the 
Horse  Chestnut 
in  his  "Her- 
bal "  in  1579  as 
a  rare  foreign 
tree 
Nepaul,  and  other 
parts  of  Nor- 
thern India. 
On  the  Hima- 
laya the  tree 
reaches  a  height 
of  70  feet,  with 
a  trunk  3  feet 
through 


have  been 

raised  from 

seed 


White, 
with  yellow 

and  red 
blotches  at 
the  base  of 
the  petals ; 

Summer 


General  Remarks. 


North  America. 
On  river  banks 
in  Georgia.  In- 
troduced to 
England  by  Mr. 
John  Eraser  in 
1786 


White 

fragrant 

flowers 

sometimes 

tinged  with 

pink,  and 

long 
stamens. 


The  common  Horse  Chestnut  is 
too  well  known  to  describe. 
It  is  not  a  tree  for  very  ex- 
posed places,  as  its  large 
leaves  offer  considerable  re- 
sistance to  the  wind,  and 
get  torn  and  unsightly.  The 
double  variety  (flore-pleno)  is 
very  distinct,  having  quite 
double  flowers.  Foliis  aureis 
variegatis  is  a  variegated 
variety,  as  the  name  sug- 
gests, with  blotches  of  yellow 
on  the  leaves ;  and  laciniata 
has  cut  foliage. 


This  distinct  and  beautiful  tree 
is  perhaps  the  rarest  of  the 
Horse  Chestnuts  in   cultiva- 
tion, and  probably  neither  so 
hardy  nor  so  robust  as  the 
common  species.    It  flowered 
in  England  as  long  ago  as 
1858  at  Mildenhall  in  Suffolk, 
but  has  been  little  heard  of. 
It  is  a  tree  doubtless  for  the 
Cornish  and  Devonshire  and 
southern  coast  gardens  where 
the    Himalayan    Rhododen- 
drons thrive  well.    Sir  Joseph 
Hooker,  during  his  Himalaya 
travels  fifty  years  ago,  saw  it 
loaded  with  its  white  racemes, 
and  equal  in  beauty  to  the 
common  Horse  Chestnut  of 
English  parks.     Its  foliage  is 
quite  distinct    from   that    of 
the  other  species,  the  leaflets 
numbering    seven    or     nine, 
and  being  of  a  dark  glossy 
green.      In  the  other  Horse 
Chestnuts    the    leaflets    are 
usually  only  five  to  each  leaf, 
and  never  more  than  seven. 
The  racemes  of  this  Indian 
species   are    about   8   inches 
long,  the  flowers  being  white, 
with  blotches  of  yellow  and 
red  at  the  base  of  the  petals. 
This    is    better   known   as    P. 
macrostachya,  and  is  a  low, 
spreading  shrub  8  to  10  feet 
high ;    the   leaves  consist  of 
five  to  seven  finely  serrated 
leaflets,  covered   underneath 
with    a    whitish    tomentum. 
Although  introduced  so  long 


FLOWERING   TREES   AND   SHRUBS       343 


Country  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order. 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


*iE.    (Pavia),    parvi- 
flora 


^E.  californica 


North  America 


and  in  long 
upright 


in  lis  native 
country,  but  not 
much  more  than 
a  shrub  here 


iE.  Pavia  (P.  rubra)       North  America 


California.  4ofeet  jErect spikes 
of  white  or 

delicate 

rose ;  sweet 

smelling 

flowers ; 

May 

Red; 

early 

summer 


Al.  turbinata 


Japan 
(introduced  by 
Messrs.  Veitch 

&  Sons) 


Yellowish 

white,  not 
so  large  as 
those  of  the 

common 
Horse 

Chestnut 


General  Remarks. 


ago,  this  August  flowering 
shrub  is  not  common  ;  it  is 
a  good  shrub  for  a  small 
garden,  and  is  not  fastidious 
about  soil  or  even  situation  if 
not  too  shady.  It  is  increased 
by  suckers  thrown  up  around 
the  plant.  These,  when  de- 
tached with  a  portion  of  root, 
soon  form  good  plants. 
This  is  not  much  known,  but 
is  a  handsome  shrub  or  tree. 


This  is  the  Red  Buckeye,  and 
will  grow  15  feet  high,  but 
is  more  often  simply  a  big 
shrub.  The  flowers  are  very 
bright  red  in  colour,  and  in 
loose  clusters,  unlike  the 
dense  spikes  of  the  common 
Horse  Chestnut.  The  varie- 
ties are  even  dwarfer.  Hum- 
ilis,  for  instance,  is  only  4  feet. 
Atrosanguinea  has  very  dark 
red  flowers,  and  those  of 
whitleyana  are  brighter  than 
the  type. 

As  this  has  not  yet  flowered  in 
this  country,  as  far  as  we 
are  aware,  but  will  probably 
become  popular  here,  the  fol- 
lowing account  of  it  by  Pro- 
fessor Sargent  in  his  "  Forest 
and  Flora  of  Japan  "  will  be 
interesting  : — 

"  This,  however,  is  a  noble 
tree— one  of  the  largest  and 
stateliest  of  all  the  horse 
chestnuts.  In  the  forests  of 
the  interior  mountain  regions 
of  Central  Hondo,  at  eleva- 
tions between  2000  and  3000 
feet,  horse  chestnuts  80  to 
100  feet  tall,  with  trunks 
3  or  4  feet  in  diameter,  are 
not  uncommon.  These  were, 
perhaps,  the  largest  decidu- 
ous trees  on  the  main  island 
growing  naturally  in  the 
forest — that  is,  which  had  not 
been  planted  by  men — and 
their  escape  from  destruction 
was  probably  due  to  their 
inaccessible  position,  and  to 
the  fact  that  the  wood  of  the 
horse  chestnut  is  not  particu- 
larly valued  by  the  Japanese. 


344 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


J&.  turbinata 


Country  or         Colour 
Origin  and  and 

Natural  Order.  I    Season. 


Japan 


Yellowish 
white 


Rosaceae 


North-West 
America 


White ; 
Spring 


GiiNERAL  Remarks. 


In   habit,   and  in  the  form, 
venation,  and  colouring  of  the 
leaves,    the   Japanese    horse 
chestnut  resembles  the  horse 
chestnut  of  our  gardens,  the 
Grecian  /Esculus  Hippocas- 
tanum,  and  at  ilrst  sight  it 
might  easily  be  mistaken  for 
that    tree,    but    the    thjrsus 
of  flowers   of    the   Japanese 
species,    which    is   lo   or   12 
inches  long,  and  only  2^  to 
3    inches     broad,     is     more 
slender  ;     the     flowers    are 
smaller,     and    pale    yellow, 
with     short,     nearly    equal, 
petals,    ciliate   on    the    mar- 
gins ;  and  the  fruit  is  that  of 
the    Pavias,    being    smooth, 
and  showing  no  trace  01  the 
prickles  which  distinguish  the 
true   liorse   chestnuts.      The 
Japanese      horse      chestnut 
reaches  Southern  Yezo,  find- 
ing its  most  northern  home 
near  Mororan,  on  the  shores 
of  Volcano  Bay,  at  the  level 
of    the    ocean  ;    it    is    gene- 
rally distributed  through  the 
mountainous    parts    of    the 
three  southern  islands,  some- 
times ascending  in  the  south 
to   an   elevation   of  4000  or 
5000  feet.      There  seems  no 
reason  why  this  tree,  which 
has  already  produced  fruit  in 
France,  should  not  flourish  in 
our   northern  states,    where, 
as  well  as  in  Europe,  it  is  still 
little  known.      In    Northern 
Japan  the  fruits  are  exjiosed 
for  sale  in  the  shops,  although 
they  are  probably  used  only 
as    playthings   for  the    chil- 
dren." 
A  charming  family  of  spring- 
flowering   trees,   graceful   in 
growth,  and  of  moderate  sta- 
ture.   There  are  four  species, 
but  dozens  of  names  in  cata- 
logues ;  in  fact,  the  genus  is 
much    mixed    up    in    many 
books  and  lists. 
This  is  usually  about  8  feet  high ; 
it  is  very  beautiful  with  its 
wealth    of  white    flowers   in 
compact  clusters  or  racemes, 
followed   by  purple   berries. 
In  the    Kew    ".Arboretum" 
Hand-list   no   less  than   ten 
synonyms  are  given. 


FLOWERING   TREES   AND   SHRUBS       345 


Name. 


*A.  canadensis 


A.  oligocarpa 


A.  vulgaris 


Andromeda  polifolia 
(Moorwori) 


Country  or        Colour 

Origin  and  and 

Natural  Orukr.     Season. 


Canada 


Northern  United 

States, 

and  found  in  bogs 

and  swamps 


Europe 


Ericaceaj ; 

North  America 

and 

;  Northern  Europe, 

I   including  Britain 


White ; 
April 


Berberis  Aquifoliuni  Berberideje ; 

(Ash       Barberry,  Western  North 
Syn          Mahonia  America 

Aquifolium) 


B.  buxifolia  (Box- 
leaved  Barberry, 
Syn  B.  dulcii) 


White ; 

April  and 

May 


White ; 
April 


Pink; 
Summer 


Yellow; 
early 
Spring 


Yellow ; 
April  and 
early  May 


General  Remarks. 


This  flowers  about  a  month 
before  A.  alnifolia,  and  is  one 
of  the  first  trees  to  greet  us 
with  its  wealth  of  snow-white 
blossom  in  spring.  It  sliould 
be  planted  in  a  free  group. 
Juneberry  and  Snowy  Mes- 
pilus  are  its  popular  names. 
Eighteen  synonyms  are  given 
in  the  list  referred  to,  the 
most  usual  being  A.  Botrya- 
piuni.  No  small  garden 
should  be  without  this  lovely 
small  tree ;  it  is  between  6 
and  8  feet  high,  spreading, 
and  has  purplish  fruits,  whilst 
the  leaves  die  off  deep  golden 
yellow,  so  that  the  Snowy 
Mespilus  has  many  beautiful 
phases.  There  are  several 
varieties,  but  the  species  is 
as  beautiful  as  any. 

This  is  quite  a  dwarf  shrub,  3 
feet  to  4  feet,  and  the  indivi- 
dual flowers  are  j  inch  across. 
As  it  is  found  in  moist  places 
it  should  be  tried  in  such  posi- 
tions in  Britain. 

This  has  been  in  English  gar- 
dens about  300  years.  It 
is  like  the  Canadian  June- 
berry  or  Snowy  Mespilus,  but 
not  so  beau'iful.  If  only  one 
Mespilus  is  required,  choose 
M.  canadensis. 

A  small  shrub  about  a  foot  high, 
with  pretty  pink  wax -like 
flowers  borne  throughout  the 
summer  months.  A  moist, 
peaty  soil  is  necessary  to  its 
welldoing. 

A  common,  but  handsome  ever- 
green shrub,  reachingaheight 
of  3  to  5  feet,  and  clothed 
with  dark-green  pinnate  and 
leathery  leaves.  The  flowers 
are  bright  golden ;  they  are 
succeeded  by  berries,  purple 
when  ripe,  which  add  to  the 
ornamental  features  of  the 
plant.  It  is  one  of  the 
best  shrubs  for  growing 
under  trees,  and  in  many 
places  is  planted  for  game 
cover. 

.An  upright  evergreen  bush  5 
feet  high,  clothed  with  small 
box-like  leaves,  and  bearing 
drooping  blossoms  borne  on 
unusually  long  stalks.  It  is 
not  so  handsome  as  B.  Dar- 


346 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Country  or 

Colour 

Name. 

Origin  and 

AND 

General  Remarks. 

Natural  Order. 

Season. 

*B.    buxifolia    (Box- 

Cliili 

Yellow  ; 

winii  or  B.  stenophylla,  but 

leaved    Barberry, 

April  and 

flowering  before  them  is  on 

Syn  B.  dulcis) 

early  May 

that  account  valuable.  A 
dwarf  variety  (nana)  is  a 
pretty  rockwork  plant. 

B.  concinna 

Himalaya 

Pale 

A   Httle  deciduous    shrub   not 

yellow 

more  than  i8  inches  high,  and 
with  silvery  undersides  to  the 
leaves.  It  needs  a  sheltered 
spot  in  good  soil. 

B.  congestiflora  var 

Chili 

Bright 

A  large  interesting  bush,  with 

hakeoides 

Yellow 

masses  of  flowers.     Rare. 

B.  aristata 

Himalaya 

Yellow 

A  strong  -  growing  deciduous 
shrub,  somewhat  after  the 
style  of  the  common  Bar- 
berry, but  chiefly  remarkable 
from  the  bright  red  of  the 
young  bark,  which  thus  forms 
a  fine  winter  feature. 

*B.    Darwinii    (Dar- 

Chili 

Orange 

This  ranks  with  B.  stenophylla 

win's  Barberry) 

yellow  ; 

as  the  most  handsome  of  all 

May 

Barberries ;  and,  indeed,  it 
is  in  the  very  front  rank  of 
flowering  shrubs.  It  is  of 
bold,  wide-spreading  growth 
6  to  8  feet  high,  and  the 
masses  of  dark  evergreen 
leaves  serve  admirably  as  a 
settmg  to  the  clusters  of 
orange  -  coloured  blossoms, 
which  are  at  their  best  in 
May.  The  purple  berries 
are  very  attractive  towards 
the  end  of  the  summer.  This 
Barberry  forms  a  delightful 
lawn  shrub,  particularly  in  a 
fairly  moist  soil. 

B.  einpetrifolia 

Chili 

Yellow  ; 

A  little  evergreen  bush  less  than 

Spring 

2  feet  high,  and  flowering 
about  the  same  time  as  B. 
Darwinii.  With  this  just- 
named  species  it  shares  the 
parentage  of  B.  stenophylla, 
which  is  unsurpassed  in  the 
entire  genus. 

B.  nepalensis,  Syn 

Nepaul 

Yellow 

The  statehest  of  the  Ash  Bar- 

Mahonia    nepal- 

berries, forming  a  specimen 

ensis 

6  feet  high,  and  regularly 
furnished  with  long  com- 
pound leaves.  It  is  however 
tender,  except  in  the  West 
of  England  and  Ireland, 
where,  in  a  moist,  fairly  open 
soil,  it  does  well.  Even  there 
a  sheltered  spot  should  be 
chosen  for  it. 

1  B.  repens,  Syn  Ma- 

North  America 

Related  to  B.  Aquifolium,  and. 

1      honia  repens 

1 

! 

like  that,  will  do  well  in 
shady  spots.  It  is  dwarfer 
than  the  other  just  men- 
tioned. 

FLOWERING   TREES  AND   SHRUBS       347 


Country  or 

Colour 

Name. 

Origin  and 

AND 

General  Remarks. 

Natural  Order. 

Season. 

•B.  stenophylla 

Garden  form 

YeUow : 

1 
This  is  a  hybrid   between   B.  1 

Spring 

Darwinii  and  B.  empelrifolia, 
and  a  shrub  of  rare  beauty. 

The  slender  arching  shoots 

are  very  graceful,  and  during 

the  flowering  period  are  com- 

pletely wreathed  with  golden 

blossoms.      Standing   singly 

on  a  lawn,  or  near  water,  it 

is  delightful. 

*B.  Thunbergi 

China  and  Jaiian 

Pale  yellow 

A  spreading  shrub  3  or  4  feet 

and  red ; 

high,  with  flowers  not  par- 

Spring 

ticularly  showy,  and  borne 
on  the  undersides  of  the 
shoots  just  as  the  young 
leaves  are  expanding.  The 
brightl-red  berries  are  very 
showy,  but  they  are  sur- 
passed by  the  brilliant  scarlet 
of  the  decaying  leaves. 

*B.    vulgaris    (Com- 

Europe 

Yellow ; 

The   common   Barberry  is  an 

mon  Barberry) 

Spring 

ornamental  deciduous  shrub 
8  to  10  feet  high,  and  is  valu- 
able from  the  fact  that  it 
will  thrive  in  dry,  stony  soils. 
Apart  from  the  pale-yellow 
flowers  in  spring,  the  scarlet 
berries  are  very  showy,  and 
by  some  are  used  for  pre- 
serves. There  are  many 
varieties,  the  best  being  the 
purple  -  leaved  (purpurea) 
and     white-fruited      (fructu 

albo). 

B.  wallichiana  (.Syn 

Hinialava  ami      1     Sulphur 

A  dense  evergreen  bush,  with 

B.   Jainesoni,    B. 

China             1     Yellow ; 

dark  green  spiny  leaves  and 

Hookerii) 

June 

pale  yellow  blossoms.  It 
grows  4  or  5  feet  high. 

*Buddleia  Colvillei 

Himalaya;         ,        Rosy 

A   beautiful    tree,    reaching    a 

Loganiaceas        '   crimson  ; 

height  of  30  feet  in  its  native 

June 

country,  but  it  is  hardy  only 
in  the  extreme  West  of  Eng- 
land and  South  of  Ireland. 
The  blossoms,  somewhat 
like  a  small  Pentstemon, 
are  in  large  pendulous 
racemes. 

•B.  globosa  (Oranp;. 

Li.ill 

OraD^c 

A  deciduous  shrub,   10   to   12 

Ball  tree) 

yellow  ; 

feet  high,  with  long,  willow- 

Midsummer 

like  hoary  leaves,  and  flowers 
borne    in    globular    clusters 

about  midsummer.     It  is  per- 

fectly hardy  in  warm  soils  in 

the  South  of  England,  and 

is  much  admired. 

B.  japonica,  Syn  B.                 lapan 

Lilac; 

Ihis  has  several  well  -  marked 

curviflora 

August 

features,  forming  as  it  does  a 
deciduous  shrub  about  4  feet 
high,  with  curiously  winged  ' 
stems  and  long  curved  spikes  | 

of  blossoms. 

348 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Country  or 

Colour 

1 

Name. 

Origin  and 

and 

General  Remarks. 

Natural  Order. 

Season. 

B,  variabilis 

China 

Rosy 

A  free-growing  shrub,  6  to  8 

purple, 

feet   high,    with   large    pan- 

Yellowish 

icles  of  flowers  borne  about 

throat ; 

midsummer.       As     in     the 

Midsummer 

case  of   B.   globosa  and  B. 
japonica,    a    warm    soil    in 
the    South    of    England    is 
necessary. 

Csesalpinia  japonica 

Japan ; 

Canary 

A  very  interesting  shrub,  ram- 

LeguminosEe 

yellow  ; 

bling,  and  with  long  flexible 

Summer 

shoots     with    red     prickles. 
The  leaves  are  a  foot  long, 
and  of  a  pleasing  green  ;  the 
flowers,  which  are  in  partially 
erect   racemes,  are   about  i 
inch  across,  and  bright  canary 
yellow    in    colour,     against 
which    the    reddish    anthers 
are  conspicuous.    It  must  not 
be  planted  where  it  is  likely 
to    get    smothered.     It   has 
stood     out     unharmed     for 
many  years  in  the  Coombe- 
wood  Nursery  (Kingston). 

*Calycanlhus      flori- 

North  America  ; 

Purplish 

A    deciduous,    much-branched 

dus       (American 

Calycanthacese 

red  ; 

shrub  from  5  to  6  feet  high, 

Allspice) 

July 

well   worth   growing   for   its 
highly  fragrant  flowers,  about 
a   couple   of  inches   in   dia- 
meter.   It  needs  a  fairly  cool, 
moist  soil. 

C.occidentalis(Cali- 

California 

Crimson 

Much  like  the  preceding,  but  of 

fornian  Allspice) 

more  vigorous  growth  with 
larger  flowers. 

Cassandra     calycii- 

North  America 

White ; 

An     evergreen    under  -  shrub. 

lata  (Syn  Andro- 

April and 

growing  from  i  to  2  feet  high. 

meda  calyculata) 

1 

May 

The  shoots  are  arching,  and 
the  wa.\y  Lily-of-the- Valley- 
like    flowers    are    suspended  1 
from  the  undersides  in  con- 
siderable   numbers.     It  is  a 
pretty  but  by  no  means  showy 
shrub,  and  needs  moist,  peaty 
soil. 
A   pretty   little   erect    growing 

Cassiope  fastigiata 

Himalaya ; 

Pink; 

Ericaceae 

Summer 

shrub    about    a    foot    high, 
suggesting    a     Club     Moss 
or    a    small    Conifer,    with 
tiny     bell-shaped    blossoms. 
It  is  suitable  only  as  a  rock- 
work  shrub  in  moist,  peaty 
soil. 
Even  smaller  than  the  preced- 

C.  hypnoides 

Siberia 

White 

mg,  and  needs  the  same  treat- 

ment. 

C.  tetragona 

North  America 

White 

The  tiny  scale-like  leaves  of  this 

and 

are  arranged  infourrows,thus 

Northern  Europe 

giving  the  branches  a  curious 
square  appearance.  Succeeds 
under  the  same  conditions  as 

the  others. 

FLOWERING  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


349 


Catalpa 


Country  or        Colour 
Origin  and  and 

Natural  Order.  I   Season. 


Bignoniaceae 


[•C.  bignonioides  (Syii 
C.  syringjefolia) 


Introduced  from 

North  America 

in  1726 


General  Remarks. 


Creamy 

white 

blotched 

with 

yellow, 

and  spotted 

with  purple  I 

in  the       1 

throat.      I 


This  genus  of  large  deciduous 
trees  is  represented  in  both 
the  eastern  and  western  hemi- 
spheres, and  contains  about  a 
dozen  species.  Only  five  of 
these  are  at  present  in  culti- 
vation in  Britain  orare  known 
to  be  hardy,  two  being  natives 
of  North  America  and  three 
of  China.  The  Catalpas  are 
some  of  the  most  striking  and 
beautiful  of  all  hardy  trees, 
both  in  regard  to  foliage  and 
to  flower.  The  leaves  are 
large  and  bold  in  outline, 
and  the  (lowers  borne  in  large 
terminal  panicles  towards  the 
end  of  summer.  Catalpas 
love  a  rich  soil  and  abundant 
moisture.  They  are  particu- 
larly well  adapted  for  plant- 
ing on  the  margins  of  ponds 
and  water-courses.  All  the 
species  have  this  peculiarity  : 
they  never  form  a  terminal 
winter  bud.  In  consequence 
of  this,  every  shoot  branches 
at  its  apex  into  two  or  three 
every  spring,  with  the  result 
that  the  trees  naturally  ac- 
quire a  broad,  spreading 
habit.  This  is  especially 
apparent  in  the  case  of  iso- 
lated trees  growing  on 
lawns — a  position,  it  may 
be  mentioned,  in  which 
Catal|3as  are  seen  to  ex- 
ceptional advantage.  In  the 
forests  of  North  America, 
where  they  are  drawn  up 
by  other  trees,  the  Cat- 
alpas occasionally  attain  to 
heights  of  50  feet  to  loc 
feet.  In  gardens  it  may 
sometimes  be  advisable  to  j 
help  them  to  reach  a  moder-  i 
ate  height,  by  keeping  them 
to  a  single  lead  when  young,  j 
All  the  species  can  be  in- 
creased by  cuttings  of  the 
roots,  or  of  the  fairly  matured  ' 
leafy  growths. 

This  species  is  by  far  the  com- 
monest and  best   known  of 
the  Catalpas  in  Britain.     It 
does  not  often  attain  a  stature 
of  more  than  30  feet,  although  I 
in  its  native  woods  it  is  met  ! 
with    twice    as    high.      The  j 
broadly  ovate  leaves  are  in 
healthy  trees  of  mature  age 


350 


TREES  AND  SHRUBS 


Country  or 

Colour 

\ 

Name. 

Origin  and 

AND 

General  Remarks. 

Natural  Order. 

Season, 

Catalpa  bignonioides 

Introduced  from 

July  and 

about  6  inches  long  and  4 

(Syn   C.    syringse- 

North  America 

August 

inches   to   five   inches   wide. 

folia) 

1 
1 
1 

in  1726 

The  flower  panicles  are  erect, 
branching,  and  pyramidal, 
frequently  i  foot  in  diameter 
at  the  base.  The  flower  is 
ij  inches  across,  with  a  broad 
bell-shaped  base,  the  reflexed 
limb  being  elaborately  frilled. 
The  thin,  kidney-bean-like 
fruits  are  q  inches  to  12  inches 
long,  but  in  most  parts  of  the 
country  are  only  produced 
after  exceptionally  sunny 
seasons.  The  following  vari- 
eties are  in  cultivation:  Aurea, 
with  rich  yellow  foliage ; 
nana,  a  remarkable  low 
shrub,  2  feet  to  3  feet  high, 
which  never  flowers,  and  can 
only  be  regarded  as  a  curi- 
osity ;  purpurea,  with  purple- 
tinged  leaves  and  shoots. 

C.  Bungei 

Northern  China 

White, 

Whether  the  true  C.  Bungei  is 

spotted 

in  cultivation  at  the  present 

with 

time  is  very  doubtful.     Cer- 

purple ; 

tainly  the  plants  supplied  by 

they, as  well 

some  nurserymen  under  this 

as  the 

name    are    only    the    dwarf 

panicles, 

variety  (nana)  of  C.  bignoni- 

are larger 

oides.     In  any  case  the  true 

than  in 

C.   Bungei  has  not  flowered 

Ksempfer's 

in  Britain.    It  is  a  tree  30  feet 

Catalpa 

high,  with  either  entire  or 
lobed  leaves;  they  are  4  inches 
to  8  inches  long,  and  about 
three-fourths  as  wide. 

C.    cordifolia    (Syn 

United  States.    It 

White, 

This    is    probably    the    finest 

species) 

inhabits  a  more 

with  yellow 

species  of  Catalpa,  but  is  not 

western    region 

blotches  in 

yet  well  known  in  Britain.    In 

than     C.     big- 

the throat ; 

the  United  States  it  is  often 

nonioides,    and 

but  the 

50  feet  high,  and  in  excep- 

is found  in  the 

purple 

tional    cases    over   100   feet. 

States  of  Ken- 

spots are 

Owing    to    its    having    been 

tucky,     Louisi- 

not so 

for  a  long  time  confounded 

ana,      Tennes- 

abundant in 

with    C.    bignonioides,    this 

see,      Missouri, 

C.  bignoni- 

species was   probably  intro- 

Texas, &c. 

oides, whilst 

duced   unknowingly,   and    it 

the  panicles 

may  exist   in  some  gardens 

are  large. 

under   the    other    name.     It 

and  appear 

is  said  to  be  somewhat  the 

about  a 

hardier  of  the  two. 

fortnight 

before 

C.  Fargesii 

China.       Intro- 
duced to  Franco 
by  M.  Maurice 
de      Valmorin, 
and     sent     by 
him  to  Kew  in 



Little  known  of  this  species  yet 

1899 

FLOWERING   TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


35: 


Country  or 

Colour    i 

i 

Namk. 

Origin  and      i 

AND        ! 

General  Remarks.          ] 

1 

Natural  Order.; 

Season.    ; 

! 

C.  hybrida 

1 
A  hybrid  between  1 

White,  with 

In    the     United    States    this 

C.       cordifolia  : 

yellow  and 

appears  likely  to  prove  the 

and  C.  Kc-emp- 

purple 

finest  of  all  the  Catalpas,  ex- 

feri.     Raised 

markings 

ceeding    even   C.    cordifolia 

nearly       thirty 

on  the 

in  the  vigour  of  its  growth 

years    ago    by 

throat 

and  the  size  of  its  panicles. 

Mr.     John     C. 

Four  hundred  flowers  have 

Teasin  Indiana, 

been  borne  on  a  single  pan  icle. 

U.S.A. 

Generally,  the  plant  is  inter- 
mediate   between    the    two  | 
species  that  share  its  parent- 
age. 
Whilst  this  species- named  in 
honour  of  Engelbert  Kaemp- 

C.  Knempferi 

China; 

Flowers 

introduced  by 

I  inch 

Siebold  in  1849 

across ; 

fer,  who  visited  Japan  in  the 

reddish- 

seventeenth    century  -bears 

brown  and 

a  strong  resemblance  to  the 

purple 

American    C.    bignonioides, 

markings 

It  is  neither  so  fine  nor  so 
ornamental   a   tree.     It   has 
naturally  the  same  rounded 
habit,  but  is  never  so  large. 
The  leaves  differ  in  frequently 
being   more    or    less    lobed. 
Kasnipfer  noted  this  tree  in 
Japan,    and   until    a   recent 
date  it  was  regarded  as  in- 
digenous   to    that    country. 
Recent  travellers  have,  how- 
ever, concluded  it  to  be  (like 
many  other  popular  trees  in 
Japan)     of    Chinese    origin 
solely.     It  is  frequent  in  the 
grounds    surrounding    Bud- 
dhist temples  in  Japan. 

•Ce.inothiis      ameri- 

Eastern  United 

Whitish ; 

A  deciduous  shrub,  3  to  4  feet 

canus   (New  Jer- 

States; 

July  and 

high,  thai  dies  partially  back 

sey  Tea) 

Rhamnear 

August 

during     the    winter.       The 
flowers,  which  are  borne  in 
good-sized   racemes,    are   at 
their  best  in  July  and  August, 
and  on  that  account  are  very 
valuable.     It  is  one  of  the 
hardiest  of  the  Ceanothuses. 
and  in  the  South  of  England 
it  will  flower  as  a  shrub  in 
the  open  ground. 

•C.  asureus 

Mexico 

Light  blue; 

This  is  not  quite  so  hardy  as 

July  and 

the  preceding,  and  it  cannot 

I 

August 

be  regarded  as  a  shrub  for 
the  open  ground,  except  in 
particularly     favoured     dis- 
tricts.    It  is,  however,  a  de- 
lightful  wall   shrub.     There 
are  many  garden  varieties  of 
thi-,   mostly  of  Continental 
origin,  of  which  may  be  espe- 
cially  mentioned   Gloire   de 
Versailles,       blue  ;       Marie 
Simon,    pink;    and    Indigo. 

1 

deep  blue,  very  beautiful. 

352 


TREES  AND  SHRUBS 


Country  or 

Colour 

Name. 

Origin  and 

AND 

General  Remarks. 

Natural  Order. 

Season. 

Ceanothus  divarica- 

California 

Pale  blue ; 

Suitable  only  for  a  wall.     With 

tus 

May  and 

this  amount  of  protection  it 

June 

will  reach  a  height  of  lo  feet. 

C.  papillosus 

California 

Blue; 

Like  the  last,  it  is,  except  in  the 

May  and 

extreme   west,    essentially   a 

June 

wall  plant ;  it  isoneofthebest. 

C.  rigidus 

California 

Purplish 

The  leaves   of  this   are   small 

blue; 

and  neat,  and  its  charming 

Spring  and 

blossoms  are  on  a  wall  borne 

early 

sometimes  as  soon  as  April, 

Summer 

and    are    kept    up    through 
May  to  June.     It  will  reach 
a  height  of  6  to  8  feet.              | 

1  C.  thyrsifloius 

California 

Bright 

In  its  native  country  this  attains 

blue; 

to  the  dimensions  of  a  small 

Summer 

tree,  but  here  it  is  essentially 
a   wall   plant.     The  flowers 
are  in  large  racemes. 

*C,  veitchianus 

California 

Bright 

A  species  with  neat  dark-green 

blue; 

leaves.     It  forms  a  delightful 

May  and 
June 
Rose 

wall  plant. 

*Cercis   Siliquastrum 

South  Europe  and 

Throughout    May    and    early 

(Judas  Tree) 

West  Asia ; 

purple,  but 

June  the  Judas  Tiee  is  very 

Leguminosoe 

varies ; 

beautiful,    being    smothered 

May  and 

with  pretty  pear-shaped  red 

June 

blossoms.    At  Kew  it  flowers 
well  in  numerous  places.    It 
grows  to  a  height  of  20  feet 
or  more  in  the  Mediterranean 
region,    though    in    gardens 
here  it  is  more  often   repre- 
sented by  bushes  of  less  than 
half  that  height.    It  thrives  in 
sandy  loam,  and  likes  plenty 
of  sun  and  air.     The  flowers 
are  produced  from  all  parts  1 
of  the  stems,  much  of  the  old  | 
wood  being  often  smothered 
with     flowering     spurs.       A 
variety  with  white  flowers  is 
in  cultivation,  and  this  may 
also  be  seen  in  flower  at  Kew. 
In  addition  to  this  species, 
C.   canadensis,   from    North 
America,  and  C.  chinensis,  a 
native  of  China  and  Japan, 
are    also    grown,    whilst    a 
fourth  species,  C.  reniformis, 
from    Western    China,    has 
lately  put  in  an  appearance, 
but  it  has,  however,   so  far 
proved  more  tender  than  the 
others. 

*Chionanthus  retusus 

Japan ; 

Pure  white; 

This  Chionanthus  furnishes  one 

(Fringe  Tree) 

Oleaceos 

Early 

of  the  many  illustrations  of 

Summer 

the  close  affinity  that  exists 
between    the    flora    of    the 
United    States   and   that   of 
Japan,  for  it  is  very  nearly 
related     to     the     American 

FLOWERING  TREES  AND   SHRUBS 


353 


Country  or 

Colour 

Name. 

Origin  and 

and 

General  Remarks. 

Natural  Order. 

Season. 

Chionanthus  retusus 

Oleace.-v 

Pure  white  ; 

Fringe    Tree    (Chionanthus 

(Fringe  Tree) 

early 

virginicus),  from  which,  how- 

Summer 

ever,    it    differs   in   being   a 
a  smaller  and  more  slender 
plant,   while  the  clusters  of 
flowers  are  rather  less  dense. 
When  in  bloom  there  is  no 
danger  of  confounding  these 
Chionanthuses  with  any  other 
tree   or  shrub,  as  the   pure 
white  drooping  fringe-like  in- 
florescence is  totally  distinct 
from  anything  else.   They  are 
quite  hardy,  and  not  particu- 
lar as  to  soil,  though  a  fairly 
deep  loam  suits  them  best. 

C.  virginica  (Ameri- 

North America 

White, 

An  interesting  bush,  but  taller 

can  Fringe  Tree) 

narrow, 
fringe-like 

petals  ; 

hence  the 

name 

in  its  native  country. 

•Choisya   ternata 

Mexico ; 

White; 

This  is  a  shrub  for  warm  soils 

(Mexican  Orange 

Rutaceje 

Summer, 

and  sunny  position,  when  it 

Flower) 

but  much 

makes  a  big,  leafy,  glossy- 

depends 

leaved  bush,  smothered  with 

upon 

clusters  of  white  flowers  that, 

position 

from   their  appearance  and 
fragrance,   have  earned   the 
shrub  the  name  of  Orange 
Flower.      At    Munstead    in 
Surrey  it  grows  so  rampantly 
that  it  has  to  be  cut  away  to 
keep    it    within    reasonable 
bounds.      In    "Wood    and 
Garden,"    p.  63,   it  is  men- 
tioned,  the   month  is  May ; 
"  The       Mexican      Orange 
Flower     (Choisya     ternata) 
has    been    smothered  in   its 
white  bloom,  so  closely  re- 
sembling   orange    blossom. 
With  a  slight  winter  protec- 
tion of  fir  boughs  it  seems 
quite   at   home   on   hot  dry 
soil,  grows  fast,  and  is  very 
easy  to  propagate  by  layers. 
When  cut  it  lasts  for  more 
than  a  week  in  winter." 

Cistus  albidus 

South-West 

Bright 

A  shrub  4  to  5  feet  high,  with 

Europe ; 

rose; 

whitish    leaves    (hence    the 

Cistineae 

June  and 

name  of  albidus)  and  a  pro- 

July 

fusion  of  blossoms  2  inches 
across.       It    needs    a    dry, 
warm  soil,  hence  will  succeed 
on  sloping  banks,  but  even 
then,  in  the  South  of  England, 
it  is  apt  to   be   killed  by  a 
very    severe    winter.       This 
last  paragraph  will  apply  to 
the  genus  Cistus  in  general. 

354 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Name. 


Cistus  crispus 


■C.  ladaniferus  (Gum 
Cistus) 


'C.  lauiifolius(  Laurel- 
leaved  Cistus) 


C.  monspeliensis 


C.  populifolius(  Pop- 
lar-leaved Cistus) 


C.  purpureus 


C.  villosus 


Cladrastis  amuren- 
sis  (Amoor  Yellow 
Wood) 


C.  tinctoria  (Vir- 
ginian Yellow 
Wood.  Syn  Vir- 
gilia  lutea) 


Clethra  alnifolia 


Country  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order. 


Colour 

and 
Season. 


Southern  Europe 


South-West 
Europe 


South  of  Europe 

South  of  Europe 
Levant 


South-East 
Europe 


Mediterranean 
region 


Amoorland ; 
Leguminosce 


North  America 


United  States  of 
America ; 
Ericaceoe 


Reddish 
purple  ; 
Summer 


White ; 
Summer 


White ; 
July  and 
August 


White  ; 
Summer 


White  ; 
Summer 


Reddish 

purple  with 

a  maroon 

blotch 

Reddish 
purple 

Whitish ; 
July 


White 


White ; 
August  and 

early 
September 


General  Remarks. 


Reaches  a  height  of  a  couple 
of  feet,  and  bears  its  saucer- 
shaped  blossoms  in  great 
profusion.  The  individual 
fiowers  are  about  2^  inches  in 
diameter. 

A  bush  4  to  5  feet  high,  with 
large,  white,  solitary  flowers. 
The  variety  maculatus  has  a 
crimson  blotch  at  the  base  of 
each  petal. 

A  sub-evergreen  shrub  5  to  6 
feet  high,  and  the  hardiest  of 
all  the  Cistus.  Of  this  there 
is  also  a  variety  maculatus 
blotched  at  the  base  with 
purple  crimson,  which  forms 
a  delightful  shrub. 

A  compact  bush  4  feet  high, 
with  flowers  about  an  inch 
across. 

The  leaves  of  this  are  very 
distinct,  being  heart-shaped 
and  long-stalked,  whilst  the 
plant  itself  will  attain  a  height 
of  6  feet. 

This  is  only  suitable  for  plant- 
ing in  the  West  of  England, 
but  where  not  injured  by 
frost  it  is  a  delightful  shrub, 
a  little  over  a  yard  high. 

A  compact  shrub,  whose  red- 
dish-purple blossoms  are 
about  2^  inches  across. 

A  very  distinct  shrub  or  small 
tree,  which  is  perfectly  hardy, 
and  has  peculiarly  greyish- 
green  leaves.  The  dense 
spikes  of  small,  pea-shaped 
blossoms  are  showy  when  at 
their  best.  This  has  deep 
descending  roots,  and  holds 
its  own  in  sandy  soils  better 
than  most  shrubs. 

A  tree,  30  feet  high,  clothed 
with  large  ornamental  pin- 
nate leaves,  which  die  off  a 
rich  yellow.  The  flowers  are 
white,  and  in  dense  drooping 
racemes.  A  fairly  moist  soil 
is  necessary  for  this. 

In  the  United  States  of  America 
the  White  Alder  or  Pepper 
Bush,  as  Clethra  alnifolia  is 
called,  occurs  as  a  native  over 
a  considerable  area ;  hence 
several  forms  exist,  but  do 
not  possess  any  strongly 
marked  features,  unless  it  be 
the  variety  tomentosa,  whicli 
is  certainly  the  most  widely 


FLOWERING  TREES  AND   SHRUBS 


355 


Name. 


Clethra  alnifoli 


Country  ok         Colour 
Origin  and  and 

Natural  Order.     Season. 


United  States 
of  America 


I     White ; 

I     August 
and  early 
September 


C.  canascens 


Colutea  arborescens 
(Bladder  Senna). 


Japan 


Mediterranean 

region ; 
Leguminosoe 


»C.  cruenta,  Syn  C. 
orientalis,  Syn  C. 
sanguinea. 


Coronilla  Emerus 
(the         Scorpion 
Senna  Coronilla) 


Orient 


Southern  Europe ; 
Leguniinosre 


Milky 
white  ; 
Summer 


Yellow ; 

May  and 

June 


Yellow- 
tinged  red ; 
May  and 
lune 


General  Remarks. 


removed  of  all  from  the  typi- 
cal kind.  Asarule  the  flower- 
ing period  of  the  common 
White  Alder  extends  through- 
out August  and  a  little  way 
into  September,  at  which 
last-named  period  the  variety 
tomentosa  is  just  unfolding 
its  earliest  blossoms.  As  the 
number  of  flowering  shrubs 
that  are  at  their  best  during 
the  latter  part  of  September 
is  very  limited,  the  blooming 
of  this  variety  of  the  Clethra 
at  that  time  makes  it  valu- 
able. The  varietal  name  of 
tomentosa  is  derived  from 
the  whitish  down  on  the 
undersides  of  the  leaves, 
which  serves  to  readily  dis- 
tinguish it  from  the  other 
forms.  The  flower-spikes, 
too,  are  rather  larger,  while 
the  blossoms  are  as  in  the 
others— white.  TheClethras 
all  form  rather  loose-growing 
bushes  from  3  feet  to  5  feet 
high,  and  delight  in  a  moist 
soil  of  a  peaty  nature,  such 
as  that  in  which  Rhododen- 
drons, Azaleas,  and  others  of 
that  class  flourish. 

A  very  handsome  species 
with  dark-green  leaves  and 
panicles  of  blossom.  Well 
worth  attention,  but  is  yet 
rare. 

A  perfectly  hardy,  free  grow- 
ing, deciduous  shrub,  reach- 
ing a  height  of  8  to  12  feet, 
clothed  with  pretty  divided 
leaves,  and  with  a  profusion 
of  pea-shaped  flowers,  suc- 
ceeded by  large  inflated  seed- 
pods,  whicli  form  a  very 
noticeable  feature.  These 
pods  are  green,  tinged  with 
red.  The  Coluteas  are  very 
useful,  as  they  will  thrive  in 
dry  sandy  soils  where  many 
shrubs  would  perish. 

After  the  manner  of  the  last, 
from  which  it  differs  in 
its  glaucous  leaves,  reddish 
flowers,  and  deeper  -  tinted 
seed-pods.  It  is  also  some- 
what dwarfer. 

A  free-growing  bush  6  feet 
high,  with  a  profusion  of  pea- 
shaped  blossoms.  It  needs 
a  well-drained,  warm  soil. 


356 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Coronilla  juncea  (the 
Rush-like  Coron- 
illa) 


^Corylopsis      pauci- 
flora 


Country  or         Colour 
Origin  and  and 

Natural  Order.     Season. 


South  of  France 


Japan  ; 
Hamanielide;Te 


C.  spicata 


^Cytisus  albus  (White 
Spanish  or  Portu- 
guese Broom) 


Bright 
yellow 


Primrose ; 

Spring, 
before  the 

leaves 


General  Remarks. 


Japan 


Spain  and 

Portugal ; 

introduced  in 

1752; 
Leguminosae 


Also 
cowslip- 
coloured 

and 
scented. 
Before  the 
leaves  in 
Spring 
White ; 

May 


An  erect  shrub  less  than  a  yard 
high,  with  rush-like  shoots, 
suggesting  those  of  the 
Spanish  Broom,  and  also 
almost  devoid  of  leaves. 
W^hen  in  full  bloom  it  is 
decidedly  pretty. 

This  delightful  little  shrub, 
when  fully  grown,  makes  a 
dense  bush,  with  branches 
6  feet  high.  The  leaves 
are  small,  thin  in  texture, 
prettily  tinted  when  young, 
and  again  in  autumn.  The  j 
flowers  are  primrose-yellow  j 
in  colour  and  fragrant.  They 
are  arranged  from  two  to 
four  together  in  drooping 
catkins  from  every  node 
on  the  previous  season's 
wood.  Though  it  is  quite 
hardy  in  other  respects  the 
flowers  are  easily  damaged 
by  frost. 

A  shrub  between  3  and  4  feet 
high,  and  better  known  than 
C.  pauciflora. 


A  beautiful  and  popular  Broom. 
It  grows  with  great  rapidity, 
and  flowers  bountifully  and 
regulaily.  A  bush  6  or  7 
feet  high,  in  full  flower  is  a 
delightful  picture,  and  one 
never  seems  to  tire  of  it. 
Group  it  with  the  common 
Broom.  It  is  very  cheap 
and  easily  raised  from  seed. 
Loudon  says:  "In  good 
soil  it  is  of  very  rapid  growth, 
attaining  the  height  of  5  feet 
or  6  feet  in  three  or  four 
years,  and  in  six  or  eight 
years  growing  as  high  as  15 
feet  or  even  20  feet  if  in  a 
sheltered  situation.  Placed 
by  itself  on  a  lawn  it  forms  a 
singularly  ornamental  plant, 
even  when  not  in  flower,  by 
the  varied  disposition  and 
tufting  of  its  twiggy  thread- 
like branches.  When  in 
flower  it  is  one  of  the 
finest  ornaments  of  the 
garden."  Loudon  also  says 
that  bees  are  fond  of  the 
flowers. 

I 


FLOWERING   TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


357 


1      Country  or 

Colour 

1 

Name. 

1      Origin  anu 

AND 

General  Remarks. 

Natural  Order. 

Season, 

Cytisus  albus  incar- 

Variety 

Pinkish 

1  Rare,  and  not  so  beautiful  as 

natus 

1      the  parent. 

*C.  Ardoini 

Maritime  Alps 

Pure 

1  Quite  a  dwarf  Broom,  a  few 

yellow ; 

1      inches  high.    It  is  a  charming 

April  and 

Broom  for  the  rock  garden, 

May 

1       placing  it  where  it  can  spread 
j       out  its  shoots  on  all   sides. 
It  is  happiest  in  sun  and  dry 
soil  as  the  other  Brooms. 

•C.  austriacus  (Aus- 

Native of  Austrian 

Yellow  ; 

C.  banaticus  and  C.  serotinus 

trian  Broom) 

woods,  also   of 

July  and 

1       are    synonyms.      The    chief 

Italy  and  Sibe- 

August 

value  of  this   Broom    is    in 

ria.  Introduced 

its   late  flowering,   when  its 

in  1741 

yellow    flower    clusters    are 
very  welcome. 

C.  a.  leucanthus 

Variety 

Very  pale 
yellow, 

sometimes 
almost 
white 

Not  important. 

C.  biflorus 

Hungary 

Bright 

This  is  not  so  important    as 

yellow  ; 

the  Moonlight   Broom,   An- 

May 

dreanus,   and  some  others. 
It  grows  about  3  feet  high, 
but  even  in  a  group  it  is  not 

C.  capitatus 

Found  on  wood 

Yellow ; 

imposing. 
This  is  also  a  dwarf  and  not 

edges  in  Austria 

June 

important  Broom. 

and  introduced 

in  1774 

C.  hirsutus 

Asia  Minor  and 

Yellow ; 

This  is  another  dwarf  and  un- 

South of  Europe. 

June 

important  shrub. 

Introduced  in  1739 

*C.  kewensis 

Hybrid  between 

Creamy 

A  most  interesting  and  beau- 

C. albus  and 

white ; 

tiful    Broom,    which,    as    it 

C.  Ardoini 

May 

becomes  better  known,  will 
be  popular  in  gardens.      It 
was    raised    in    the    Royal 
Gardens,    Kew ;    hence  the 
name,  C.   Ardoini  being  the 
seed  parent.     It  is  only  suit- 
able  for  the    rock    garden, 
where  its  slender  shoots  can  ' 
spread  out  and  form  a  mantle 
of  soft  colotu-ing,  or  to  make 
a  spreading    group   on   the 
grass.     There  is  little  trace 
in  it  of  C.  albus,  except  in 
the  flower  colouring.      This 
is    a    P.room    for   all    good 
gardens. 

•C.  nigricans 

.Austria 

Bright 

This  is  also  a  lovely  Broom,  so 

• 

yellow  ; 

named  because  it  turns  black  | 

July  and 

when  dried.     It  should  be  in  j 

August 

the  smallest  list  of  beautiful  1 
flowering  shrubs,  and   it   is  ! 
singular  that  it  is  so  seldom  j 
seen.      The  growth  is  bushy 
and  smothered  with  flowers 
in   July  and   August,   some-  j 
times  before,  and  lasts  a  long  ! 

358 


TREES  AND  SHRUBS 


■Cytisus  nigricans 


C.  praecox 


C.  purgans 


'C.  purpureus 


Country  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order. 


Hybrid  between 

C.  purgans  and 

C.  albus 


South  and  Central 
Europe 


Found  in  Eastern 

Europe  in  exposed 

situations. 


Colour 

and 
Season. 


General  Remarks. 


Briglit 
yellow ; 
July  and 
August 


Sulphur 

yellow ; 

April  to 

May 


Purple 


while  in  beauty.  Sunshine 
and  poor  soil  bring  out  its 
finest  qualities.  One  can 
scarcely  say  too  much  in  its 
praise,  especially  as  it  blooms 
at  a  time  few  trees  and  shrubs 
are  in  flower. 

One  of  the  most  fascinating 
j  of  all  flowering  shrubs.  It 
!  makes  clouds  of  soft  colour- 
ing, every  shoot  hidden  with 
the  wealth  of  bloom  ;  whilst 
when  out  of  flower  there  is 
beauty  in  the  brilliant  green 
colouring  of  the  long  slender 
shoots.  It  is  a  shrub  to 
make  groups  of  in  the  flower 
garden,  grows  quickly,  does 
not  soon  get  "leggy,"  and  is 
very  dense.  The  big  groups 
of  it  on  the  grass  in  the  Royal 
Gardens,  Kew,  are  one  of  the 
delights  of  the  spring  season 
there.  The  ordinary  shrub- 
bery is  the  worst  place  for  it, 
all  its  gracefulness  is  lost, 
there  is  no  fountain  of  flowers 
from  the  slender  shoots.  It 
is  best  raised  from  cuttings,  as 
seedlings  are  apt  to  reproduce 
C.  albus  only.  Also  well 
known  as  Genista  praecox. 

Chiefly  of  note  because  it  is  one 
of  the  parents  of  C.  prsecox, 
but  is  of  little  account  for  the 
English  garden.  It  is  neces- 
sary in  a  collection,  but  no- 
where else. 

A  delightful  shrub  when  pro- 
perly placed.  Loudon's  ad- 
vice to  graft  it  "on  the 
laburnum  standard  high"  is 
bad,  and  has  been  followed 
in  many  gardens.  This  way 
of  treating  the  shrub  is  utterly 
foreign  to  its  nature ;  it  is  a 
trailing  Broom,  and  there- 
fore should  be  planted  on  the 
rough  garden  or  some  bank 
where  it  can  spread  in  its 
own  way.  We  have  seen  it 
falling  over  a  boulder  and 
making  a  trail  of  purple 
colouring  in  May.  Rare 
varieties  are  albus,  white, 
and  one  with  flowers  of  rose 
tint.  The  famous  Cytisus 
Adami  is  the  outcome  of 
grafting  this  species  on  the 
Scotch  laburnum  (L.  al- 
pinum).     This  curious  graft- 


FLOWERING   TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


359 


Country  ok 

Colour 

Name. 

Origin  and 

AND 

General  Remarks. 

Natural  Order. 

Season. 

*Cytisus  purpureus 

Found  in  Eastern 

Purple 

hybrid  usually  excites  much 

Europe  in  exposed 

interest  when  in  flower,  both 

situations 

yellow  and  purple  racemes 
appearing  on  the  same  tree. 

C.  sessilifolius 

A    native    of   the 

Yellow ; 

A  Broom  for  a  collection,  but 

south  of  France 

May 

without   the  effectiveness  of 

and   Piedmont, 

C.  proecox,  Andreanus,  and 

and   was   culti- 

others. 

vated  in  Britain 

by  Parkinson  in 
Introduced 

C.  Schipkaensis 

White 

This  is  a  charming  little  rock- 

garden  shrub,  and  very  rare 

as  yet,  but  well  worth  noting 

for    its    distinctiveness   and 

freedom. 

*C.  scoparius  (Com- 

Europe 

Yellow 

The  hardy  Cytisuses  are  popu- 

mon Broom) 

larly  known  as  Brooms,  and 
the  Broom  of  the  waste  lands 
of  the  British  Isles  is  Cytisus 
scoparius,  which  makes 
clouds  of  golden  yellow  in 
the  early  summer.  Many  a 
dryish  bank  now  flowerless 
might  be  made  beautiful  with 
this  glorious  shrub.  Where 
Broom  is  not  plentiful  as  a 
wild  plant,  and  therefore 
generally  where  the  soil  is 
not  suitable  for  it,  the  soil 
should  be  made  so ;  it  need 
only  be  well  drained  and 
open. 

*C.  s.  andreaiius 

Choice  variety 

Brownish 

This  varies  considerably  from 

found  in  Nor- 

crimson 

seed,  and  often  reverts  to  the 

mandy  by  M.  Ed. 

and  yellow; 

typical    yellow    Broom.      If 

Andr(5,  after  whom 

Spring 

possible  get  own  root-plants 
from  original  stock.    A  beau- 

it is  named. 

tiful    shrub,   which   we    can 

scarcely  have   too   much  of. 

but   in   some    gardens   it   is 

used   too    freely.     When   in 

full  bloom,  and  the  variety  is 

rich  in  colouring,  it  is  superb. 

C.     s.     pen  du  his 

Variety 

Pale  yellow 

Quite    a    pendulous     variety. 

(Drooping 

but  uncommon.     It  is  appa- 

Broom) 

rently  little  known,  though 
so  charming  when  on  a  bank 
or  rock  garden.  A  group  of 
it  in  either  of  these  positions 
would  hie  a  revelation  to 
those  who  know  not  the 
value  of  this  family  for  the 
English  garden. 

•C.     s.     sulphureus 

Variety 

Pale  yellow 

Described    by   Loudon  in  his 

(pallidus),  (Moon- 

" Arboretum  "  as  C.  s.  albus, 

light  Broom). 

"the  flowers  white  or  of  a 
very  pale  yellow."  It  is  a 
rare  shrub,  but  should  not 
be  so.  Mr.  Goldring  writes 
of  it  in  "The  Garden"  as 

36o 


TREES  AND   SHRUBS 


Name. 


Country  ok         Colour 
Origin  and  and 

Natural  Order.    Season. 


General  Remarks. 


Cytisus      scoparius 

sulphureus  (palli- 
dus),  (Moonlight 
Broom) 


Variety 


C.  s.  flore-pleno 


Crataegus  (Thorns) 


Variety 


Rosaceas 


Pale  yellow  i  follows  :  ' '  The  Moonlight 
Brown  is  a  very  old  variety, 
as  it  was  described  by  Loudon 
sixty  years  ago,  but  it  is  still 
a  rare  shrub,  not  easily  ob- 
tainable, though  it  is  grown 
in  some  of  the  largest  nur- 
series. Its  pale  yellow  flowers 
are  in  beautiful  harmony  with 
the  rich  yellow  of  the  type 
Andreanus.  The  only  private 
garden  where  I  have  seen  it 
in  established  mass  is  in  that 
of  Mrs.  Robb  at  Liphook, 
where  all  kinds  of  tree  and 
shrub  varieties  are  treasured. 
I  do  not  know  if  it  comes 
true  from  seed,  but  I  fancy 
not." 
A  so-called  double  variety  in 
which  some  of  the  petals  are 
duplicated,  but  it  is  not  finer 
than  the  type,  though  it  is 
interesting  as  one  of  the  few 
double  varieties  in  pea-shaped 
flowers. 
The  Crataegus  family  comprises 
nearly  loo  species  and  vari- 
eties, contains  some  of  the 
most  beautiful  of  small  gar- 
den trees,  both  with  regard 
to  the  charm  of  tlieir  white, 
pink,  and  scarlet  flowers,  and 
the  scarlet,  black,  and  yellow 
fruits.  Most  of  the  Thorns 
are  either  large  shrubs  or 
small  trees,  and  are  specially 
suitable  for  small  gardens, 
whilst  none  of  them  require 
particular  attention,  as  all 
will  grow  in  almost  any  soil 
and  situation.  Old  trees 
occasionally  require  to  be 
relieved  of  small  wood  and 
decaying  branches,  and  a 
good  top-dressing  of  manure 
is  beneficial  sometimes  to 
those  which  flower  and  fruit 
freely ;  but  beyond  this  thorns 
need  no  attention  after  they 
have  been  planted  and 
become  established.  The 
species  can  be  increased  by 
seeds,  which  are  obtained  by 
gathering  the  fruits  when 
ripe,  and  mixing  them  with 
sand.  The  mixture  of  fruits 
and  sand  should  then  be  put 
in  a  heap  in  a  sheltered  place 
out-of-doors,  and  covered 
with   a   few  turfs.      By   the 


FLOWERING   TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


361 


Country  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order, 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


General  Remarks. 


Crataegus  (Thorns) 


Rosacese 


C.  Azarolus 


C.  Carrierei 


South-East 

Europe  and  Asia 

Minor 


A  reputed  hybrid, 
but  parentage 
unknown.  Sup- 
posed to  be  C. 
mexicana  and 
C.  tomentosa 


*C.     coccinea     (the 
Scarlet  Thorn) 


North  America ; 
introduced  in  1683 


]  Pure  white; 
late  Spring 


Pure  white; 
late  Spring 


White ; 
late  Spring 


following  spring  the  fruits 
will  have  rotted,  and  the 
seeds  can  be  separated  and 
sown.  A  fair  proportion  will 
germinate  the  first  year,  and 
the  remainder  the  second. 
Many  of  tlie  thorns  tan 
also  be  propiigated  by  root 
cuttings.  For  this  purpose 
healthy,  vigorous  shoots,  as 
thick  as  a  man's  finger, 
should  be  obtained  in  autumn 
or  winter,  and  cut  into  pieces 
four  inches  to  eight  inches 
in  length,  cutting  the  end 
nearest  the  stem  flat,  and  the 
other  slanting,  so  that  either 
end  can  be  readily  distin- 
guished. These  should  be  in- 
serted upright  in  the  ground, 
with  the  tops  nearly  or  just 
covered  ;  they  soon  form 
roots,  and  grow  into  strong 
plants.  The  genus  is  found 
practically  throughout  the 
temperate  region,  from 
Europe  throughout  the  East 
and  Central  Asia  to  China 
and  Japan,  and  in  North 
America.  One  species  is 
found  in  Mexico— but  this, 
and  in  fact  all  the  Thorns 
are  hardy  in  this  country. 
Ihis  grows  to  a  height  of  about 
20  feet.  It  is  very  showy,  and 
has  pure  white  flowers  fol- 
lowed by  large  yellow  fruits  ; 
the  leaves  arc  about  twice 
the  size  of  those  of  the  Haw- 
thorn, and  rather  deeply 
cut.  Crataegus  Aronia  is  a 
synonym. 
A  very  handsome  Thorn,  12 
feet  to  IS  feet,  shapely,  leaves 
large,  bright  glossy  green 
above,  whitish  beneath. 
Flowers  appear  freely  in  large 
corymbs,  followed  by  clusters 
of  pear-shaped  green  fruits, 
which  hang  on  the  tree  until 
the  end  of  the  year,  changing 
finally  to  dull,  yellowish  red. 
This  is  one  of  the  most  striking 
of  all  the  thorns  ;  it  has  large 
bright  -  green  leaves,  and 
flowers  nearly  an  inch  across, 
and  in  dense  corymbs.  These 
are  followed  by  clusters  of 
brilliant  scarlet  -  coloured 
fruits.  There  are  several 
varieties   equal    to   or   even 


362 


TREES  AND  SHRUBS 


Name. 


Country  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order, 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


General  Remarks. 


Crataegus    coccinea 
(the  Scarlet  Thorn) 


North  America ; 
introduced  in  1683 


White ; 
late  Spring 


■C.   cordata   (Wash- 
ington Thorn). 


C.    Crus-galli    (the 
Cockspur  Thorn) 


North  America 


North  America 


June  ; 
white 


June ; 
white 


C.  Douglasii 


Western    side    of 
North  America 


White ; 
late  Spring 


finer  than  the  species.  One 
is  *Macracantha,  which  has 
spines  sometimes  5  inches 
long,  and  bright  scarlet  haws, 
not  so  large  as  those  of  the 
species,  but  produced  more 
abundantly.  It  should  be 
more  frequently  seen  in  gar- 
dens, and  is  worthy  to  rank 
as  a  species.  Indentata  has 
deeply-cut  leaves  and  bright- 
red  fruits. 

This  is  a  small  tree  with  thin, 
glossy,  heart-shaped  leaves 
and  small  flowers,  orange-red 
fruits,  not  unlike  those  of 
C.  Pyracantha,  and  carried 
late  in  the  year.  Birds,  how- 
ever, enjoy  them. 

This  is  a  handsome  American 
Thorn,  and  one  of  the  most 
striking  of  the  whole  family. 
It  has  stout,  glossy  leaves 
and  formidable  spines,  these 
often  being  from  3  to  4  inches 
long,  and  gave  rise  to  the 
popular  name.  The  brick- 
red  fruits  hang  on  the  tree 
long  after  the  leaves  have  fal- 
len, and  make  a  bright  winter 
picture.  There  are  several 
varieties.  Arbutifolia  has 
shorter  spines  and  smaller 
fruits  than  the  type ;  the 
leaves  are  also  narrower  and 
duller  in  colour  ;  linearis  has 
long  linear  leaves  and  bright- 
red  fruits.  Ovalifolia  has 
large  oval  shining  leaves 
and  bright  scarlet  fruits,  it 
is  rather  more  upright  than 
the  type.  *Splendens  makes 
a  handsome,  shapely  tree 
about  20  feet  high,  and 
flowers  and  fruits  very  freely ; 
the  leaves  are  rounded,  green, 
and  shining,  and  the  flowers 
pure  white,  in  small  corymbs, 
and  followed  by  bright-scarlet 
fruits. 

This  is  a  large  irregular-shaped 
tree  20  feet  to  30  feet,  and 
has  short  stout  spines  about 
an  inch  long ;  the  flowers 
appear  in  small  clusters,  and 
the  fruits  are  small  and  black. 
Wood  and  spines  are  brown 
and  quite  shiny.  Rivularis 
has  smaller  and  thicker 
leaves,  and  shorter  and 
stouter  wood. 


FLOWERING   TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


3^3 


Country  or 

Colour 

Name. 

Origin  and 

AND 

General  Remarks. 

Natural  Order. 

Season. 

Cratjegus  hienialis 

Probably  a  hybrid. 

White ; 

A  tree  15  feet  to  20  feet  high. 

but    origin   un- 

Spring 

round    shining    leaves,    and 

known 

rather  large  black  fruits, 
which  are  the  first  to  ripen 
of  the  Thorns. 

*C.  nielanocarpa 

Caucasus 

White ; 

A   very  handsome  Thorn.     It 

Spring 

is  a  small  fiat-topped  tree  of 
medium  height,  the  leaves 
somewhat  like  those  of  the 
Hawthorn  in  shape,  and 
covered  witl)  a  thick  grey 
tomentum ;  the  fruits  are 
small,  black,  and  shining. 

C.  mollis 

United  States 

White. 

Like    C.    coccinea,    but    even 

with  a 

handsomer.   It  is  a  small  tree, 

small  red 

15  feet  high,  with  spreading 

mark  at 

head,  and  large  firm  leaves 

the  base 

slightly  woolly  on  the  back  ; 

of each 

the    flowers   are    large,    and 

petal 

succeeded  by  bright-crimson, 
medium-sized  Iruit. 

C.  nigra 

Eastern  Europe 

White ; 

This   makes   a   fair-sized  tree. 

May 

and  has  small  black  fruit. 
The  foliage  is  very  abundant, 
deeply  cut,  and  woolly  on 
both  sides.  It  almost  hides 
tlowers  and  fruit. 

•C.  orientalis 

Europe 

White; 

A   handsome  Thorn    in   fruit. 

May 

It  is  a  small  flat-topped  tree, 
and  has  large  clusters  of 
flowers,  the  oval  fruits  being 
yellowish  red.  Sanguinea  is 
a  very  showy  variety,  with 
deep  ruby-red  fruits,  but  the 
scarlet  colour  of  the  type  is 
brighter. 

*C.      Oxyacanlha 

Widely       distril> 

White ; 

Too  well  known  to  describe.  It 

(Hawthorn,  While 

ted,       Europe. 

May 

has  been   divided   into  two 

Thorn,  May) 

Western    Asia, 

sub-species,    viz.    C.    mono- 

and     North 

gyna,  in  which  there  is  usually 

Africa 

only  one  style  in  the  flowers 
and  one  seed  in  the  fruit,  and 
C.  oxyacanthoides,  where  the 
numter  of  styles  is  usually 
three,  and  front  two  to  four 
seeds  in  the  fruit.  These 
differences  are  generally  de- 
cided. There  are  other  dif- 
ferences also  in  growth  diffi- 
cult to  explain,  but  can  be 
detected  easily  by  an  experi- 
enced eye. 

C.  monogyna  (sub- 

This is  the  Hawthorn  of  the 

species) 

hedgerows,  and  there  are 
many  varieties.  Twenty- 
eight  are  recorded  in  the 
Kew  Hand-list.  The  most 
beautiful  are  aurea,  with 
golden-yellow  haws,  crispa 
pendula,   a    pretty   weeping 

* 

tree ;     Gumperi    versicolor, 

364 


TREES  AND  SHRUBS 


Name. 


Country  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order. 


Colour 

and 
Season. 


General  Remarks. 


Crataegus  monogyna 
(sub-species) 


C.     oxyacanthoides 
(sub-species) 


*C.  pinnatifida 


China  and 
Central  Asia 


Pure 

white ; 
May 


very  handsome  deep -red, 
shading  to  pink  in  the  centre ; 
laciniata,  a  handsome  tree 
with  deeply  cut  leaves,  some- 
times called  C.  apiifolia,  but 
must  not  be  confounded  with 
North  American  species  of 
that  name.  Macrocarpa  has 
larger  fruits  than  the  type, 
oxyphylla,  large  white  flowers 
and  handsome  fruits,  around- 
headed  tree.  Praecox  is  the 
Glastonbury  Thorn,  sup- 
posed to  flower  at  Christmas, 
but  rarely  does  so  owing  to 
frost.  This  is  the  Thorn 
which  is  associated  with  the 
famous  legend.  *Semper- 
florens  is  a  good  variety,  a 
low  -  growing  tree,  which 
flowers  for  a  much  longer 
period  than  the  other  Thorns. 
Stricta  makes  a  dense  up- 
right-growing tree,  30  feet  or 
more  high  ;  it  grows  rapidly, 
and  when  in  flower  is  strik- 
ingly distinct  in  appear- 
ance. 

This  is  distinguished  from  C. 
monogyna  by  the  styles  and 
seeds  as  stated  above  ;  and 
also  by  the  larger  leaves, 
flowers,  and  fruit.  All  the 
double -flowered  Thorns  be- 
long to  this  section.  Atro- 
fusca,  a  large,  shapely  tree, 
of  weeping  growth ;  tlie 
flowers  large,  pure  white, 
and  the  fruits  fair  sized  and 
abundantly  produced.  *Flore- 
pleno  albo,  the  double  white 
Thorn,  with  purest  white 
flowers.  This,  like  the  other 
double  Thorns,  larely  fruit. 
*Flore-pleno  coccineo,  the 
double  Scarlet  Thorn,  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  of  trees 
when  covered  with  its  scarlet 
flowers.  Very  pleasing  when 
grouped  with  the  double 
white  variety  or  the  Labur- 
num;  ^Paul's  double  Scarlet, 
a  well-known  and  beautiful 
Thorn.  *Flore  puniceo,  a 
rich  purplish  pink,  single, 
and  fructu  luteo,  bright 
yellow  fruits,  effective  in 
autumn. 

The  variety  ^major  is  the 
best  to  grow.  It  is  stronger, 
and  has  very  large,  leaves, 


L. 


FLOWERING  TREES  AND   SHRUBS        365 


Crataegus  pinnatifida 


Country  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order. 


China  and 
Central  Asia 


C.  punctata 


C.    Pyracantha 
(Fiery  Thorn) 


East  and    North 
America 


South  Europe, 
in  hedges  and 
rough  ground 


Colour 

and 
Season. 


Pure 

white ; 

May 


C.  sanguinea 


C.  tanacetifolia 
(Pansy  -  leaved 
Thorn) 


C.  spathulata 


Siberia 


White 


White ; 
May 


Levant ;  j     White  ; 

introduced  1789  May 


United  States 


White ; 
May 


General  Remarks. 


4  to  6  inches  long,  thick  and 
shining.  It  does  not  show 
its  true  beauty  until  of  some 
age,  but  it  is  a  hardy  tree  of 
great  beauty.  The  flowers 
are  in  large  corymbs,  and 
the  fruits  are  of  an  intense 
shining  red,  pear-shaped,  and 
make  a  bright  picture  in 
autunm.  This  variety  is  often 
labelled  C.  Layi. 

A  good  garden  tree  ;  it  is  vari- 
able, but  the  accepted  type 
has  white  flowers  and  bright 
red  fruits  as  large  as  a  small 
Crab  apple.  Another  form 
has  smaller  deep  ruby -red 
fruits.  Brevispina,  striata, 
and  xanthocarpa  are  varie- 
ties, the  last  mentioned  with 
bright  yellow  fruits. 

An  evergreen  Thorn.  Intro- 
duced in  1629,  and  a  well 
known  shrub.  Its  charms 
consists  in  its  dense  glossy 
leaves  and  brilliant  masses 
of  scarlet  berries.  It  can  be 
giown  as  a  bush  or  trained 
up  a  wall  or  trellis.  It  is  so 
brilliant  when  in  fruit  that 
the  French  call  it  buisson 
ardent,  or  Burning  Bush. 
This  Thorn  should  be  more 
grown  as  a  bush,  and  not 
confined  as  it  usually  is  to  a 
south  wall.  As  the  fruits  are 
bitter  they  are  not  cared  for 
by  the  birds,  and  thus  make 
a  display  through  the  winter. 
Lselandi  is  a  variety  with 
larger  and  deeper  coloured 
fruits. 

This  is  not  of  great  garden 
value,  but  effective  in  winter 
owing  to  the  red  bark.  Son- 
gorica  is  a  variety  also  with 
reddish  bark. 

This  is  rare,  and  can  be  recog- 
nised by  bracts  at  the  base 
of  the  fruits.  The  fruits  are 
very  large,  yellow,  and  of 
good  flavour,  and  eaten  in 
the  native  coimtry  of  the  tree. 
The  specimen  at  Kew  flowers 
regularly  and  abundantly 
every  year. 

A  very  distinct  Thorn,  small, 
and  the  leaves  are  persistent, 
remaining  on  until  the  New 
Year.  The  fruits  are  very 
small  and  scarlet. 


366 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Name. 


Country  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order. 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


General  Remarks. 


'Crataegus      tomen- 
tosa 


C.  uniflora 


Cyrilla  racemiflora 


Daboecia  polifolia, 
St.  Daboec'sHeath 
(Syn  Andromeda 
Daboecia) 


Daphne  alpina  (Al- 
pine Daphne) 


D.  blagayana 


*D.   Cneorum   (Gar- 
land Flower) 


D.  Genkvva  (Japan- 
ese Lilac) 


D.  Laureola  (Spurge 
Laurel) 


Eastern  United 
States 


North  America, 
and  introduced 
by  the  famous 
tree  bishop. 
Bishop  Comp- 
ton,  in  1713 

Florida  to  North 

Carolina,  &c. 

Cyrillea 


Western  Europe 

and  Ireland  ; 

Ericacece 


Alps  of  Europe ; 
Thymelasacea; 


South  Europe 


Japan 


White ; 
June 


Creamy 
white  ; 
early 
June 


Rosy 

purple, 

bell-shaped ; 

May,  and 

throughout 

Summer  and 

Autumn 

White ; 

May  and 

June 


Ivory  white ; 

March  and 

April 


Bright  rose ; 
May  to  June 


South  Europe      1  Yellowish 
and  North  Africa         green 


A  late  flowering  and  handsome 
Thorn  when  its  orange-yellow 
are  in  perfection,  but  the 
birds  soon  consume  them. 

More  curious  than  beautiful ; 
it  is  only  2  feet  to  3  feet  high 
and  has  greenish  haws. 


Quite  a  shrub,  4  feet  to  6  feet 
high,  very  rare,  although 
introduced  as  long  ago  as 
1765.  The  flowers  are  in 
drooping  racemes  on  pre- 
vious season's  growth. 

A  pretty  little  Heath-like  shrub 
growing  about  18  inches  high, 
and  producing  erect  spikes 
of  comparatively  large  bell- 
shaped  blossoms.  It  is  the 
most  continuous  blooming  of 
its  class.  There  is  a  beautiful 
pure  white  variety — alba. 

A  spreading  deciduous  shrub, 
with  white,  sweet  -  scented 
flowers.  It  grows  about  a 
couple  of  feet  high,  and  is 
essentially  a  shrub  for  the 
rockwork,  as  it  is  particularly 
happy  when  the  roots  are 
wedged  between  stones. 

Like  the  last,  this  forms  a 
spreading  bush,  and  is  equ- 
ally at  home  under  similar 
positions.  It  is,  however, 
of  an  evergreen  character ; 
the  ivory  white  are  very 
sweet-scented  blossoms.  It 
is  worthy  of  a  place  among 
the  most  select  Daphnes. 

A  delightful  little  evergreen, 
with  highly  fragrant  blos- 
soms. A  good  proportion 
of  vegetable  soil  is  necessary 
to  its  welldoing. 

In  its  flowers  this  Daphne  close- 
ly resembles  the  Lilac,  so 
that  it  is  frequently  mistaken 
for  that  well-known  shrub. 
It  needs  the  protection  of  a 
wall  in  most  parts  of  Eng- 
land. 

The  flowers  of  this  are  not  par- 
ticularly showy,  but  as  an 
evergreen  bush  some  3  or  4 
feet  high  it  is  valuable  from 
the  fact  that  it  will  thrive 
under  the  drip  of  trees,  and 
is  one  of  the  few  evergreens 
absolutely  rabbit  proof. 


FLOWERING   TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


367 


Country  or 

Colour 

Name. 

Origin  and 

AND 

General  Remarks, 

Natural  Order. 

Season, 

'Daphne   Mezereum 

Northern  Europe 

Red; 

This  is  an  upright  deciduous 

(the  Mezereon) 

early  year 

bush  that  flowers  in  February 
or  March  according  to  the 
season.  At  that  time  the 
still  leafless  branches  are 
packed  for  some  distance 
with  the  pretty  fragrant 
blossoms,  so  that  it  may 
be  regarded  as  the  most 
showy  shrub  at  that  time  in 
bloom.  There  is  a  variety 
(alba)  with  white  blos- 
soms, and  another  (autum- 
nalis  or  grandiflora)  that 
blooms  before  Christmas. 
A  cool,  loamy  soil  suits  this 
best. 

*1).  oleoides  (Syn  D. 

South  Europe 

Purplish 

A  neat  growing  evergreen  bush 

fioniana,  Syn   D. 

rose 

about   a   yard    high,    whose 

neapolitana) 

flowers  are  often  borne 
throughout  the  gieater  part 
of  the  year.  It  is  less  at- 
tractive than  some  of  the 
others. 

D.  pontica 

Asia  Minor 

Yellow 

A  good  deal  in  the  way  of 
Daphne  Laureola,  but  the 
flowers  are  of  a  brighter 
yellow,  and  are  borne  in 
April  and  May,  whereas  D. 
Laureola  flowers  in  February 
and  March. 

D.  sericea  (Syn  D. 

Deep  pink 

A  compact  evergreen  2  to  3  feet 

coUina) 

high,  clothed  with  dark-green 
box-like    leaves,    while    the 
terminal   clusters  of  flowers 
are  borne  in  early  Spring.    It 
prefers  a  cool,  fairly  moist, 
yet  well-drained  soil. 
A  bold  growing  and  handsome 

*Deutzia  crenata(Syn 

Japan ; 

White ; 

D.  scabra) 

Saxifrageae 

Midsummer 

deciduous  shrub,  with  white 
blossoms.  There  is  a  double- 
flowered  variety,  tinged  with 
purple  on  the  outside,  known 
as  D.  crenata  flore-pleno 
purpurea.  Both  are  beautiful 
shrubs  that  will  thrive  in 
most  soils. 

•D.  discolor  purpur- 

China 

White. 

This  has  pretty  purple-tinged 

ascens 

tinged 

blossoms  borne  in  flattened 

purple ; 

corymbs,  and  not,  when  in 

late  May 

the  bud  state,  liable  to  be 
injured  by  late  spring  frosts. 

•D.  gracilis 

Japan 

White; 

The    best    known   of   all    the 

Spring 

Deutzias,  forming  a  compact 
bush  a  couple  of  feet  high, 
and  bearing  masses  of  its 
pretty  white  blossoms. 

*D.  hybrida 

Hybrid 

White  and 

There  are  now  several  beautiful 

pink 

hybrid  Deutzias,  viz.,  hybrida 
rosea,  hybrida  venusta,  kal- 
maeflora,  Lemoinei,  Lemoi- 

1 

368 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Country  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order, 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


General  Remarks. 


^Deutzia  hybrida 
^D.  par vi  flora 


Enkianthus  campan- 

ulatus 


Epigrea  repens 
(Trailing  Arbutus, 
Ground       Laurel, 
Mayflower) 


Erinacea  pungens 


Hybrid 
China 


Japan  ; 
Ericaceee 


Ericaceae. 
The  most  popular 

of  wild  flowers 
in  New  England 


Spain  ; 
Leguminosae 


White  and 

pink 

White ; 

end  of 

April  and 

early  May 

Dark  red 


Pale  white, 
with  pink 
tint ;  very 

sweetly 
scented  ; 

Spring 


Blue; 

May  and 

June 


nei  compacta,   all  of  which 
merit  a  place  in  gardens. 

An  upright  shrub  5  feet  high, 
with  flattened  clusters  of  white 
blossoms,  very  suggestive  of 
those  of  the  Hawthorn. 

A  very  charming  and  interest- 
ing shrub  resembling  one  of 
the  Andromeda.  A  tree  in 
its  native  country.  The 
flowers  are  pendent  and  in 
clusters. 

In  Bailey's  "Cyclopaedia  of 
American  Horticulture "  it 
is  mentioned  :  "  The  cul- 
tivation of  the  Trailing 
Arbutus,  especially  in  dis- 
tricts where  it  has  been 
exterminated  by  ruthless 
'mayflower  parties,'  always 
attracts  interest.  .  .  .  Occurs 
in  sandy  and  rocky  woods, 
especially  under  evergreen 
trees,  in  earliest  Spring. 
Thrives  only  in  humid  soil 
and  shady  situations.  Trans- 
planted with  difficulty.  Best 
on  north  side  of  a  hill  in 
bright,  sandy  soil,  mixed  with 
leafmould.  Onceestablished, 
it  spreads  rapidly.  Propa- 
gated by  division  of  old 
plants,  layers,  or  cuttings. 
Seeds  are  rarely  found,  but 
when  found  may  be  used, 
though  slow  to  develop." 
My  experience  is  that  it  likes 
a  damp,  shady  ditch  side  in 
peaty  soil.  Mr.  G.  F.  Wilson 
planted  it  near  to  Shortia  j 
galacifolia,  and  the  two  were  1 
quite  happy  together.  i 

Somewhat       resembling      the  i 
dwarf-growing    Genistas     is  i 
this     extremely     rare     and 
pretty  little  shrub.     It  grows  i 
very     slowly,     and     seldom 
attains  a  height  of  9  inches, 
spreading  out  in  a  mat-Hke  | 
mass  rather  than  growing  in 
an  upward  direction.      The 
branches  are  short,  stiff,  and 
spiny,   and  what  few  leaves 
there    are   are   small.      The 
pea  -  shaped   blossoms  come 
from  the  axils  of  short,  spiny 
branches,  and  are  blue.   This  j 
plant  has  been  in  cultivation  • 
for  a  great  number  of  years,  ; 
never,  however,    having  be-  j 
come  at  all  common.     This 


FLOWERING  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


369 


Country  or 

Colour 

Name. 

Origin  and 

AND 

General  Remarks. 

Natural  Order. 

Season. 

Erinacea  pungens 

Spain; 

Blue; 

is  no  doubt  due  to  the  great 

LeguminosK 

May  and 

difficulty  there  is  in   propa- 

June 

gating  it.  Seeds  appear  to 
be  the  only  means  of  in- 
crease, and  these  are  borne 
very  sparingly  even  when 
the  plant  is  growing  under 
natural  conditions.  It  has 
been  said  to  be  a  tender 
plant,  but  it  has  withstood 
several  winters  out  of  doors 
at  Kew  without  injury. 
Plants  are  to  be  seen  there 
near  the  Temperate  house, 
and  they  flower  every  year. 

Escallonia  illinit.i 

Chili ; 

White ; 

A  neat  evergreen  shrub  4  to  5 

Saxifrageae 

■ 

Summer 

feet  higli,  with  pretty  white 
flowers.  It  is  only  in  mild 
districts,  such  as  the  South 
and  West  of  England,  that 
the  Escallonias  are  seen  at 
their  best. 

*E.  macrantha  (Syii 

Chiloe 

Crimson 

The  finest  of  all  the  Escallonias, 

E.  Ingrami) 

red; 

and  one  of  the  hardiest.     It 

Summer 

is  a  free-growing  shrub  over 
6  fei't  high,  clothed  with  rich 
green  shiny  leaves,  and  the 
bright-coloured  fuschia-likc 
flowers  are  freely  borne.  It 
is  a  good  wall-plant,  and 
stands  the  sea-breeze  well. 

E.  langleyensis 

Hybrid 

Rose 

Raised    by   Messrs.    J.    Veitch 

carmine 

between  E.  philippiana  and 
E.  macrantha.  It  has  small, 
dark-green  leaves,  and  an 
abundance  of  brightly  col- 
oured flowers.   A  good  shrub. 

E.  montevidensis 

Montevideo 

White 

Grows  from  8  to  10  feet  high, 

(Syn  E.  floribunda) 

and  bears  its  clusters  of  white 
flowers  in  great  profusion. 
It  is  too  tender  for  planting 
except  in  the  extreme  West 
of  England  and  in  Ireland. 

•E.  philippiana 

V'aldivia 

White ; 

Will  succeed  as  a  bush  in  the 

Summer 

neighbourhood   of    London, 
where  its  small  white  flowers 
are  borne  in  the  greatest  pro- 
fusion. 
.\    much -branched    evergreen 

E.  punctata 

Chili 

Deep  red  ; 

a, 

shrub  s  to  6  feet  high. 

E.  rubra 

Chili 

Differs    from    the    last    in   the 

Summer 

absence  of  spots  on  the  young 

and  early 

leaves,  in  the  flowers  being 

Antumn 

rather  lighter  in  colour,  and  | 
borne  for  a  longer  period.        1 

•Forsythia     (Golden 

Oleaceas ;   hybrid 

Yellow ; 

This  is  a  charming  early  shrub. 

Bell)  intermedia 

between  F.  sus- 

Spring 

It  may  be  either  grouped  or 

pensa    and    F. 

trained,  but   one   has  to  be 

viridissima. 

careful  not  to  make  it  too 

Represents  the 

stiff.     It  is  quite  hardy,  and 

two  parents. 

a  bush. 

370 


TREES  AND  SHRUBS 


Name, 


Torsythia  suspensa 
(Syii  F.  Fortune! 
and  F.  Sieboldi) 


F.  viridissima 


Fraxinus    Ornus 
(Flowering   Ash), 
(Syn  Ornus  euro- 
paea) 


Country  or 

Origin  and 

Natukal  Order, 


China 


China 


Mediterranean 
region  and  Orient 


Himalaya 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


Yellow ; 
Spring 


Yellow ; 
Spring 

Creamy 

white ; 

late  May 


White ; 
Summer 


General  Remarks. 


A  graceful  and  beautiful 
rambling  shrub,  now  well 
known.  It  succeeds  well  in 
London — that  is,  if  given 
anything  like  favourable  con- 
ditions. A  fence  fully  ex- 
posed to  the  sun  in  a  London 
backyard  is  clothed  with  it, 
and  each  recurring  spring  the 
Forsythia  flowers  profusely, 
and  forms  an  object  of  great 
beauty.  Immediately  the 
season  of  blooming  is  past 
the  plant  is  severely  pruned, 
the  old  and  exhausted  wood 
being  cut  out  and  the  vigor- 
ous shoots  spurred  back  to 
within  three  or  four  eyes  of 
the  base.  This  results  in 
the  production  of  long,  wand- 
like shoots,  which  are  allowed 
to  develop  at  will,  hence  they 
dispose  themselves  in  a  loose 
and  informal  way,  and  being 
from  the  position  of  the  plant 
thoroughly  ripened ,  the  spring 
display  is  in  every  way  satis- 
factory. When  autumn  prun- 
ing is  done  the  best  portion 
of  the  flowering  wood  gets 
cut  away. 

Quite  a  bush,  and  very  hand- 
some when  in  full  bloom. 
Likes  full  sun  and  air. 

This  is  a  very  charming  lawn 
tree  with  luxuriant  panicles 
of  flowers,  and  foliage  like 
that  of  the  common  ash. 
Angustifolia,  latifolia,  and 
variegata  are  varieties. 

Rather  tender,  but  very  vigor- 
ous and  handsome. 


F.    floribunda   (Syn 
Ornus  floribunda) 

Fuchsia.— Though  the  genus  Fuchsia  is  an  extensive  one,  most  of  them  are  of  more 
value  in  the  greenhouse  than  outdoors— that  is  to  sav,  throughout  the  greater  part 
of  the  country.  Still  there  are  a  few  quite  hardy  Fuchsias,  for,  even  if  cut  to  the 
ground  during  severe  winters  they  soon  recover,  while  in  particularly  favoured 
districts,  such  as  in  the  West  of  England  and  the  Isle  of  Wight,  they  grow  un- 
checked into  large  bushes,  and  sometimes  make  delightful  hedges.  Few  flower- 
ing shrubs  are  more  beautiful  than  F.  corallina  and  F.  Riccartoni  when  in  full 
bloom.     The  hardiest  are  : — 


•Fuchsia  corallina 
(Syn  F.  exoniensis) 


Garden  origin ; 
Onagracene 


Red; 
Summer 

and 
Autumn 


A  plant  of  more  vigorous 
growth,  and  with  larger 
leaves  and  flowers  than  any 
of  the  other  hardy  Fuchsias. 
It  is  very  popular  in  the  West 
of  England,  but  is  not  nearly 
so  effective  when  cut  to  the 
ground  each  winter  as  some 
of  the  others  are. 


FLOWERING   TREES  AND   SHRUBS         37 


Fuchsia  globosa 


cointry  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order. 


F.  gracilis 


Fuchsia  Riccartoni 


Garrya  elliptica 


Garden  Origin 


California ; 
Cornaceie 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


Red; 
Summer 

and 
Autumn 


Red; 
Summer 

and 
Autumn 


General  Remarks. 


Red; 
Summer 

and 
Autumn 


Greenish ; 

Winter  and 

very  early 

Spring 


*G.  sethnensis 


Leguminosae 


I   Slopes  of  Mount 
'     Ktna,  in  Sicily 


July  and 
August ; 
Golden 
yellow 


A  free-growing  Fuchsia  which, 
if  cut  to  the  ground,  pushes 
up  long,  wand-like  shoots 
that  branch  out  freely,  and 
towards  the  latter  part  of 
the  summer  are  smothered 
with  briglit-coloured  flowers. 
In  the  bud  state  these  are  of 
a  globose  shape,  hence  its 
specific  name. 

The  name  gracilis  well  ex- 
presses the  prominent  fea- 
tures of  this  Fuchsia,  for, 
though  as  vigorous  as  glo- 
bosa, it  is  far  more  slender 
and  graceful.  Where  not 
perfectly  hardy  the  drooping 
flowers  are  seen  to  great 
advantage  when  the  shrub  is 
trained  to  a  wall,  and  planted 
in  a  permanent  bed  the  old 
stools  will,  even  in  the  North 
of  England,  pass  unscathed 
through  the  winter,  if  pro- 
tected by  a  mulch  of  decayed 
leaves. 

This  has  the  reputation  of  being 
the  hardiest  of  all  the  hardy 
Fuchsias.  It  is  in  appear- 
ance about  midway  between 
F.  gracilis  and  F.  globosa, 
and  is  as  good  as  F.  gracilis. 

A  handsome  evergreen  shrub 
with  very  dark  green, 
leathery,  oval  leaves,  about 
3  inches  long.  Its  most  not- 
able feature  is  the  long,  pen- 
dulous male  catkins,  with 
which  the  plant  is  freely 
draped  during  the  early 
months  of  the  year.  This 
Garrya  is  all  the  better  for 
the  protection  of  a  wall  in 
most  parts  of  the  country. 
The  male  and  female  flowers 
are  borne  on  separate  plants, 
the  male  being,  owing  to  its 
catkins,  by  far  tlio  most  orna- 
mental. 

A  popular  group  of  shrubs, 
allied  to  the  Cytisus,  and  de- 
lighting in  dry  sandy  soils. 
A  group  of  the  finer  species 
is  very  rich  in  colour  when 
in  flower. 

This  Broom  is  perfectly  hardy 
near  London.  It  is  one  of 
the  rarest  of  shrubs  in 
gardens  in  spite  of  its  } 
beauty,  and  it  flowers  in 
July  and   August,   a  season 


172 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Country  or 

Colour 

Name. 

Origin  and 

and 

General  Remarks. 

Natural  Order. 

Season, 

Genista  aethnensis 

Slopes  of  Mount 

July  and 

when  even  inferior  flowering 

Etna  in  Sicily 

August ; 

shrubs  are  not  plentiful.     It 

golden 

has  a  rather  gaunt,  yet  not 

yellow 

inelegant  habit,  and  assumes 
a  somewhat  tree-like  form 
when  old,  being  often  re- 
duced to  a  single  stem  at  the 
base.  It  carries,  however, 
a  wide  head  of  thin  cord- 
like, arching  or  pendulous 
branches,  with  little  or  no 
foliage  except  when  the  wood 
is  quite  young.  The  flowers 
are  of  a  rich  golden-yellow, 
and  during  the  series  of  hot 
summers  we  have  experienced 
in  recent  years  have  been  es- 
pecially abundant.  It  would, 
indeed,  be  difficult  to  find  a 
shrub  better  adapted  for  hot, 
light  soils  than  this,  a  fact 
that  is  amply  proved  by  the 
way  it  succeeds  at  Kew.  It 
is  a  good  plant  for  associating 
with  medium -sized  ever- 
gi-eens,  which  hide  its  bare 
stems  and  render  it  more 
effective  when  in  flower.  It 
grows  lo  feet  to  14  feet  high, 
and  is  thus  one  of  the  tallest 
—if  not  the  tallest— of  the 
Brooms  hardy  in  Britian.  It 
ripens  seed  freely,  and  is 
best  propagated  by  that 
means. 

G.  cinerea 

South-West 

Yellow  ; 

This  is  a  shrubby  plant  for  the 

Europe 

July 

rock-garden  in  sunny  places. 

*G.  hispanica 

South-West 

Yellow  ; 

A  dwarf  and  charming  shrub. 

Europe 

July 

I  foot  to  2  feet  high,  and 
when  in  bloom  covered  with 
flowers.  One  of  the  best  of 
its  race. 

G.  monosperma 

Sicily 

White 

Not  well  known  but  interesting. 
Sandy  soil. 

G.  pilosa 

Europe,  England 

Rich 

A  prostrate  plant  for  the  rock 

Yellow  ; 

garden.     Ordinary  soil. 

May  and 

June 

*G.  radiata 

Central  and 

Yellow  ; 

Very   beautiful    when    in    full 

Southern  Europe 

Summer 

flower  on  the  rock  garden, 
and  will  even  succeed  in  a 
rough  wall. 

G.  sagittalis 

Europe 

Yellow  ; 

Another  dwarf  species  for  rock 

May  and 

garden. 

June 

G.  tinctoiia 

Britain 

Yellow ; 

The  double  variety  flore-pleno 

July  and 

and  elatior    are    finer    than 

September 

the  species.  Elatior  makes 
quite  a  bush  and  is  very 
attractive  when  in  full 
bloom. 

FLOWERING   TREES  AND   SHRUBS        373 


•Genista  virgata 


Country  or      i   Colour 

Origin  and  and 

Natural  Order.    Season. 


Yellow ; 

June  and 

July 


General  Remarks. 


Gordonia  Lasian- 
thus  (Loblolly 
Bay) 


G.  pubescens 


Halesias         (Silver 
Bell,  or  Snowdrop 


Virginia  to 

Florida ; 

Ternstrccniiacea; 


Georgia  and 
Florida 


.Styracese 


White ; 

July 


White 


This  must  attain  a  certain  age 
and  size  before  it  displays 
its  full  beauty,  small  plants 
flowering  sparsely  or  not  at 
all,  while  older  specimens 
are  a  glorious  sight  during 
the  period  of  flowering. 
Thoroughly  hardy  in  at  least 
the  southern  half  of  Eng- 
land, self-sown  seedlings  of 
it  having  been  known  to 
spring  up  in  considerable 
numbers  under  old  plants  in 
sheltered  positions.  In  a 
shrubbery  or  wood  it  makes  j 
a  brilliant  blaze  of  yellow. 
It  succeeds  in  almost  any 
soil  or  situation  provided  it 
is  not  too  heavy  or  wet. 
Under  favourable  conditions 
It  reaches  a  height  of  16 
feet  to  20  feet,  with  rather 
straggling  branches,  every 
little  twig  of  which  is  covered 
with  flowers  in  season.  The 
leaves  are  about  half  an  inch 
in  length,  and  covered  with 
white,  silky  hairs  on  the  un- 
der side  and  a  few  scattered 
ones  on  the  upper  surface. 
Easily  raised  from  seed. 

.\  sub-evergreen  shrub  6  to  8 
feet  high,  bearing  beautiful 
white  flowers  like  single  Ca- 
mellias. It  needs  a  sheltered 
spot  and  a  moist  peaty  soil. 

Of  rather  smaller  growth  than 
the  preceding,  while  the 
leaves  are  pubescent  under- 
neath. The  flowers,  too, 
have  the  tuft  of  yellow  sta- 
mens more  pronounced  than 
in  G.  Lasianthus.  Both  need 
the  same  treatment. 
This  is  a  beautiful  family  of 
flowering  trees,  named  after 
Dr.  Stephen  Hales.  The 
flowers  are  like  the  snowdrop 
in  shape,  hence  the  name, 
and  there  are  two  distinct 
sections.  American  and  Asi- 
atic. The  Halesias  like  a 
rich,  moist,  loamy  or  peaty 
soil.  Although  often  trees 
of  considerable  size  in  their 
native  homes,  they  mostly 
retain  a  somewhat  shrubby 
character  in  this  country.  All 
the  species,  however,  except 
H.  parviflora,  can,  by  pruning 
away  the  lower  branches,  be 
made  to  form  small  trees. 


374 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Name. 


Country  ok         Colour 

Origin  and      I       and 

Natural  Order,  i   Season. 


General  Remarks. 


Halesia  corymbosa 


Japan,  in  the 
province  of  Higo 


H.  diptera 


South-eastern 
United  States 


H.  hispida 


China  and  Japan. 

Introduced  about 

1870 


White, 
tinted  with 
pink  or 
yellow ; 
Spring 


White  ; 
late  Spring 


Mr.  Bean  writes  in  The  Garden, 
May  19,  1900,  p.  361,  about 
this  species  as  follows  :  "  I 
do  not  know  if  there  is  any 
authenticated  instance  of  its 
having  flourished  in  Britain 
or  even  in  Europe,  most 
plants  so  called  being  H. 
hispida.  It  was  first  found 
on  the  mountains  of  the 
most  southern  of  the  main 
islands  of  Japan,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Higo,  and  may 
possibly  not  be  quite  so 
hardy  as  H.  hispida.  Judg- 
ing by  pictures  and  dried 
specimens,  its  racemes,  whilst 
having  much  the  same 
general  character  as  that 
species,  are  shorter,  broader, 
and  more  branched,  and  the 
flowers  are  not  so  numerous 
on  the  branches  of  the  ra- 
cemes, and  the  fruits  are 
more  downy  than  bristly.  The 
flowers  have  the  same  one- 
sided arrangement  on  the 
racemes. 

Not  a  common  species,  and 
dwarfer  than  H.  tetraptera. 
The  flovi'ers  are  white,  Snow- 
drop-like, and  are  borne  on 
slender  pendulous  stalks  as 
in  H.  tetraptera  ;  they  differ, 
however,  in  having  the 
corolla  almost  lobed  to  the 
base.  Very  distinctive  is 
the  seed-vessel,  which  has 
but  two  prominent  wings, 
the  other  two  being  only 
rudimentary.  Whilst  not 
perhaps  equal  in  merit  to 
H.  tetraptera  this  species  ap- 
pears to  have  been  undeserv- 
edly neglected.  Its  dwarf 
bushy  habit  will  also  render 
it  more  suitable  for  some 
positions  ;  it  loves  abundant 
moisture  at  the  root.  It 
blossoms  rather  later  than 
H.  tetraptera. 

This  belongs  to  the  Asiatic 
group  of  Halesias,  and  is 
very  distinct  from  the  Ameri- 
can species.  It  is  a  vigorous 
shrub,  a  small  tree  with  large 
oblong  leaves,  and  small 
flowers,  which  are  very 
numerous  on  the  raceme, 
which  is  4  inches  to  8  inches 
long.      One    striking    pecu- 


GENISTA   MONOSl'EKMA.     [See p.  032) 


FLOWERING   TREES   AND   SHRUBS         375 


Name. 


Country  or         Colour 
!      Origin  and  and 

[Natural  Order. I  Season. 


General  Remarks. 


Halesias  hispida 


China  and  Japan. 

Introduced  about 

1870 


H.  parviflora 


I  South- eastern  I     White 
'      United   States,    end  of  May 
'      Introduced     in 


H.  tetraptera  (Com- 
mon Snowdrop 
tree) 


H.  t.  Meehani 


South  United 
States.  Intro- 
duced by  a  Lon- 
don merchant 
named  Ellis  in 
1756 


This  originated  as 
a    seedling     in  \ 
Meehan's  Nur-  j 
sery,  Germans-  j 
town,  Philadel- 
phia 


White ; 
May 


White 


liarity  oftheraceme  is  that  the 
flowers  are  arranged  on  the 
upper  side  only  of  its  branches 
(a  somewhat  similar  arrange- 
ment is  seen  in  Freesia 
flowers).  The  seed-vessels 
are  covered  with  bristly  hairs. 
Mr.  Bean  says,  "Whilst  per- 
fectly hardy  at  Kew  in  the 
open,  it  blossoms  more  freely 
on  a  wall.  The  finest  speci- 
mens I  have  seen  of  this 
Halesia  are  growing  near  a 
carriage-road  leading  to  Mr. 
Gumbleton's  house  and  gar- 
den at  Belgrove,  Queens- 
town."  It  flowers  in  this 
country  in  June. 

This  is  invariably  a  shrub.  It 
is  represented  in  the  Kew 
collection  by  a  large  bush, 
which  flowers  as  a  rule  with 
great  freedom  towards  the 
end  of  May  each  year.  The 
arrangement  of  the  flowers 
is  more  racemose  than  fasci- 
culate, and  whilst  they  are 
very  abundant  they  are  not 
so  large  as  in  H.  tetraptera 
or  H.  dipiera.  Tliey  are 
white  and  Snowdrop  -  like. 
The  seed-vessels  are  only 
slightly  and  unequally 
winged.  On  the  whole, 
therefore,  the  species  is  easily 
distinguished  from  its  two 
fellow  American  species.  The 
grace  and  abundance  of  its 
bloom  make  it  well  worthy 
of  cultivation  wherever  a  | 
variety  of  hardy  shrubs  is 
desired.  | 

A  beautiful  tree.  Whilst  ac-  i 
cording  to  Prof.  Sargent  it 
occasionally  attains  a  height 
of  80  to  90  feet  in  its  native 
country,  it  is  seldom  more 
than  20  feet  high  in  the 
British  Isles.  Its  flowers  are 
like  pure  white  Snowdrops, 
hence  the  popular  name. 
The  seed-vessels  are  i^  inches 
to  2  inches  long,  and  have 
four  prominent  wings  that 
transverse  them  lengthwise. 

A  very  handsome  and  distinct 
variety,  with  shorter  flower- 
stalks,  and  thicker  and  more 
coarsely  wrinkled  leaves  than 
the  type. 


376 


TREES  AND   SHRUBS 


Name, 


Country  ok         Colouk 

Origin  and       |       and 

Natural  Order.    Season. 


Hamamelis  (Witch 
or   Wych    Hazel) 


Hamamelidese 
China 


Orange- 
yellow  ; 
Winter 


H.  japonica 
H.  mollis 

H.  virginica 


Japan 

Pale 

yellow ; 

Winter 

Japan 

Bright 

yellow 

Eastern  North 

Pale 

America 

yellow  ; 

Autumn 

^Hibiscus  syriacua 
(Tree  Mallow,  Syn 
Althaea  frutex) 


China ; 
Malvaceje 


White  ; 

blotched 

red 


General  Remarks. 


A  charming  tree  when  in  flower. 
It  blooms  early  in  the  year, 
the  precise  time  depending 
upon  the  weather.  When 
the  leafless  shoots  are 
studded  with  the  golden- 
yellow,  narrow  -  petalled 
flowers,  with  their  crimson 
calyces,  it  is  very  pretty.  It 
is  also  worth  using  with  some 
shrub  like  Gaultheria  pro- 
cumbens  as  a  groundwork. 
It  enjoys  an  open  situation, 
and  is  not  very  particular 
about  soil. 

An  interesting  shrub,  of  which 
*Zuccariniana  is  a  well- 
known  variety. 

This  is  a  rare  Witch-Hazel, 
with  very  broad  and  large 
leaves,  and  wavy  brightly 
coloured  floweri. 

For  many  years  this  species 
was  the  only  Witch-Hazel  in 
cultivation.  Being  spread 
over  the  eastern  side  of 
North  America  from 
Canada  to  the  Southern 
United  States,  it  naturally 
attracted  the  notice  of  the 
earlier  colonists,  and  it  was, 
in  fact,  introduced  to  Britain 
as  long  ago  as  1736.  During 
the  last  twenty  or  thirty  years, 
however,  new  species  have 
been  discovered  and  brought 
home  from  China  and  Japan. 
They  surpass  this  old  Ameri- 
can species  in  garden  value, 
and  are,  indeed,  amongst  the 
most  interesting  and  attrac- 
tive of  the  shrubs  that  flower 
in  the  early  part  of  the  year. 
H.  virginica,  on  the  other 
hand,  is  at  its  best  in  autumn. 
It  has  the  narrow,  twisted, 
bright  yellow  petals  which, 
with  but  little  variation,  are 
characteristic  of  all  Hama- 
melis flowers.  The  flowers 
cover  the  younger  branches 
in  close,  dense  clusters.  It 
is  a  sturdy  shrub,  almost  a 
small  tree,  and  has  leaves 
very  like  those  of  the  English 
Hazel  (Corylus). 

.An  upright  growing  deciduous 
shrub  6  feet  higli,  is  particu- 
larly valuable  from  the  fact 
that  it  flowers  towards  the 
later  part  of  August,  when 


FLOWERING   TREES  AND   SHRUBS 


377 


Name. 


Country  ok 
Origin  and      ; 
Natural  Order. 


Colour 

and 
Season. 


GicxKRAL  Remarks. 


'Hibiscus  syriacus 
(Tree  Mallow,  Syn 
Althaea  frutex) 


China ; 
Malvaceae 


White ; 

blotched 

red 


'Hippophic      rhaiu-     A    British   shrub,  Flowers 

noides  (.Sea  Buck-         chiefly    in     the  inconspi- 

thorn)  southandsouth-  cuous ; 

east    coasts  ;  yellowish 

Eleagnaceae 


Hydrangea       Hor- 
tensia    (the     Hy- 
drangea, Syn  H. 
hortensis) 

China  and  Japan  ; 
Saxifrageae 

Deep  pink; 
Summer 

and 
Autumn 

so  few  hardy  shrubs  are  in 
bloom.  It  needs  a  well- 
drained,  loamy  soil,  that  is, 
however,  not  parched  up  at 
any  time,  and  a  spot  fully 
exposed  to  the  sun.  There 
are  many  varieties  of  this, 
ranging  in  colour  from 
white  to  purple,  both  single 
and  double  tlowercd  forms 
being  represented.  Totus 
albus,  white,  is  the  best. 

A  beautiful  somewhat  spiny 
tree,  or  rather  shrub,  to  plant 
by  the  side  of  a  lake,  pond, 
stream,  moat,  or  anywhere  a 
free  spreading  shrubby  growth 
is  desired.  But  it  will  suc- 
ceed as  well  inland  as  by 
water.  A  splendid  group 
may  be  seen  near  the  pond 
at  Kew,  and  for  many  years 
has  made  a  beautiful  winter 
picture  in  the  gardens.  Every 
winter  the  wood  made  the 
previous  year  is  thickly  cased 
with  the  bright  orange- 
coloured  berries,  which  re- 
main on  the  branches  all  the 
winter,  but  later  on,  if  hard 
frosts  are  experienced,  they 
lose  most  of  their  brightness. 
It  must  not  be  forgotten  that 
the  flowers  are  unisexual,  i.e. 
those  of  one  sex  only  are 
borne  on  a  tree.  Male  trees 
therefore  do  not  produce 
berries,  and  to  get  fruit  a 
female  and  male  must  be  near. 
In  each  group,  say  of  about 
half-a-dozen  plants,  one  plant 
should  be  male  and  the  rest 
female.  This  is  of  the  ut- 
most importance,  and  see  to 
it  before  the  plants  leave  the 
nursery.  The  Sea  Buck- 
thorn is  a  large  shrub  or 
small  tree.  A  very  pretty 
standard  tree  results  from 
keeping  it  to  a  single  stem 
and  removing  the  lower 
branches.  The  leaves  are 
very  charming  in  colour,  a 
silvery  grey.  The  male 
plant  is  of  more  upright 
growth  than  the  female. 

Better  known  throughout  the 
greater  part  of  England  as 
a  greenhouse  plant  than  as 
an  outdoor  shrub,  but  in 
the  extreme  south  and  west 


37' 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Country  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order. 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


General  Remarks. 


^Hydrangea  Hor- 
tensia  (the  Hy- 
drangea, Syn  H. 
hortensis) 


China  and  Japan  ;    Deep  red  ; 
Saxifragese  Summer 

;        and 
;    Autumn 


H.  paniculata 


Japan 


Creamy 
white ; 
Autumn 


H.  petiolaris 
(Climbing       Hy- 
drangea,Syn  Schi- 
zophragma       hy- 
drangeoides) 


H.  quercifolia 


Japan 


North  America 


North  America 


Creamy 

white ; 

June  and 

July 


White 


White 


it  is  very  handsome  in  the 
open  ground.  The  huge 
heads  of  flowers  make  a  great 
display.  There  are  several 
varieties,  some  of  them  being 
often  regarded  as  distinct 
species,  the  most  notable  of 
which  are :  Lindleyi,  with 
the  large  sterile  flowers  lim- 
ited to  a  few  around  the  out- 
side of  the  cluster.  They 
are  pink,  tinged  with  blue. 
Mariesii  is  a  very  handsome 
Japanese  variety,  with  large 
sterileflowers,  pinkish  mauve. 
Nigra  or  cyanoclada  has 
purplish  black  stems,  and  is 
very  notable  on  that  account. 
Rosea  has  all  the  flowers 
sterile,  and  of  rich  rose 
colour.  Stellata  has  the 
sterile  flowers  double  and 
star-like.  Thomas  Hogg  has 
white  blossoms. 

A  handsome  shrub  that  may 
be  grown  as  a  dwarf  bush  or 
as  a  standard.  The  variety 
grandiflora  is  far  more  popu- 
lar than  the  type,  and  is 
grown  largely  for  flowering 
under  glass  as  well  as  in  the 
open  ground.  In  this  the 
huge  pyramidal-shaped  heads 
are  composed  entirely  of 
sterile  blossoms.  If  to  be 
kept  dwarf  it  must  be 
pruned  back  hard  when 
dormant,  and  only  three 
or  four  shoots  allowed  to 
develop. 

A  free-growing  climber,  that 
attaches  itself  to  a  wall  by 
means  of  aerial  roots  after  the 
manner  of  ivy.  It  has  flat- 
tened clusters  of  flowers. 
Being  so  distinct  from  all 
the  rest,  it  at  once  attracts 
attention. 

A  shrub  about  a  yard  high, 
with  large  lobed  leaves.  The 
flowers  are  less  showy  than 
some  of  the  others.  It  needs 
a  moist  soil  and  a  very  shel- 
tered spot. 

The  flowers  of  this  are  not  at 
all  showy,  but  the  leaves  are 
clothed  on  the  under  sides 
with  a  dense  white  felt-like 
substance,  which  renders  it 
very  noticeable  when  ruffled 
by  the  wind. 


iryt-^. 


'^^^^. 


l*^- 


..-M- 

^W^^'- 


KALMIA   LATIFOLIA.     A   GOOD  SHRUB  bOR 
PEA  T  Y  SOILS.     {Sec  p.  U4U.) 


FLOWERING   TREES   AND   SHRUBS         379 


Name. 


Country  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order. 


Colour 

and 
Season. 


Genkkal  Remarks. 


Hypericum   Andro-  Europe;  Yellow 

soemuin   (Tutsan,  Hypericinese 

Syn        Androsje- 
mum  officinale) 


North  America  j  Yellow ; 
I  July  and 
'     August 


•H.  calycinum  (Rose  Levant  Yellow; 

of     Sharon,     St.  July  to 

John's  Wort)  ,    Autumn 


H.elatum    (Tall  St.   I     North  America 
John's  Wort) 


Yellow 


H.  patulum 


Japan 


H.  hircinum  Europe  Yellow ; 

-Autumn 


•H.        hookerianum  Himalayas  jYellow  ; 

(Syn   H.  oblongi-  Autumn 

folium) 


H.  moserianum  Garden  hybrid     I    Yellow ; 

early 
;    Autumn 


H.  prolificum  North  America     i     Yellow 


H.  uralum  (Syn  H.  Himalayas        |     Yellow 

nepalense)  I 


A  free  -  growing  deciduous 
shrub  from  2  to  3  feet 
high,  with  a  mass  of  small 
flowers,  but  not  very  showy. 
It  will  grow  in  the  shade 
better  than  many  other 
shrubs. 

Reaches  a  height  of  about  4 
feet.  The  orange-yellow 
flowers,  about  li  inches 
across,  have  a  large  and 
conspicuous  mass  of  yellow 
stamens  in  the  centre. 

Forms    a    dense   mass  a   foot 
high,  while  the  golden-yellow 
flowers  are   quite    3    inches  j 
across.     The  long  hair-like  | 
stamens  are  very  numerous 
and  attractive.     It  will  both  j 
grow  and  flower  well  in  shady  j 
spots.  I 

Grows  4  to  5  feet  high,  and  is  1 
very  robust.      The    flowers,  j 
however,  though  freely  borne,  ; 
are  only   about   an   inch   in 
diameter. 
When    roughly    handled     the  : 
leaves  of  this   species    have  I 
an      unpleasant      goat -like  1 
odour,    but    it    is    decidedly 
ornamental,    forming    as    it  ! 
does  a   bush    a    yard    high,   \ 
while  the  flowers  are  bright  ' 
yellow.  I 

Rather      more      tender     than  ; 
some    of    the     Hypericums, 
but  a  showy  kind.     It  grows  t 
over   4   feet   high,    and    has  I 
clusters     of     large     golden 
flowers. 

]  A  hybrid  IjetweenH.  calycinum  | 
and   H.    patulum,    and   one  I 
of  the  most  desirable  of  all  | 
the  St.  John's  Worts.     The 
slender  branches  are  grace- 
ful, and  terminated  by  clus- 

'       ters    of    rich    golden-yellow 

I      flowers  a  couple  of    inches 

I      across. 

I  A   delightful   little  shrub,    but 

even  in  the  south  of  England 

it  is  liable  to  be  killed  by  a 

severe  winter. 

Grows  3  feet  high,  and  bears 

'  its  clusters  of  blossoms 
very  freely.  The  individual 
flowers  are  about  an  inch 
across. 
Somewhat  in  the  way  of  H. 
patulum ,  and  like  that  species 

I      rather  tender. 


38o 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Country  or         Colour 

Origin  and  and 

Natural  Order. i   Season, 


General  Remarks. 


Itea  virginica 


Virginia ;  White ; 

Saxifrageae  July 


Jamesia  americana      Rocky  Mountains ; 
Saxifrageae 


Kalmia  angustifolia 
(Sheep  Laurel) 


K.  glauca 


K.  latifolia  (Moun- 
tain Laurel) 


Koelreuteria 
culata 


Laburnum  (Cytisus) 
vulgare  (Golden 
Rain  or  Chain) 


North  America ; 
Ericaceae 


North  America 


April  and 
May 


Bright  pur- 
plish red ; 
end  of  May 


Purplish 
pink 


North  America     \       Pink  ; 
.    \       May, 
through 
Summer 


China ; 
Sapindacese 


Loudon  writes:  "A 
native  of  Europe 
and  the  lower 
mountains  of  the 
South  of  Ger- 
many, and  of 
Switzerland, 
where  it  grows  to 
the  height  of  20 
feet  or  upwards. 
It  was  introduced 
in  1596  "  ;  Le- 
guminosae 


Yellow ; 

June  and 

July 


A  freely  branched  rounded 
shrub,  from  3  to  4  feet  in 
height,  and  has  small  spikes 
arranged  in  much  the  same 
way  as  the  shrubby  Veronicas. 
It  is  a  favourite  of  the  Red 
Admiral  butterfly  (Vanessa 
Atalanta).  It  is  quite  hardy, 
but  needs  a  moist  peaty  soil. 

A  somewhat  upright  shrub,  4 
to  5  feet  high,  with  oval- 
shaped  leaves  and  a  great 
profusion  of  terminal  clusters 
of  pure  white  blossoms.  It 
is  quite  hardy  and  needs  a 
cool  moist  soil. 

A  delightful  little  evergreen 
shrub  about  a  couple  of  feet 
high,  with  bright -coloured, 
saucer-shaped  blossoms.  All 
the  Kalmias  prefer  cool  damp 
soil,  especially  of  a  peaty 
nature  —  indeed,  conditions 
favourable  to  Rhododen- 
drons suit  them  well. 

Flowers  two  or  three  weeks 
earlier  than  the  preceding, 
and  is  somewhat  dwarfer, 
but  is  equally  desirable. 

This  forms  a  large  rounded 
bush  from  6  to  8  feet  high, 
clothed  with  handsome, 
bright-green  foliage,  while 
the  flowers  are  pink  and 
wax-like.  It  is  a  desirable 
subject  to  associate  with 
Rhododendrons,  which,  ex- 
cept in  flowers,  it  much  re- 
sembles. 

A  small  picturesque  tree  10  to 
15  feet  in  height,  with  orna- 
mental pinnate  leaves,  and 
large  terminal  panicles  of 
bright  yellow  (lowers,  very 
distinct. 

There  is  no  need  to  praise  the 
laburnum ;  it  is  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  of  all  trees, 
and  its  countless  flowers  make 
a  shower  of  gold  in  early 
summer.  It  seems  strange 
to  read  that  the  laburnum  is 
not  a  native,  for  it  is  so 
general  in  gardens,  and  is 
even  used  in  hedgerows  in 
some  parts  of  the  country. 
We  have  in  mind  a  hedge- 
row in  Berkshire  with  labur- 
nums rising  above  the  thorn, 
and  a  pleasant  sight  this  is 
in  late  May  and  early  June. 


FLOWERING   TREES  AND   SHRUBS 


Country  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order. 


'Laburnum  (Cytisus) 
vulgare  (Golden 
Rain  or  Chain) 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


General  Remarks. 


Laburnums  grow  so  freely 
almost  everywhere  that  they 
.ire  somewhat  overdoiif  in 
gardens,  but  it  is  so  beau- 
tiful a  tree  that  many  would 
say:  "I  don't  mind  how 
many  laburnums  I  have  in 
the  garden."  Mr.  Goldring, 
writing  in  the  "  Gardeners' 
Magazine "  about  labur- 
nums, says  :— 

"  Besides  the  common  way 
of  growing  the  laburnum  as 
a  shrubbery  or  plantation 
tree,  it  may  be  put  to  various 
other  uses.  It  is  a  l^auiiful 
covering  for  a  wall  on  the 
north,  east,  or  west  sides.  In 
some  old  gardens  one  meets 
with  huge  trees  of  it  cover- 
ing large  areas  of  wall,  and 
affording  a  lovely  sight  at 
flower  time.  This  is  a  com- 
mon way  of  growing  it  on 
the  Continent,  and  in  some 
of  our  old  botanic  gardens  it 
may  be  seen  trained  against 
a  wall  .as  a  host  for  the  wis- 
taria, whicii  flowers  about 
the  same  time,  and  produces 
a  lovely  contrast  of  colour. 

"  I  have  pleasing  recollec- 
tions of  seeing  it  in  some  old 
gardens  trained  over  a  path 
as  a  covered  way  before  per- 
golas were  in  vogue  in  this 
country.  For  several  weeks 
such  covered  pathways  are 
glowing  with  colour,  and  for 
the  rest  of  the  summer  they 
afford  a  pleasant  shade.  In 
some  of  the  old  Sussex  gar- 
dens laburnum  '  tunnels ' 
are  still  to  be  seen,  and  they 
are  worth  imitating  in  new 
gardens. 

"Of  the  two  commonly 
grown  species  of  laburnum, 
L.  vulgare  and  L.  alpinum, 
there  are  numerous  varieties, 
diflering  more  or  less  from 
the  types,  though  the  differ- 
ences in  some  cases  are 
slight,  even  from  a  garden 
point  of  view.  A  laburnum 
is  a  laburnum  to  most  people, 
and  nothing  more,  but  there 
is  a  great  difference  between 
a  worthless  seedling  with 
short  flower  clusters  of  a  poor 
yellow,  and  the  varieties  such 


382 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Country  or         Colour 

Origin  and  and 

Natural  Order.    Season. 


Laburnum  (Cytisus) 
vulgare  (Golden 
Rain  or  Chain) 


*L.  alpinum  (Cytisus     Called  the  Scotch 


alpinus),     Scotch 
laburnum 


I  L.  Watereri 


laburnum  be- 
cause a  supposed 
native  of  Scot- 
land, but  this  is 
not  true.  Loudon 
says :  "It  was 
introduced  into 
Britain  about  the 
same  time  as  the 
other  species, 
1596."  The  other 
species  is  Labur- 
num vulgare. 

Hybrid 


Yellow 


L.    Adami    (Purple 
laburnum) 


Graft-hybrid 


Purple, 
yellow, 
and  buff 


General  Remark.s. 


as     Watereri    and     Parksii 

which  bear  racemes  fully  16  ] 
inches  in  length,  aud  of  a 
rich-toned  yellow.  There  is, 
unhappily,  in  gardens,  a  pre- 
ponderance of  inferior  seed- 
ling trees,  because  they  can 
be  raised  easily  and  sold 
cheaply,  but  it  is  better  to 
have  one  grafted  tree  of  a 
first-rate  variety  than  a  dozen 
inferior  kinds. 

' '  The  number  of  named 
varieties  of  L.  vulgare  enume- 
rated in  Continental  and 
English  nursery  lists  exceed 
a  score,  and  most  of  them  are 
mere  monstrosities  of  leaf- 
form  or  colour,  only  appre- 
ciated by  the  collector  of 
curiosities.  The  finest  vari- 
eties are  those  named  Al- 
chingerii ,  gigan  teum ,  Carlieri, 
and  grandiflorum.  Any  of 
these,  if  true  to  name,  are 
the  kinds  to  plant.  They  all 
bear  very  long  racemes,  pro- 
duced abundantly." 

This    is    a    well-known    tree. 
Some    of    its    varieties    are 
very     beautiful,      especially 
Watereri,    which    has    very 
long  racemes,  and  when  in 
full  beauty  is  a  lovely  picture. 
This  should  be  made  note  of  i 
as  one  of  the  most  charming 
of  all  early  summer  flowering  ! 
trees.       Parksii    is    another  j 
beautiful  variety,  whilst  there  I 
are  also  autunmalis  (flowers  | 
in  autumn,  hence  the  name), 
biferum,    grandiflorum,   and 
hirsutum.  1 

We  have  given  this  special  pro-  j 
minence  for  the  reason  it  is  a 
hybrid.  InBailey's" American  ■ 
Cyclopaedia "occursthisnote:  j 
"Watereri,Dipp.(L.  Parksii,  I 
Hort,  C.  alpinus  and  vulgaris  j 
Wittst.)     Hybrid  of  garden  I 
origin,  but  found  also  wild. 
...  As  hardy  as  L.  alpinum 
and  sometimes  considered  to 
be  a  variety  of  that  species." 

This  is  a  remarkable  tree,  and 
is  named  after  M.  Adam,  who 
grafted  Cytisus  purpureus 
on  the  common  laburnum. 
Loudon  says  the  purple  la- 
burnum "is a  hybrid  between 
Cytisus  laburnum  and  C.  pur- 


FLOWERING   TREES  AND   SHRUBS 


383 


Origin  and 
Natl'kal  Oruek. 


AND 

Season. 


GENERAL  Remarks. 


Laburnum  (Cytisus) 
vulgare  (Golden 
Rain  or  Chain) 


'Ledum      latifolium 
(Labrador  Tea) 


U  palustre  (Marsh 
Ledum) 

Leiophyllum    buxi- 
folium  (Sand 

Myrtle).  (Syn  L. 
thymirolium) 


Lespedeza  bicolor 


*L.  Sieboldi  (Syn 
Desmodiuni  pen- 
duliflonim) 


Leycesteria  formosa 


Northern  portion        White; 
of  North  Ameri-      late  April 
ca  ;  liricacece 


Northern  part  of  I  White, 

Eastern  Hemi-  1  tinged 

sphere                 !  pink 

New   Jersey  and  j  White; 

Virginia ;     Eri-  May 


Japan  ; 
Lcgnminoss; 


Rosy  red ; 
July 


Capri  foliacerv  ; 
Temperate 
Himalaya 


China  and  Japan  '     Reddish 
purple ; 
September 


Purplish 

white,  and 

purple 

bracts 


pureus,  in  which  the  flowers 
are  of  a  reddish  purple,  slight- 
ly tinged  with  buff,  and  are 
produced  in  pendent  spikes 
eight  inches  or  more  long. 
It  was  originated  in  Paris,  m 
the  nursery  of  M.  Adam  in 
1828  ;  it  was  introduced  into 
England  about  1829,  and  has 
been  a  good  deal  cultivated." 
We  noticed  a  tree  of  it  in  a 
hedgerow  near  Burnham 
Common,  Slough.  It  is  a 
strange  tree.  Some  branches 
will  perhaps  bear  entirely  yel- 
low flowers,  like  those  of  the 
common  laburnum  and  others 
like  Cytisus  purpureus,  varied 
by  a  flower  that  shows  the 
characters  of  both  parents,  h 
is  more  curious  than  beautiful. 

A  much-branched  shrub  2  to  3 
feet  high,  and  when  in  bloom 
covered  with  its  rounded  clus- 
ters of  white  blossoms.  It 
needs  a  cool  moist  peaty  soil, 
and  given  this  it  is  very  attrac- 
tive when  in  bloom. 

Much  like  the  last,  except  that 
it  is  rather  smaller,  and  the 
blossoms  tinged  with  pink. 

A  compact  little  evergreen  shrub 
about  a  foot  high.  Every 
twig,  however  small,  bears  a 
cluster  of  pretty  blossoms,  in 
colour  white  tinged  with  pink. 
It  is  a  good  rockwork  shrub 
in  a  cool  moist  position. 

Sends  up  stiff  annual  shoots  to 
a  height  of  4  feet.  The  leaves 
are  trifoliate.  It  needs  a 
warm  soil,  and  is  not  particu- 
larly attractive. 

A  deciduous  sub-shrub  that 
dies  nearly  to  the  ground  in 
the  winter.  From  the  base 
are  ])ushed  up  long  wand-like 
arching  shoots  to  a  hci;,'ht  of 
6  feet,  clothed  with  trifoliate 
leaves,  and  bearing  large  ter- 
minal panicles  of  pea-shaped 
blossoms.  Should  it  escape  the 
autumn  frosts  it  is  delightful. 

A  very  interesting  shrub,  6  feet 
high  in  the  milder  parts  of 
these  isles,  but  hardy  almost 
everywhere.  These  flowers 
are  succeeded  by  purple 
berries  which  are  relished  by 
pheasants,  hence  it  is  planted 
for  covert  in  some  places, 


384 


TREES  AND   SHRUBS 


Country  or 

Colour 

Name. 

Origin  and 

AND 

General  Remarks. 

Natural  Order. 

Season. 

Ligustrum       coria- 

China  ; 

White 

A  sturdy  evergreen  shrub,  with 

ceum          (Thick- 

Oleaceae 

very  dark-green  leaves,  thick. 

leaved  Privet) 

about    li    inches   long    and 
roundish"  oval   in  shape.     It 
reaches  a  height  of  about  a 
yard,  and  is  of  extremely  slow 
growth. 
A    graceful   shrub  with    long. 

L.    Ibota    (Syn    L. 

Japan 

White ; 

amurense) 

June  and 

slender,    arching     branches, 

July 

narrow  leaves,  and  white 
flowers. 

L.  japonicum  (Japa- 

Japan 

White ; 

Reaches  a  height  of  6  to  8  feet. 

nese  Privet) 

earFy  July 

and  forms  a  freely  branched 
bush  clothed  with  bright 
shining  green  leaves  from  2 
to  3  inches,  oval  pointed  in 

shape. 

*L.    lucidum    (Wax 

China 

White ; 

This  is  the  most  ornamental  of 

Tree) 

July  and 

all  the  Privets  in  foliage,  the 

August 

leathery  dark -green  leaves 
being  sometimes  as  much  as 
6  inches  long,  and  over  two 
inches  wide.  It  reaches  a 
height  of  9  to  12  feet,  and 
has  large  panicles  of  white 
flowers.  There  is  a  variety 
— tricolor,  with  leaves  beauti- 
fully variegated,  but.  being 
tender  it  needs  wall  protec- 
tion. 

L.  massalongianum 

Khasia  Hills 

White 

The  long  narrow  leaves  of  this 

(Syn   L.  rosmari- 

species  make  it  distinct  from 

nifolium) 

all  other  Privets.  It  is  hardy 
only  in  the  west  of  England 
and  Ireland. 

i*L.  ovalifolium(Oval- 

Japan 

White 

This   sub-evergreen   species  is 

'       leaved  Privet) 

1 

one  of  the  hardiest  of  all 
Privets,  being  much  used  for 
hedges,  and  for  planting 
where  little  else  will  thrive. 
Its  small  dense  clusters  of 
flowers  are  borne  in  great 
profusion,  but  they  (in  com- 
mon with  most  Privets) 
possess  such  a  heavy  and 
unpleasant  odour  as  to  unfit 
them  for  planting  near  dwel- 
ling -  houses.  The  golden 
form  of  this  Privet,  known 
as  Aureum  or  Elegan- 
tissimum,  is  met  with 
nearly  everywhere,  particu- 
larly in  the  environs  of 
London. 

,*L.  Quihoui 

China 

White ; 

A  somewhat  spreading  shrub 

1 

late  Sep- 

about    5     feet     high,     with 

tember 

small  leaves  and  terminal 
panicles  of  flowers.  For 
this  reason  it  is  worth 
growing  as  a  flowering 
shrub. 

FLOWERING  TREES  AND   SHRUBS 


385 


Nami:. 


Country  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order. 


Colour    j 

AND        \ 

Season.    ! 


General  Rkmarks. 


^Ligiistrum     sinense 
(Chinese  Privet) 


L.    vulgare    (Com- 
mon Privet) 


•Liriodendron  tulipi- 
fera  (Tulip  tree) 


Europe 


United  States ; 
Magnoliaceae 


White 


White 


Yellow ; 
June 


The  finest  of  all  Privets  as  re- 
gards its  flowers.  It  forms 
a  sub-evergreen  shrub  from 
12  to  15  feet  high,  with  arch- 
ing branches,  and  frond-like 
arrangements  of  the  smaller 
branchlets,  which  are  clothed 
with  leaves  about  the  size  of 
those  of  the  Common  Privet, 
and  pale  green  in  colour. 
The  white  flowers  are  borne 
in  such  profusion  towards  the 
end  of  July  that  the  entire 
plant  is  quite  a  mass  of  that 
colour.  It  needs  a  well- 
drained  soil. 
As  a  hedge  plant  this  is  to 
a  great  extent  superseded 
I  by  L.  ovalifolium,  but  it 
I  is  still  a  useful  shrub  for 
rough  places.  It  is  one  of 
I  the  subjects  that  can  be 
I  clipped  into  all  manner  of 
shapes,  hence  it  is  very  popu- 
lar for  topiary  work. 
The  Tulip  tree  is  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  and  distinct 
of  all  our  hardy  trees,  for  the 
peculiarly  shaped  four-lobed 
leaves  cannot  be  confounded 
with  those  of  any  other.  It 
occurs  over  a  considerable 
extent  of  country  in  North 
America,  and  when  suitably 
situated  attains  a  height  of 
130  to  140  feet.  Though 
these  dimensions  are  not 
reached  in  this  country,  speci- 
mens nearly  100  feet  high 
are  known,  and  its  great  value 
as  a  timber  tree  has  been  de- 
monstrated here  as  well  as  in 
the  United  States,  where  it  is 
given  the  name  of  the  White 
Wood.  The  yellow  Tulip- 
like flowers,  from  whence  its 
popular  name  in  this  country 
IS  derived,  are  very  pretty, 
but  as  a  rule  borne  at  such 
a  height  that  their  beauty 
cannot  be  seen.  They,  how- 
ever, add  to  the  interest  and 
charm  of  the  tree,  and  with 
the  handsome  leafage  and 
the  rich  yellow  hue  of  the 
foliage  in  the  Autumn,  as 
well  as  its  thorough  hardi- 
ness and  almost  complete 
indifference  to  soil  and  situa- 
tion, make  it  one  of  the  most 
desirable  of  our  large  grow- 

2   B 


386 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Name. 


Country  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order. 


Colour 

and 
Season. 


General  Remarks. 


Liriodendron  tulipi- 
fera  (Tulip  tree) 


United  States ; 
Magnoliaceae 


Loropetalum       chi 
nense 


Magnolia  acuminata 
(Cucumber  tree) 


M.    conspicua    (the 
Yulan) 


China ; 
Hamamelidese 


North  America ; 
Magnoliaceoe 


Yellow  ; 
June 


M.  Fraseri  (Fraser's 
Magnolia),  (Syn 
auriculata) 


North  America 


Pure  white 
Winter 


Greenish 

yellow 


Pure  white; 
early 
Spring 


Creamy 
white ; 
May 


ing  trees.  There  are  several 
varieties,  notable  among 
them  being  integrifolia,  in 
which  the  distinctive  lobes 
of  the  leaves  are  sup- 
pressed ;  aurea  maculata, 
whose  leaves  are  blotched 
with  yellow  ;  and  fastigiata, 
which  is  of  upright  growth. 
These  are  all  interesting,  but 
not  equal  in  beauty  to  the 
type. 

A  very  interesting  shrub,  with 
long  petals,  resembling  one 
of  the  flowers  of  Hamame- 
lis ;  they  appear  6  to  8 
together  in  clusters  at  the 
bract  tips. 

From  a  flowering  point  of  view 
this  is  one  of  the  least  showy 
of  the  Magnolias,  but  the 
tree  has  handsome  foliage ; 
it  reaches  a  height  of  many 
feet.  The  leaves  are  nearly 
a  foot  long,  and  half  as  much 
in  width.  There  is  a  tree 
6o  feet  high  in  Syon  Park, 
Middlesex. 

Of  all  the  Magnolias,  and  in- 
deed of  all  our  deciduous 
trees,  this  is  one  of  the  finest, 
and  also  one  of  the  earliest 
flowering.  It  blooms  in  some 
seasons  as  early  as  March, 
and  the  pure  white  flowers, 
like  silver  chalices,  stand  out 
boldly  from  the  bare  dark- 
coloured  branches.  Owing 
to  the  flowers  expanding  so 
early,  they  are  sometimes  in- 
jured by  spring  frosts,  hence 
in  the  northern  parts  of  the 
country  this  species  is  often 
given  wall  protection.  This 
Magnolia  succeeds  best  in  a 
good,  well-drained,  loamy 
soil  of  not  too  heavy  a 
nature,  indeed,  such  will 
suit  all  the  Magnolias  per- 
fectly. 

A  distinguishing  feature  of  this 
Magnolia  is  the  shape  of 
the  large  leaves,  which  are 
broader  towards  the  upper 
portion  than  at  the  base. 
It  reaches  a  height  of  30 
feet  or  more,  but  needs  a 
spot  sheltered  from  strong 
winds.  The  sweet-scented 
flowers  are  nearly  6  inches 
across. 


YULAN    {Miignohii  conspiciia):     IIS     rSh:A^->    A     WALL    SHRUB, 
CROWSLEY  PARK,  HENLEY. 


FLOWERING   TREES  AND  SHRUBS 


387 


COUNTKY    OR 

Colour 

NAMt. 

Origin  and 

AND 

General  Remarks. 

Natural  Order. 

Season. 

Magnolia       glauca 

North  America          White 

A   shrub  from    10    to   12   fett 

(the  Swamp  Mag- 

high, with  flowers  not  borne 

nolia) 

all  at  once,  as  in  most  of  the 

others,    but    scattered    over 

two  or  three   months,    from 

June  onwards.     It  makes  a 

pretty  lawn  shrub  for  a  damp 

spot. 

•M.  grandiflora  (the  |          Southern          |     White  ; 

The    evergreen    Magnolia    is 

Evergreen    Mag-  1      United  States 

late 

more  generally  grown  as  a 

nolia) 

Summer 

wall  plant  than  in  the  open 
ground,  though  in  the  south 
and  west  of  England  it  will 
thrive  perfectly  without  pro-  ! 

tection.     As  a  wall  covering  j 

the    handsome    dark  -  green 

leaves  render  it  eftective  at  ' 

all    seasons,    and   they   also  . 

serve  as  an  admirable  setting 

for    the    large    cup-shaped 

deliciously-scented  flowers. 

M.  hypoleuca                         Japan 

Creamy 

In  Japan  this  is  a  tree  60  feet 

: 

white 

high,    and   is  said   to   be  a 

very  desirable   kind,    but   it 

has  not  been  long  introduced, 

and  the  plants  of  it  in  this 

country  are  small. 

•M.  Lennei 

Garden  origin 

Glowing 

The  flowers  of  this  are  large. 

rjSe 

massive  in  texture,  and  de- 

lightfully   coloured.       They 

pinkish 

are  a  month  or  two  later  than 

within ; 

those  of   the  Yulan,   hence  | 

late  Spring 

they  escape  the  frosts  which 

1 

sometimes  injure  it.                    j 

M.  obovata(Syn  M.                Japan                  Purple 

A  spreading  shrub  6  to  8  feet  ; 

purpurea)                i                                  !    outside. 

high,    with     flowers     much  | 

1     whitish 

smaller    than    those    of    M. 

'     within ; 

Lennei,      and     not     of    so 

late  Spring 

pleasing    a    colour.      It    is, 
however,  a  handsome  shrub, 
less  particular  in  its  require- 
ments than  most  Magnolias. 

M.  parviflora 

lapan                 While; 

A  neat  bush.     The  centre  of 

May  and 

the  flower  is  occupied  by  a 

June 

ring  of  bright-red  filaments. 

It  is  rather  tender. 

*M.  soulangeana              Garden  origin           White, 

A  small  tree  more  spreading  in 

tinged 

character  than  M.  conspicua, 

j                                       purple 

and    flowering    also  a  little 

outside ; 

later.      Very    pretty,     early 

!                                        Spring 
•M.  stellata  (Syn  M.                 lapan              Purewhite; 

flowering. 

The   earliest   of  all  the  Mag- 

halleana)                                                      March 

nolias.   It  is  a  much  branched 

shrub,    seldom    more    than 

4    feet   high,    and   as   much  j 

through.     1  he  flowers,  which 

are  borne  in  great  profusion, 

are   alxjut   3   inches  in  dia- 

meter,  and  composed  of  a 

dozen  or  so  of  strap  shaped 

petals ;  a  lovely  shrub. 

388 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Name. 


Country  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order. 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


General  Remarks. 


Magnolia    tripetala      North  .America 
(Umbrella      tree),  ! 
(Syn  M.  Umbrella)  I 


Japan 


Notospartium   Car- 
michaslife 


Nuttallia    cerasifor- 
mis 


Olearia  Haastii 
(Daisy  Bush) 


New  Zealand ; 
Leguminosae 


California ; 
Rosacea; 


Creamy 

white ; 

early 

Summer 


Ivory  white 

inside, 

flushed 

with  rose 

on  the 

exterior ; 

May  and 

June 

Rose;  June 


White ; 
early 
Spring 


New  Zealand ; 
Compositce 

White ; 

July  and 

1     August 

A  tree  remarkable  for  its  large 
handsome  leaves,  which  are 
arranged  in  a  regular  manner 
towards  the  upper  parts  of 
the  branches.  The  flowers 
are  creamy  white.  A  shel- 
tered spot  suits  this  best. 

.\  busli  about  5  feet  high.  The 
flowers  are  remarkable  for 
their  central  cluster  of  crim- 
son filaments.  It  needs  a 
sheltered  spot. 


This  grows  in  New  Zealand 
several  feet  high,  but  not 
here.  It  has  graceful  shoots, 
which  are  very  pretty  when 
smothered  with  the  pink 
pea-shaped  flowers.  A  cor- 
respondent to  the  Gai'deii, 
writing  in  July  1900  from 
Castle  Douglas,  N.B.,  says: 
"  I  am  sure  if  my  plant  of 
Notospartium  Carmichoeliae 
were  to  be  seen  by  anyone 
who  has  not  got  it,  there 
would  be  countless  inquiries 
for  it.  It  has  always  done 
well  and  flowered  freely,  but 
this  year  it  is  simply  magni- 
ficent, with  only  the  points 
of  the  twigs  visible  above 
the  mass  of  bright  pink 
blossoms." 

This  is  one  of  the  prettiest  and 
most  interesting  of  March 
shrubs.  It  is  of  good  habit, 
and  produces  a  large  quan- 
tity of  dull  white  flowers  in 
drooping  racemes.  Thefruits, 
too,  are  pretty,  not  unlike 
those  of  a  small  plum,  of 
reddish-yellow  colour,  with  a 
plum-like  bloom.  It  must 
be  noted  that  the  flowers  are 
liable  to  be  dioecious,  and  so, 
therefore  the  sexes  must  be 
planted  together,  though  we 
have  obtained  fruit  by  stick- 
ing branches  of  the  male 
flowers  among  those  of  the 
female  shrub. 

A  valuable  evergreen  Box- 
like shrub,  laden  with  small 
white  Daisy-like  blossoms 
with  a  yellow  disc.  Though 
a  native  of  New  Zealand,  it 
is  hardy  in  most  parts  of 
England. 


OLEARIA  MACRODONTA.    {Redruth.) 


FLOWERING   TREES   AND  SHRUBS 


389 


- 

COINTRY    OR 

Colour 

\ 

Namk. 

Origin  and 

AND 

General  Remarks. 

Natural  Order. 

Season. 

0.  macrodonta(New 

New  Zealand 

White  ; 

This  has  large  Holly-like  leaves. 

Zealand       Daisy 

July 

silvery  on  the  undersides,  and 

tree),      (Syn     O. 

heads  of  Uaisy-likc  blossoms. 

dentata) 

Far    more    tender    than   O. 
Haastii,  this  needs  a  wall  in 
most  parts  of  the  south  of 
England,  though  it  is  hardy 
in  the  extreme  west  and  in 
the  south  of  Ireland. 

0.   stellulata   (Syn. 

New  Zealand 

White, 

An  evergreen  bush,  with  small 

0.  gunniana, 

yellow  disc; 

narrow  leaves,  the  undersides 

Eurybiagunniana) 

May  and 

covered    with    whitish    felt. 

June 

The  Daisy-like  flowers  appear 
in    profusion.      Its  require- 
ments are  the  same  as  the 
last. 

0.     'Iraversii    (Syn 

New  Zealand 

White  ; 

In  its  native  country  this  is  a 

Eurybia  Traversii) 

June 

timber  tree,  but  here  it  needs 

the  same   treatment   as   the 
last   two.       Tlie   flowers  are 
small  and  creamy  white. 

Oxydendron  arborea 

Eastern 

Pure 

This  is  a  charming  shrub,  but 

United  States ; 

white; 

in  its  native  country  grows 

Ericacea; 

June  and 

to  a  height  of  40  feet.     The 

! 

July 

leaves  are   dark   green,   but 
very     richly      coloured      in 
autumn.      The    bell-shaped 
white  flowers  remind  one  of 
those    of    the    Lily    of    the 
Valley,  and  appear  in  pretty 
racemes. 

Ozothamnus       ros- 

South  Australia 

White ; 

.A.  neat  shrub,  4  to  5  feet  high. 

marinifolius 

and  Tasmania ; 

July 

with     narrow    rosemary-like 

Compositcc 

leaves,  and  during  the  sum- 
mera  profusion  of  white  .Aster- 
like  blossoms.      It  is  hardy 
only  in  the  West  of  England. 

*Pernetty<t       niucro- 

Cape  Horn, 

Berries  the 

Many   garden    varieties.      Be- 

nata 

introduced  in  1828; 

chief  beaut) 

tween    1878    and    1882    the 

i 

Ericaceae 

■ 

Horal      committee     of     the 
Royal  Horticultural  Society 
awarded  no  less  than  seven 
first-class  certificates,  select- 
ing the  following  varieties  for 
the  purpose:  P.  alba,  carnea 
nana,    lilacina    macrocarpa, 
nigra  major,  rosea  pi'rpurea, 
and  sanguinea.       Ihere  are 
ten  or  a  dozen  quite  distinct 
shades    of    colouring,    from  \ 
whitethrough  tenderest  pink,  i 
white    and    rosy    pink,    the 
colours   then  reaciiing  to  a 
soft  scarlet,  and  ending  with 
a  dark  blood-red,  reminding 
one    of    the     seeds    r.f    the 
Pomegranate,  and  also  the  1 
differences  in  the  size  of  the 
berries     and     foliage,     par- 
ticulars   which    impart    ad- 
ditional interest  to  this  useful 

390 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


'  Country  ok 
I  Origin  and 
Natural  Order, 


Pernettya 
nata 


mucro-  Cape  Horn. 

I  Introduced  in  1828: 
1  Ericaceae 


Colour    ! 

AND 

Season. 


General  Kkmakks. 


Berries  the 
cliief  beauty 


Philadelphus    coro-  j  Europe  and  Asia ;  |     White  ; 
narius         (Mock  I        Saxifrageae        I  early  May 
Orange     or     Sy-  ( 
ringa) 


P.  gordonianus 


North  America         White 

j   early  July 


P.  grandiflorus  Southern  United    !      White ; 

(Large  -  flowered  States  'Midsummer 

Mock       Orange,  I  I 

Syn  P.  inodorus)  1  j 


P.   hirsutus  (Hairy- 
leaved  Mock  Or-  1 
ange) 

P.  Lemoinei 
( Lemoine's  Hybrid  | 
Mock  Orange) 


North  America 


White 


Garden  Hybrid  White ; 

June  and 

I     July 


group  of  plants.  Some  fifty 
or  so  years  ago  Mr.  Davis  of 
Hillsborough  began  his  ex- 
periments with  such  forms  of 
the  Pernettya  as  were  then 
in  cultivation,  and  he  selected 
as  his  first  seed-parent  P. 
angustifolia,  a  native  of 
China,  a  densely  branched, 
narrow  -  leaved  evergreen 
shrub,  growing  to  a  height 
of  about  3  feet.  The  fruit 
of  this  species  is  light  pink 
in  colour.  It  is  a  very  effec- 
tive subject,  thriving  well 
under  the  shade  of  trees,  but 
in  such  a  position  does  not, 
as  might  be  expected;  flower 
so  freely  as  when  grown  in 
the  open.  P.  mucronata, 
the  type,  bears  reddish-tinted 
fruits.  Regarding  P.  angus- 
tifolia as  the  hardiest  of  the 
two,  Mr.  Davis  made  this  the 
first  seed-bearing  parent,  and 
found  the  seedlings  from  it 
to  vary  considerably  in  the 
character  of  the  foliage  and 
colour  of  the  fruit.  This  en- 
couraged him  to  take  seed 
from  the  best  of  his  seed- 
lings, and  from  it  obtained 
the  fine  varieties  which  are 
now  in  our  gardens.  It  is 
difficult  to  over-estimate  their 
value  as  berry-bearing  plants 
in  autumn  in  peaty  soil. 

A  well-known  siirub,  from  6  to 
10  feet  high,  with  u  pro- 
fusion of  white,  strongly 
scented  flowers.  There  are 
several  varieties,  the  best 
being  aiirea,  with  golden 
leaves,  and  Keteleerii,  with 
double  blossoms. 

A  free  -  growing  bush  with 
flowers  twice  the  size  of  the 
preceding,  and  about  six 
weeks  later  in  expanding. 

Forms  a  bush  about  12  feet 
high,  witli  large  leaves  and 
blossoms.  It  lacks  the  fra- 
grance of  the  other  species, 
which  is  to  many  people  a 
point  in  its  favour. 

Grows  obout  5  feet  high,  and 
bears  its  comparatively  small 
flowers  in  great  profusion. 

A  hybrid  between  P.  coronarius 
and  the  little  New  Mexican 
P.    microphyllus.         It    (P. 


FLOWERING   TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


39: 


Country  or 

Colour 

Name. 

Origin  and 

and 

General  Remarks. 

Natural  Order. 

Season. 

Philadelphus  Lem- 

Garden  Hybrid 

White ; 

Lemoinei)  forms  a  slender, 

oinei    (Lenioine's 

June  and 

freely-branched  shrub  about 

Hybrid         Mock 

July 

S  feet  higli,  and  has  a  pro- 
fusion  of    small    pure-white 

Orange) 

flowers  that  are  most  agree- 

ably scented,   the   fragrance 

reminding  one  of  ri pe  apples. 

The  variety  erectus  is  a  rather 

stronger  grower,  and  even  a 

finer  plant.    Other  delightful 

hybrid  forms  are,  Boule  d"  Ar- 

gent, a  neat  bush  with  double 

flowers ;     Candelabre,    with  1 

larger    blossoms    than    the  1 

other    forms    of    Lemoinei ; 

Gerbe  de  neige,  dwarf  form 

with    large    single    flowers ; 

and    Manteau     d'Hermine, 

semi-double.     These  are  a- 

mong  the  most  charming  of 

all  hardy  shrubs. 

*P.  Lewisii 

Western  North 

White ; 

One    of   the    best,   with   long 

America 

Mid-June 

graceful  arching  shoots,  and 
large  trusses  of  pure  white 
blossoms. 

•P.  microphyllus 

New  Mexico 

White 

A  dense  rounded  bush,  3  feet 

(Small-leaved 

high   and  as   much    across, 

Mock  Orange) 

clothed  with  tiny  leaves, 
and  very  fragrant  flowers  one 
inch  across. 

Philarlelphas     Sat- 

Japan 

White 

Rather  tenderer  than  the  .Ameri- 

sumi      (Japanese 

can  kinds  this  forms  a  distinct 

Mock  Orange) 

spreading  bush  thinner  than 
most  of  the  others.  The 
flowers  are  pure  white  and 
fragrant,  and  differ  from  the 
others  in  that  the  petals  are 
less  rounded  and  full,  thus 
forming  a  more  starry  bloom. 

•Pieris  floribunda 

North  America ; 

White ; 

A    rounded    evergreen    shrub. 

(Svn   Andromeda 

Ericacea; 

April  to 

from  3  to  5  feet  high,  clothed 

floribunda) 

May 

with  very  dark  green  leaves, 
and  with  spikes  of  pure  white 
Lily-of-the-Valley-like    bios-  | 
soms.        It    needs    a    fairly 
sheltered  position  and  a  cool 
moist  soil,   such   as    Rhodo- 
dendrons delight  in. 

♦P.  formosa 

Himalayas 

White ; 

A   large   bold-growing    shrub. 

May  and 

with  handsome   dark -green 

June 

leathery  foliage.  It  has 
spikes  of  wax -like  urn-shaped 
blossoms.  It  is  too  tender 
for  general  cultivation,  ex- 
cept in  the  West  of  England 
and  in  Ireland. 

•p.     japonica    (Syn 

Japan 

White 

This  differs  from  the  last  in  the  : 

Andromeda      ja- 

white wax-like  flowers  being  . 

ponica) 

borne    on    long     pendulous  ' 
racemes,  so  that  at  their  best  \ 
the  entire  plant  is  quite  veiled 

1 

392 


TREES  AND   SHRUBS 


Country  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order. 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


*Pieris  japonica  (Syn 
Andromeda  jap- 
onica) 


Japan 


P.  niariana  (Syn  An- 
dromeda mariana) 


P.  ovalifolia 


Prunus  (Rosaceas) 


North  America 


Nepaul 


White ; 
Summer 


White ; 
May 


General  Remarks. 


with  them.  The  tips  of  the 
growing  shoots  too  are  bright 
red.  This  blooms  naturally 
earlier  than  P.  floribunda, 
and  on  that  account  the 
flowers  are  often  injured  by 
spring  frosts,  to  prevent 
which,  as  far  as  possible,  it 
should  be  planted  in  a  shel- 
tered spot,  where  the  early 
morning  sun  does  not  shine 
direct  on  it. 

A  deciduous  shrub  a  yard  high, 
with  wax  -  like  flowers.  A 
damp  peaty  soil  suits  it  best. 

Grows  to  a  height  of  lo  to  12 
feet,  and  has  spikes  of  white 
flowers.  This  species  suc- 
ceeds better  in  the  West  of 
England  and  in  Ireland  than 
elsewhere. 

This  is  a  beautiful  genus.  As 
at  present  constituted  it  con- 
tains all  those  trees  which 
were  formerly  and  in  many 
places  still  are  included  under 
the  generic  titles  of  Amygda- 
lus,  Persica,  Cerasus,  Padus, 
&c.  The  genus  is  divided  into 
six  sections,  viz.,  Amygda- 
lus,  which  includes  Almonds 
and  Peaches;  Armenaica,  the 
Apricots ;  Prunus,  which  con- 
tains the  true  Plums  and  the 
Blackthorn ;  Cerasus,  the 
various  Cherries  ;  Padus,  the 
Bird  Cherries ;  and  Lauroce- 
rasus,  under  which  is  placed 
the  Cherry  Laurel,  Portugal 
Laurel,  &c.  Although  these 
genera  may  differ  outwardly, 
yet  they  are  botanically  of  the 
same  character.  The  genus 
is  widely  spread,  representa- 
tives being  found  in  Europe 
and  through  Asia  southward 
to  Persia  and  Afghanistan, 
and  eastward  to  China  and 
Japan  ;  it  is  also  well  repre- 
sented in  North  America. 
With  the  exception  of  the 
section  Laurocerasus,  all  the 
members  of  the  genus  are 
deciduous  trees  or  shrubs  of 
various  sizes,  and  most  of 
them  are  very  beautiful,  es- 
pecially in  sjsring.  A  fairly 
light  well-drained  soil  is  best. 
If  inclined  to  be  cold  and 
heavy  and  is  not  very  deep, 
the  plums  or  any  which  sue- 


FLOWERING   TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


393 


Name. 


Country  ok 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order, 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


General  Remarks. 


Prunus 


P.  Amygdalus 
(the  Almond) 


Native  of 
Southern  Europe 
and  the  Levant 


Pink; 
Spring 


•P,  davidiana 

(Amygdalus  davi- 
I      diana) 


White  or 
pale  rose ; 
January 
or  early 
February 


ceed  on  the  plum  stock,  are 
best,  as  they  are  more  surface- 
rooting  than  the  remainder. 
The  presence  of  lime  in  the 
soil  is  highly  beneficial  to  all 
the  Prunuses  and,  if  not 
naturally  present,  can  easily 
be  given  in  the  form  of  old 
mortar-rubbish  forked  in 
liberally  round  them.  Pro- 
pagation is  effected  by  seeds, 
cuttings,  layers,  or  by  bud- 
ding or  gjrafting.  Details  of 
propagation  will  be  found 
with  each  section. 

This  is  the  Almond,  the  tree 
which  foreshadows  the  com- 
ing of  spring,  its  leafless 
shoots  enveloped  in  pink- 
tinted  flowers.  In  the  south- 
ern and  central  parts  of  the 
country  it  is  largely  grown, 
especially  in  small  suburban 
gardens,  but  is  not  quite 
hardy  enough  for  the  north, 
unless  the  position  is  very 
favourable.  The  fruit  is 
chiefly  composed  of  the  large 
deeply-pitted  stone,  which  is 
only  covered  with  a  thick, 
tough,  woolly  skin.  There 
are  five  good  varieties  :  Am- 
ara,  the  Bitter  Almond,  with 
large  white  flowers  tinged 
with  a  soft  rose  colour  in  the 
centre  ;  dulcis,  the  Sweet  Al- 
mond, with  large  red  flowers 
and  amons;st  the  first  to  open; 
macrocarpa,  which  has  larger 
flowers  and  fruits  than  the 
type,  but  the  flowers  are  of 
paler  colour  ;  pendula,  a  half- 
weeping  variety,  deep  pink 
flowers ;  persicoides,  a  hand- 
some tree,  more  upright  in 
growth  than  the  type,  and 
very  free.  1  he  large  pink 
flowersopensomewi)at  earlier 
than  those  of  the  common 
Almond. 

This  is  a  small  tree  and  one  of 
the  earliest  to  bloom ;  the 
flowers  opening  as  early  as 
January  in  mild  weather, 
though  the  middle  or  end  of 
February  is  its  usual  flower- 
ing time.  The  buds  are  not 
injured  by  frost,  but  open 
when  the  w  eather  gets  milder. 
The  leaves  are  broader  and 
of  duller  colour  than  those  of 


394 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Country  ok 

Colour 

Name. 

Origin  and 

AND 

General  Remarks. 

Natural  Order. 

Season. 

Prunus      davidiana 

China 

White  or 

the  Almond,  but  the  flowers 

(Amygdalus  davi- 

pale rose ; 

are   of  about  the  same  size 

diana) 

January 

and   substance.      There   are 

or  early 

two  forms,  alba,  white,  and 

February 

rubra,  rose  or  red.  Beautiful 
under  glass. 

P.     incan;i    (Amyg- 

Asia Minor 

Pale  red ; 

This    species  is  allied  to  the 

dalus  incana) 

March  and 

pretty  P.  nana;  it  is  a  spread- 

April 

ing  shrub  4  to  6  feet  high 
with  linear  leaves  silvery- 
white  underneath.  The 
flowers  are  about  half  the 
size  of  those  of  the  Almond 
and  freely  produced. 

*P.     nana      (Amyg- 

Eastern     Europe 

Rose; 

This  delightful   little  shrub  is 

dalus  nana) 

and  the  southern 

March  and 

rarely  more  than  3  feet  high, 

parts  of  Russia 

April 

the  thin  twiggy  growths  being 
covered  every  Spring  with 
rose  -  coloured  flowers.  It 
makes  a  charming  bed  for 
the  Spring,  and  is  very  easily 
increased  by  layering. 

P.  oiientalis 

Western  Asia 

Rose; 

This  shrub  grows  to  a  heiglit 

April 

of  about  6  feet,  but  is  not 
very  hardy.  So  many,  how- 
ever, enjoy  the  beauty  of  the 
Almond  family  that  we  in- 
clude it,  as  in  many  southern 
gardens  it  is  happy.  The 
willow-like  leaves  are  silvery 
white. 

*P.      Persica       (the 

China,  but  former- 

Pink; 

This  beautiful  spring-flowering 

Peach),  (Syn  Per- 

ly considered  a 

April  or 

tree  needs  no  description.    It 

sica  vulgaris  and 

native  of  Persia 

May 

is   not    grown,    however,    so 

Amygdalus    Per- 

much as  the  various  double- 

sica) 

flowered  varieties,  .such  as 
flore-roseo-pleno  and  flore- 
albo-pleno  ;  the  former  has 
very  double  bright  rose 
flowers  and  the  latter  white. 
Flore-rubro-pleno  is  a  double 
red  form.  The  variety  foliis 
rubris  has  deep  purple- 
coloured  leaves ;  the  flowers 
are  tinged  with  the  same 
colour  and  the  fruits  are  dark 
and  freely  produced.  Mag- 
nifica  is  a  double  red-flowered 
variety  with  larger  and  finer 
flowers  than  the  others,  and 
the  finest  of  all.  All  the 
Almonds  are  best  propagated 
by  budding  or  grafting  on 
suitable  stocks,  which  are  the 
common  Almond  for  warm 
light  soils,  and  the  Plum  for 
heavier  soils  and  colder  lo- 
calities. For  budding  the 
mussel  plum  stock  is  the  best 
to  use,  and  either  the  same 
or  the   Myrobella  plum   for 

FLOWERING   TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


395 


Namk. 


Country  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order. 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


General  RiiMakks. 


Prunus  Persica  (tlie 
Peach) 


1'.    Arnienaica   (the 
Apricots) 


P.  Arnienaica  (com- 
mon Apricot) 


TP.  Mume 


Northern  China 


Japan 


Small, 
white,  open- 
ing early  in ' 
the  year, 

and        j 

frequently  ! 

blackened 

by  frost 

Rose; 

early,  before 

the  leaves  ; 


grafting.  The  latter  is  not 
usually  a  good  stock  for  bud- 
ding, the  bark  being  too  thin 
to  l.old  the  bud  properly, 
which  objection  does  not  hold 
good  with  the  mussel  plum 
stock.  The  species  can  also 
be  got  from  setds  and  P. 
nana  is  best  raised  as  stated 
from  layers,  or  cuttings  of 
half-ripened  wood,  which 
will  strike,  though  not  very 
readily. 
Many  of  the  species  in  this 
group  are  amongst  the  most 
precious  flowering  shrubs  of 
the  garden.  All  can  be  in- 
creased by  seed.  P.  lomen- 
j  tosa  and  P.  triloba  flore-pleno 
I  can  also  be  got  from  layers 
I  or  cuttings.  Half-ripened 
wood  of  the  latter  will  also 
root  readily,  and  soon  form 
sturdy  young  trees.  These 
two  in  particular  should 
always  be  on  their  own  roots  : 
a  plum  stock  kills  them  in  a 
few  years. 
We  mention  this  because  it  is 
the  parent  of  the  various 
varieties  of  Apricot. 


P.  tomentosa 


'P.  triloba 


China  and  Japan 


pinkish 


Pink ; 
March  or 
early  April 


This  is  a  small  and  pretty  tree 
of  upright  growth,  and  the 
leaves  large  and  shining 
green  in  colour.  There  are 
four  varieties,  viz. ,  flore-albo- 
pleno,  double  white ;  tlore- 
roseo-pleno,  double  bright 
rose  ;  flore  -  rubro  -  pleno, 
double  red ;  and  pendula, 
which  makes  a  pretty,  small, 
weeping  tree  if  worked  stand- 
ard high. 

This  is  a  pretty,  small  branch- 
ing shrub,  with  stout  leaves 
covered  with  a  thick  lomen- 
tum ;  the  flowers  are  followed 
by  small  red  fruits. 

The  sjiecies  is  not  of  much 
account,  but  the  double 
variety  flore-pleno  is  one 
of  the  most  handsome  of 
flowering  slinibs.  Its  large, 
double,  rose-coloured  flowers 
are  produced  so  profusely 
that  hardly  a  leaf  is  visible. 


396 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Name. 


Country  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order. 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


General  Remarks. 


Pninus  triloba 


Prunus 

(the  Plums) 


Pink; 
March  and 
early  April 


P.     cerasifera 
mirobalana) 


(I'. 


Uncertain,  but 

probably  of 

Caucasian  origin 


Small,  pure 
white  ; 
Spring 


P.  communis 
(Wild  Plum) 


The  origin  of  this 
plum  is  uncertain ; 
it  is  stated  in  some 
works  to  be  a 
native  of  Britain, 
Europe,  and  a  part 
of  Asia 


White ; 

April  and 

March 


For  a  wall  it  is  invaluable,  : 
but  in  this  position  it  should  i 
only  be  pruned  immediately  j 
after  flowering,  the  summer 
growths    being    allowed    to 
develop    at   will,    as   this    is 
the     wood     that    will    pro- 
duce  flowers    the    following 
season. 

There  are  several  species  of 
Prunus,  but  those  mentioned 
are  the  most  important  for 
gardens.  The  Plums  are  best 
grown  from  seeds,  but  if 
these  cannot  be  got  then  they 
must  be  worked  upon  the 
Wild,  Mussel,  and  Myro- 
bella  or  Myrobalan  Plum. 
Plum  stocks  should  be  raised 
from  seed.  If  got  from  layers 
or  suckers  they  are  liable  to  I 
throw  up  suckers  from  the 
base,  and  ruin  the  plants 
worked  on  them. 

This  is  the  well-known  Myro- 
balan Plum,  and  theseedlings 
are  used  as  stocks.  Its  hardi- 
ness and  vigour  in  almost  all 
soils  and  climates  make  it  a 
good  small  shrub,  and  its 
white  flower  -  clusters  are 
delightful  in  early  spring. 
The  fruits  are  popular  on 
the  Continent,  and  are  red 
in  colour.  It  is  used  as  a 
hedge  in  some  places.  There 
are  two  varieties,  viz.  .angusti- 
folia  pendula,  which  is  half 
pendulous  in  growth,  and  the 
well  -  known  atropurpurea, 
more  often  called  *  P.  Pissardi , 
which  is  a  native  of  Persia, 
and  has  warm  purple  leaves, 
which  get  darker  with  age. 
The  flowers  are  rose-tinted. 
It  is  a  good  shrub  for  colour, 
but  must  not  be  too  freely 
planted. 

The  wild  plum  is  mentioned 
because  a  well-known  tree, 
but  its  varieties  are  more 
beautiful.  *Pru'ieauliana  is 
very  handsome ;  its  fruit  is 
the  prune  imported  from 
abroad.  It  is  of  upright 
growth,  with  downy  leaves, 
and  large,  pure  white  flowers. 
*P.  fl.  pi.  is  e.xtremely  hand- 
some ;  it  has  double  flowers. 
The  wild  plum  is  the  same  as 
P.  domestica. 


FLOWERING   TREES   AND   SHRUBS         397 


Name. 


I      Country  or 
Origin  and 
Natural  Order, 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


General  Remarks. 


•Prunus  divaricata 


P.  spinosa  (the  Sloe) 


P.      Cerasus     (the 
Cherries) 


Wide  distribution 

from  Macedonia  to 

Caucasus  and 

Persia. 

Introduced  in  1822 


Britain,  and 

Europe,  North 

Asia,  &c. 


White ;     I 

April  or     j 

late  March 

in  a  nnild    { 

season 


White 


Europe 


White ; 
April 


P.  Avium 
Gean  or 
Cherry) 


(the  ,  Europe,     and     a 
Wild         woodland    tree 
in    many   parts 
of  these  Isles 


Pure  white ; 

April  and 

May 


This  is  one  of  the  most  beauti- 
ful of  the  Plums,  but  rarely 
seen.  A  fine  example  of  it  is 
now  in  the  rock  garden  at 
Kew,  and  when  the  weather 
is  mild  before  March  is  out, 
this  spreading  tree  is  envel- 
oped in  snowy-white  flowers. 
But  unfortunately  its  flowers 
are  sometimes  spoilt  by  late 
frosts.  The  growth  is  slender, 
twiggy,  and  dark  in  colour. 

The  Sloe  or  Blackthorn  of  the 
English  hedgerow  is  fami- 
liar, but  the  variety  *flore- 
pleno  is  a  good  garden  shrub ; 
its  spreading  Spring  shoots 
are  covered  in  April  with 
double  white  flowers,  each 
like  a  little  rosette,  and  longer 
lasting  than  the  Sloe  of  the 
English  lane.  It  is  as  yet 
rare  in  British  gardens.  This 
should  be  worked  on  the 
type. 

A  beautiful  group  of  flowering 
trees.  They  are  propagated 
by  seeds  or  by  grafting  them 
on  stocks  of  the  Gean  (P. 
.•\vium),  but  never  resort  to 
this  practice  if  possible  to 
avoid  it.  The  small-growing 
cherries,  P.  humilis,  P. 
Jacquemontii,  P.  japonica, 
P.  prostrata,  and  P.  pumila, 
must  be  increased  by  layers  ; 
the  Gean  stock   kills   them. 

P.  acida  would  be  little  heard 
of  if  it  were  not  for  its  variety, 
P.  a.  semperflon-ns,  (the  All 
Saints'  Cherry ),  which  blooms 
twice  or  thrice  in  a  season, 
indeed,  keeps  up  a  scattered 
succession  from  May  to  Sep- 
tember. The  first  display  of 
flowers  takes  place  in  April, 
and  in  about  two  months 
afterwards  it  blooms  again. 
The  fruits  are  very  abundant, 
and  are  scarlet  in  colour. 
There  are  several  other  vari- 
eties, but  not  of  much  con- 
sequence. 

The  Wild  Cherry  is  pretty,  and 
it  is  interesting  as  the  parent 
of  the  fruiting  cherries,  but 
neither  this  species  nor  its 
varieties,  decumana,  white, 
the  cut-leaved  laciniata,  or 
the  weeping  pendula,  can 
approach  the  beauty  of  the 


398 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Prunus  Avium  (the 
Gean  or  Wild 
Cherry) 


P.    Cerasus  (Dwarf 
or  Wild  Cherry) 


P.  Chamaecerasus 
(Siberian  Cherry) 


Country  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order, 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


General  Remarks. 


Europe  and 
Britain 


Pure  white 

April  and 

May 


White ; 
Spring 


Europe,  but  long 

grown  in  English 

gardens 


China  and  Japan 


White 

flowers, 

fin.  across 

Spring 


Double, 
pure  white 


*double  white  (flore-pleno), 
which  is  one  of  the  loveliest 
of  all  flowering  trees.  In 
late  April  the  whole  tree 
seems  enveloped  in  blossom 
as  white  as  driven  snow,  and 
it  lasts  for  many  days  in  this 
condition.  No  garden  should 
be  without  this  queen  of 
flowering  trees. 

This  is  not  very  interesting, 
except  that  it  is  one  of  the 
parents  of  the  fruiting  cherry, 
and  in  the  garden  is  hardly 
wanted,  as  its  double- 
flowered  \'arieties  are  far 
more  beautiful,  especially 
*Rhe.xi  flore-pleno,  which  has 
very  double,  snow-white, 
rosette-shaped  flowers.  It  is 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  of 
all  the  Cherries,  and  when 
grown  as  a  standard  makes 
a  small  and  spreading  tree 
of  much  charm.  It  is  some- 
times catalogued  as  C.  cap- 
roniana  multiplex,  C.  c. 
ranunculiflora,  and  C.  sero- 
tina  flore-pleno.  Persicifolia 
has  similar  flowers,  but  tinged 
with  rose.  C.  Cerasus  and  C. 
Avium  have  much  in  common , 
but  the  former  has  smaller 
leaves  and  an  acid  fruit. 

This  is  a  small  shrub,  seldom 
more  than  4  feet  high  ;  it 
has  slender  branches,  shin- 
ing dark-green  leaves  and 
flowers,  followed  by  small 
reddish  -  purple  acid  fruits. 
When  grown  as  a  standard 
it  makes  a  round,  half-droop- 
ing and  graceful  tree. 

This  is  one  of  the  prettiest  of 
small  shrubs  when  in  flower. 
It  is  very  charming  against  a 
wall,  but  is  a  success  in  the 
open,  flowering  freely,  and 
for  this  reason  makes  an  in- 
teresting and  beautiful  group. 
It  grows  between  3  and  4 
feet  high,  and  its  long  slender 
branches  are  often  weighed 
down  by  the  wealth  of  pure- 
white  flowers.  The  leaves 
are  tinged  with  red  when 
young.  The  flowers  of  the 
variety  flore-roseo-pleno  are 
rich  rose ;  it  is  a  beautiful 
shrub.  Increase  only  by  layers 
or  by  cuttings  ;  never  graft. 


400 


TREES  AND   SHRUBS 


Name 


Country  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order. 


Colour 

and 
Skason. 


General  Remarks. 


Prunus  pendula 
(Cerasus  pendula 
rosea) 


Japan 


Deep  pink 

April  and 

May 


*P.  serrulata  (Cerasus 
seimlata) 


Introduced  from 
China  about  80 
years  ago.  Also 
a  native  of 
Japan 


Europe 


[  The  flowers ! 

are  in  large 

[loose  heads,! 

;     and  are     ' 

!    white,  or    \ 

white       ] 

suffused 

more  or  less 

deeply  with 

rose,  and    | 

I  inch  to 

ih  inch     } 

across. 

End  of 

April 


White ; 

April  and  | 

May 


in  March.  It  is  a  tree  that 
could  be  raised  from  layers. 
Mr.  Bean,  writing  in  the 
Garden  of  April  13,  1901, 
says  :  ' '  Prunus  pendula  is 
as  naturally  pendulous  in 
growth  as  the  Babylonian 
Willow  is,  and  it  should,  if 
possible,  be  obtained  on  its 
own  roots.  It  is  an  early 
flowering  kind — probably  the 
earliest  of  the  Cherries — 
being  in  bloom  as  a  rule 
soon  after  April  comes  in. 
The  flowers  are  of  a  lovely 
shade  of  delicate  rose,  but 
are  not  large.  They  are, 
however,  freely  borne,  especi- 
ally after  a  hot,  ripening 
Summer  and  Autumn.  In 
the  United  .States  it  succeeds 
even  better  than  here,  and 
by  some  authorities  is  re- 
garded as  the  loveliest  of 
Japanese  trees  introduced  to 
that  country.  So  much  can- 
not be  said  of  it  in  Britain, 
but  it  is  well  worth  cultivation 
for  its  beauty  and  earliness." 

This  is  one  of  the  most  orna- 
mental of  the  Cherries.  It  is 
naturally  a  small  tree  with  a 
rather  loose  habit,  and  is  pe- 
culiar by  reason  of  its  short- 
jointed  stunted-looking  bran- 
ches. The  leaves  are  fairly 
large  and  very  evenlyserrated. 
For  lawns  or  shrubberies  it  is 
excellent,  making  a  good 
companion  plant  to  its  own 
countryman,  the  large-flow- 
ered pseudo-Cerasus  and  its 
European  cousins,  Cerasus 
and  Avium.  In  addition  to 
being  an  excellent  outdoor 
tree,  it  may  be  cultivated  in 
pots  for  forci  ng  for  the  conser- 
vatory in  Winter  and  Spring. 

The  Mahaleb  is  well  known 
for  its  remarkable  profusion 
of  pure  white  blossom  and 
its  free  graceful  habit.  In 
the  variety  pendula,  the 
pendent  character  of  the 
branches  is  not  unduly 
marked,  but  is  sufficient  to 
add  greatly  to  the  beauty  of 
the  tree.  It  is  not  only  one 
of  the  best  of  Cherries,  but 
of  all  flowering  trees,  and  is 
as  well  adapted  for  planting 


THE    DOUBLE-FLOWERED    BIRD    CHERRY 
{Pyimiis  Padiisjl.  pi.) 


FLOWERING  TREES  AND  SHRUBS        401 


Name. 


Country  ok 

Origin  and 

Natural  Oedek. 


Colour 

AND 

Sf.ason. 


General  Remarks. 


Prunus  Mahaleb 


P.   Padus  (the  Bird 
Cherry) 


Europe,  and  a 
great  part  of  Asia 


LAUROCERASI' 

Groui'. 
P.  ilicifolia 


P.  Laurocerasus 
(Cherry  Laurel) 


California 


East  Europe 


White ; 
Spring 


White 


White 


in  groups  as  it  iswhen  isolated 
as  a  single  specimen.  The 
flowers  are  borne  on  short 
racemes,  and  in  such  abund- 
ance as  to  envelop  the  tree 
in  a  snow-white  mantle. 
Every  garden  should  have  at 
least  one  weeping  Mahaleb. 
A  well-known  tree,  and  fre- 
quently seen  in  woodlands, 
where  its  strong  scent  is 
quickly  detected.  It  is  a 
shapely  tree,  growing  20  feet 
to  30  feet  high,  and  has  long 
erect  branches,  and  in  Spring 
drooping  racemes  of  flowers 
6  inches  or  more  long.  The 
fruits  are  small  and  shining 
black  in  colour.  There  are, 
however,  many  poor  forms, 
sometimes  with  almost  green- 
ish flowers.  Perhaps  the 
most  valuable  is  the  double 
variety,  flore-pleno,  which  has 
very  long  racemes  and  very 
pure  white.  Pendula  is  a 
weeping  variety  which  will, 
no  doubt,  be  an  acquisition, 
but  it  is  of  too  recent  appear- 
ance here  to  say  much  about 
it.  It  is  curious  to  note  that 
there  is  a  variety  (stricta) 
with  an  exactly  opposite 
tendency,  branches  and  ra- 
cemes being  quite  erect.  P. 
virginiana,  a  nearly  allied 
Bird  Cherry  from  North 
America,  is  also  represented 
by  a  pendulous  form.  P. 
serotina  and  its  variety 
pendula,  and  the  other  mem- 
bers of  the  Padus  group,  are 
not  important. 


A  pretty  evergreen  with  holly- 
like leaves,  but  only  hardy  in 
warm  southern  and  western 
countries.  It  is  a  small  bush, 
6  feet  to  8  feet  high,  and 
has  short  and  erect  flower  ra- 
cemes and  deep-green  leaves. 

A  well-known  evergreen,  too 
freely  planted  in  the  past, 
and  so  vigorous  as  to  over- 
run the  garden  in  course  of 
years.  The  varieties  are 
more  planted  than  the  type, 
as  they  are  handsomer.  The 
most  distinct  are  Bertini 
(latifolia),  camelliftfolia,  cau- 


2   C 


402 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Name. 


Country  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order, 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


General  Remarks. 


Prunus     Laurocera- 
sus  (Cherry  Laurel) 


*P.  lusitanica  (Portu- 
gal Laurel) 


East  Europe 


Spain  and  Portugal 


Pyrus 


Rosacens 


I 
White  j  casica,  rotundifolia,  and 
1  schipkcensis ;  the  last  men- 
tioned is  about  the  hardiest. 
White  A  popular  evergreen.  There 
are  four  varieties— azorica, 
I  which  is  very  tender ;  cori- 
;  acea ;  myrtifolia,  small  nar- 
row leaves,  and  bears  clipping 
well.  P.  ilicifolia  is  the  only 
plant  that  need  be  raised 
from  seed.  The  Cherry  and 
Portugal  Laurels,  with  their 
varieties,  are  usually  propa- 
gated by  cuttings,  ripened 
wood  of  almost  any  size  being 
cut  into  pieces  8  inches  or  so 
in  length,  and  inserted  nearly 
their  full  length  in  the  ground. 
This  can  be  done  from  the 
time  the  wood  is  ripe  enough 
until  the  end  of  the  year. 
Practically  every  cutting  will 
root  and  make  sturdy  plants 
in  a  twelvemonth.  The 
Portugal  Laurel  is  also  largely 
raised  from  seeds,  which  are 
gathered  when  ripe  and  sown 
immediately  without  any  pre- 
liminary cleaning.  If  kept 
in  sand  until  the  following 
spring,  they  begin  to  grow 
before  the  season  is  suffici- 
j  ently  advanced  to  sow  them, 
j  and  if  dried,  nearly  a  year  is 
lost  before  they  germinate. 
An  important  and  beautiful 
j  genus,  as  it  includes  the  Pears, 
j  Apples,  and  Quinces  of  the 
hardy  fruit  garden,  and  such 
trees  as  the  Flowering  Crabs, 
the  White  Beam  tree.  Moun- 
tain Ash,  and  Pyrus  japon- 
ica.  It  is  divided  into  seven 
sections,  viz.,  Pyrophorum, 
which  includes  the  true  pears; 
I  Malus,  the  Wild  Crab  apples, 
parents  of  many  garden 
forms ;  Aria,  of  which  the 
White  Beam  tree  is  a  good 
type ;  Sorbus,  in  which  is 
found  the  Mountain  Ash ; 
Adenorachis,  which  only  con- 
tains the  North  American 
species,  Cydonia,  the  Quin- 
ces, and  Mespilus,  with  which 
is  placed  the  Medlar.  These 
are  found  practically  through- 
out the  northern  temperate 
zone,  under  varying  condi- 
tions, and  with  one  or  two 
unimportant  exceptions,  are 


FLOWERING   TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


403 


Name. 


Country  or        Colour 
I      Origin  and      i       and 
Natural  Order.    Season. 


General  Remarks. 


Pyrus 


Pyrophorl-m 

Pears). 

P.  lx»tulrtfoli:i 


(the 


China  and  Japan 


White ; 
early 
Spring 


'P.    communis 
Wild  Pear) 


(the      Europe  and  Asia 


White; 
Spring 


all  hardy  in  this  country. 
The  majority  of  the  Pyrus 
are  trees  of  considerable  size. 
A  few  are  small  trees,  and 
about  half  a  dozen  are  low- 
growing  and  dense  shrubs. 
All  are  deciduous,  and  will 
grow  in  ordinary  garden  soil, 
but  none  of  them  like  a  cold 
and  moist  soil  and  position. 
Ground  that  will  grow  Apples 
and  Pears  well  will  suit  the 
Pyruses,  though  they  will 
thrive  in  considerably  poorer 
soil  than  is  recommended  for 
fruit  culture.  In  planting, 
the  ground  should  be  deeply 
trenched,  and  the  botiom 
well  broken  up,  any  clay  or 
gravel  that  is  encountered 
Ijeing  thrown  out  and  re- 
placed with  good  soil.  Most 
of  the  Pyms  root  deeply,  and 
if  the  soil  is  not  properly  pre- 
pared in  the  first  place  they 
are  apt  to  fail  and  get  can- 
kered. Propagation  is  done 
by  seeds,  budding,  or  graft- 
ing, and  in  a  few  cases  by 
suckers.  The  best  ways  are 
given  with  each  section. 


A  small  and  pretty  tree,  15  feet 
to  20  feet  high,  with  leaves 
somewhat  like  those  of  a 
Birch  in  shape,  though  rather 
larger.  They  are  on  long 
petioles,  and  have  a  pleasing 
sound  when  ruffled  by  the 
wind.  It  does  not  flower  or 
fruit  much  until  well  estab- 
lished. The  white  flowers 
are  in  dense  clusters  and  ap- 
pear before  the  leaves. 

-As  this  is  widely  distributed  it 
varies  greatly.  The  type  is 
moreinterestingfor  itsflowers 
than  for  its  fruit,  which  is 
hard,  gritty,  and  dry.  It 
grows  30  to  40  feel  high,  and 
has  long  spreading  branches, 
half      pendulous.  When 

the  tree  is  covered  with  its 
white  flowers  the  efl'ect  is  very 
lieautiful.  There  are  several 
named  varieties,  the  best  being 
flore-pleno,  with  semi-double 
flowers ;  linearis,  with  long, 
narrow  leaves,  and  pendula, 
described  by  the  name. 


404 


TREES  AND   SHRUBS 


Name. 


Country  or        Colour 
Origin  and  and 

Natural  Ordkr.    Season. 


General  Remarks. 


Pyrus  nivalis 


Eastern  Europe 


P.  sinaica 


P.    salicifolia  (Wil- 
low-leaved Pear) 


Levant 


Malus  (the  Apples). 
*!'.     baccata    (Sibe- 
rian Crab) 


Himalaya  to  Japan 


White ; 
Spring 


White ; 
April 


Rose  pink ; 
May 


A  small  spreading  tree  which 
flowers  in  great  abundance  ; 
the  fruits  are  plentifully  pro- 
duced, and  are  nearly  globu- 
lar in  shape,  and  of  fairly 
good  flavour,  but  dry.  The 
habit  of  the  tree  and  shape 
and  flavour  of  the  fruit  suggest 
some  of  the  garden  pears. 
Theie  is  a  variety  with  leaves 
variegated  with  white. 

This  is  one  of  the  few  species 
worth  growing  for  their  leaves 
alone,  for  during  Spring  and 
Summer  it  is  quite  silvery. 
Although  about  20  feet  high 
in  its  native  country,  it  makes 
here,  as  a  rule,  a  small  bushy 
stunted  tree. 

A  beautiful  tree,  about  15  feet 
high,  and  delightful  to  make 
groups  of  for  the  sake  of  its 
long  and  narrow  silvery-white 
leaves.  There  is  a  creeping 
variety  of  it.  The  flowers 
are  white,  and  the  fruits 
small  and  woody,  neither  of 
much  account.  It  is  the 
effect  of  the  foliage  that  we 
must  consider,  which  is  very 
charming  when  waving  in 
the  wind.  A  good  tree  for 
grouping  and  for  small 
gardens,  and  this  remark 
applies  also  to  the  weeping 
form.  The  Pyrophorum 
group  will  come  true  from 
seed,  which  is  the  best  way  of 
propagating  them.  If  not 
from  seeds  they  can  be  worked 
on  stocks  of  the  Wild  Pear, 
on  which  they  do  fairly  well, 
though  much  better  on  their 
own  roots.  There  are  other 
species  in  this  section,  such 
as  P.  auricularis,  P.  Mich- 
auxi,P.  parviflora,  P.  Pashia, 
and  P.  sinensis,  but  the  above 
are  the  most  important. 

.'\  well-known  tree,  very  beauti- 
ful on  the  lawn.  It  grows 
20  feet  to  30  feet  high,  and 
as  nuich  or  more  in  diameter, 
and  the  flowers  smother 
every  branch,  followed  by  a 
glorious  display  of  brilliant 
scarlet  fruits,  which  are 
esteemed  by  some  when  pre- 
served. There  are  several 
varieties,  of  which  three  may 


FLOWERING   TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


405 


CoLNTRY  OR        Colour 

Origin  and  and 

Natural  Order.!  Season. 


General  Remarks. 


Pyrus  baccata  (Sibe- 
rian Crab) 


*P.  coronaria  (Ameri- 
can or  Fragrant 
Crab) 


Himalaya  to  Japan    Rose  pink  ;' 
May 


Eastern  United 

States. 
Introduced  1724 


Rose; 
May  and 
early  June 


T.  tloribunda 


Japan 


Rose; 
late  Spring 
and  early 
Summer 


P.      Malus 
Apple) 


(Crab  ,  Britain ;  White ; 

1    Europe  and  Asia    |  late  Spring 


be  mentioned,  Bertini,  which 
is  of  rather  more  upright 
growth  than  the  type,  and 
has  large  white  flowers  and 
scarlet  fruits ;  and  Genuina, 
which  differs  from  the  type 
in  its  more  open  growth  and 
larger  fruits.  Xanthocarpa 
has  bright  golden  truits. 

A  beautiful  and  neglected  tree, 
15  feet  to  20  feet  high,  with 
large,  deliciously  -  fragrant 
flowers.  It  is  worth  growing 
on  this  account  alone.  The 
leaves  are  dark-green  and 
lobed,  and  the  fmits  sweetly 
scented  and  grass-green,  not 
veryornamental.  Itshouldbe- 
come  more  popularin  English 
gardens.  The  variety  flore- 
ple  n  o  has  lari^  e ,  al  most  doubl  e , 
rich  rose-coloured  flowers. 

A  delightful  tree  and  happily 
much  planted  in  gardens. 
It  is  quite  small,  little  more 
than  a  graceful  bush,  rarely 
exceeding  a  height  of  10  feet, 
wreathed  in  flowers  in  the 
appropriate  season,  the  buds 
intense  crimson,  but  opening 
out  a  paler  shade,  and  thus 
there  is  a  gradation  from  one 
colour  to  the  other.  1 1  should 
be  freely  grouped  and  planted 
in  small  and  large  gardens. 
The  fruits  are  yellow,  and 
about  the  size  of  a  pea.  There 
are  two  good  varieties,  Atro- 
sanguinea,  which  has  flowers  of 
much  deeper  colour  than  those 
of  the  type,  and  flore-pleno 
or  Malus  I'arkmanni,  as  it  is 
more  often  called.  This  has 
semi-double  red  flowers,  and 
reddish  wood  and  leaves. 

This  is  the  Crab  Apple  of  the 
hedgerow,  and  although  not 
very  ornamental,  three  varie- 
ties of  it  deserve  notice. 
These  ate  *coccinea,  which 
has  largi-  scarlet  fruits  in 
abundance :  flore-albo-pleno, 
with  large  semi-double,  pure 
white  flowers,  and  Neidzwetz- 
kyanus,  a  very  handsome 
form  with  purple-tinted  leaves 
and  fruit.  But  no  tree  can 
become  popular  with  such  a 
name.  We  hope  it  will  be 
changed.  Pendula  is  welcome 
for  its  drooping  growth. 


4o6 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Pyrus  prunifolia 


P.  Ringo 


*P.  Schiedeckeii 


Country  ok 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order. 


Japan 


Supposed  hybrid 
(P.  spectabilis, 
*P.  Toringo) 


'P.  spectabilis 
(Chinese  Crab) 


China  and  Japan 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


General  Remarks. 


Rose ;      ' 
late  Spring  1 


Late 
Spring 


Soft  rose ; 

May 


Pink ; 
Spring 


This  much  resembles  P.  bac- 
cata,  and  has  many  varieties, 
one  of  them  named  pendula 
being  a  beautiful  weeping 
tree. 
A  small  tree  about  20  feet  high, 
with  rather  long  spreading 
branches,  and  large  flower 
trusses  followed  by  bright 
yellow  fruits.  These  are 
sometimes  borne  so  abun- 
dantly that  the  branches  get 
weighed  down. 
This  hybrid  has  for  its  near 
allies  such  popular  and 
beautiful  plants  as  Pyrus 
floribunda,  P.  spectabilis,  P. 
baccata  (Siberian  Crab),  &c. ; 
yet  it  is  not  inferior  in  beauty 
to  any  of  tliem.  It  is  only  in 
recent  years  that  it  has  been 
in  commerce.  It  has  not,  of 
course,  reached  its  full  size 
yet  in  this  country,  but  it  is 
evidently  going  to  be  a  small 
tree.  It  is  nearly  rein  ted  to 
P.  floribunda,  but  gives  every 
indication  of  possessing  a 
more  tree-like  character,  its 
branches  being  sturdier  and 
more  erect  in  growth.  But 
it  is  for  its  wealth  of  blossom 
that  it  is  chiefly  remarkable. 
Even  among  such  profuse- 
flowering  things  as  those  of 
its  allies  mentioned  above, 
it  is  noteworthy  for  its  quali- 
ties in  that  respect.  During 
May,  its  flowering  season, 
clean  branches  3  feet  and 
even  4  feet  long  can  be 
cut,  which  are  wreathed 
from  end  to  end  with  blos- 
som. The  flowers  are  semi- 
double  and  come  in  the 
usual  Apple-like  clusters ; 
each  flower  is  about  i  J  inches 
I       across. 

I  .^  beautiful  and  fairly  well 
;  known  tree,  20  feet  to  30 
I  feet  high,  with  large  semi- 
double  flowers  of  much 
charm  ;  the  fruits  are  bright 
red.  Every  garden  should 
possess  a  group  of  it,  and  at 
least  a  single  specimen  stand- 
ing out  by  itself,  unfettered 
by  trees  or  shrubs  near. 
There  are  three  varieties  of 
note:  flore-pleno-albo,  with 
white    flowers  ;    flore-pleno ; 


PYRUS  SPECTADILIS  ON  LAWN.     {Spring.) 


--'^; 

*^. 


"V^^'^'"' 


FLOWERING   TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


407 


Name. 


Country  or      |   Coixiur 

Origin  and  and 

Natural  Order. I  Season. 


Pynis 
(Chii 


spectabilis 
se  Crab) 


China  and  Japan  I      Pink ; 
I     Spring 


Aria  (While  Beam 
trees) 
i  Pyrus   Aria    (Com- 
mon White  Beam 
tree) 


North  Temperate  ; 
Zone 


P.  decaisneana 


I  Oripin  unknown ; 

presumably  a 

hybrid 


Himalaya 


General  Remarks. 


and  Kaido,  which  is  a  very 
charming  tree,  upright  in 
growth,  and  with  rose-pink 
flowers  and  yellowish-red 
fruits.  These  trees  of  the 
Malus  section  are  usually 
propagated  by  being  budded 
or  grafted  on  stocks  of  the 
Common  Crab.  If  any  of 
them  aie  growing  singly 
away  from  other  species, 
then  seeds  from  them  will 
come  true  to  name,  but 
where  various  species  are 
growing  together  they  be- 
come crossed  when  in  flower, 
and  the  seedlings  result  in  a 
variety  of  hybrids,  few  or 
none  of  which  are  of  any 
value.  But  as  all  of  them 
succeed  very  well  when 
worked  on  Stocks  of  the 
Common  Crab,  this  is  pro-^ 
bably  the  better  way  to  pro-" 
pagate  them. 
A  very  distinct  group. 

A  well-known  tree,  frequently 
seen  in  chalky  districts.  It 
is  a  large  tree,  40  to  50  feet 
high,  and  has  oval  leaves, 
which  are  silvery  white  on 
the  under  surface.  The 
white  flowers  are  borne  in 
large  clusters,  followed  by 
oval  red  or  scarlet  coloured 
fruits.  There  are  several 
varieties.  Lutescens  is  very 
handsome,  with  its  broad 
and  silvery  leaves ;  chryso- 
phylla  has  leaves  of  quite  a 
golden  hue ;  grreca  is  a 
handsome  form  found  in 
Greece,  it  is  much  later  in 
flowering  and  fruiting  than 
any  of  the  others  ;  salicifolia 
has  striking  leaves,  quite  sil- 
very white  underneath. 

A  handsome  vigorous  tree, 
with  oval  leaves,  6  inches 
long  by  2  to  3  inches  broad, 
silvery  beneath.  The  pinkish 
flowers  are  on  large  dense 
corymbs,  followed  by  bright 
scarlet  fruits.  A  tree  well 
worth  growing. 

This  is  better  known  under  its 
garden  name  of  Sorbus  ma- 
jestica,  and  is  perhaps  the 
most  beautiful  of  this  section 
of  Pyrus.     It  is  an  upright- 


4o8 


TREES  AND   SHRUBS 


countky  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order. 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


Pyrus  lanata 


P.  vestita 


Himalaya 


Northern  India 


SORBUS. 

Pyrus  aniericana 


North  America 


'P.  Aucuparia 

(Mountain  Ash  or 
Rowan  tree) 


Native 


White ; 
Spring 


General  Remarks. 


growing  tree,  30  feet  to  40 
feet  high,  with  large  serrated 
leaves,  covered  beneath  with 
a  dense  silvery  tomentum.  ( 
The  flowers  are  succeeded  1 
by  corymbs  of  intense  scarlet  ' 
fruit.  P.  pinnatifida  is  also  I 
of  note  for  its  silvery  leaves. 
Thoroughly  hardy  in  this  | 
country,  and  a  handsome 
tree,  met  with  commonly 
under  the  names  of  P.  Thom- 
soni  and  Sorbus  magnifica. 
It  has  large  oval  silvery 
leaves,  and  is  worth  growing 
for  this  reason  alone.  The 
white  flowers  and  scarlet 
fruit  are  an  additional  charm. 
The  above  are  all  best  pro- 
pagated from  seeds,  which 
are  freely  produced,  and 
come  true  to  name,  with  the 
exceptions  of  P.  alpina  and 
P.  decaisneana,  which,  be- 
ing hybrids,  cannot  be  de- 
pended on.  These  two,  and 
the  varieties  of  P.  Aria,  are 
best  worked  on  stocks  of  P. 
Aria,  on  which  they  succeed 
very  well  as  a  rule,  care  being 
taken  to  choose  clean,  vigor- 
ousstocks  with  straight  stems. 

This  is  the  American  Mountain 
Ash,  and  is  not  a  great  suc- 
cess in  this  country.  It  is  of 
smaller  growth  than  our 
Mountain  Ash,  and  has  pin- 
nate leaves  and  clusters  of 
red  fruit,  which,  like  those  of 
most  of  the  Pyruses,  are 
much  liked  by  birds.  'I'here 
are  several  varieties. 

This  adds  a  brilliant  note  of 
colour  to  the  garden  land- 
scape in  Autumn,  and  is  the 
glory  of  many  a  Scotch  and 
Welsh  ravine.  In  the  north 
the  berries  are  very  rich. 
There  are  many  varieties ; 
the  best  are  asplenifolia,  a 
very  handsome  tree,  with 
finer  leaves  and  more  deeply 
serrated  leaflets  than  those 
of  the  type ;  dulcis,  a  hand- 
some, vigorous  variety,  with 
bold  foliage  and  larger  fruits 
than  those  of  any  of  the  other 
Mountain  Ashes.  Fastigiata 
has  somewhat  the  habit  of  the 
Lombardy    Poplar ;     fructu 


FLOWERING   TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


409 


Name. 


countky  ok         colouk 

Origin  and  and 

Natural  Order.    Season. 


General  Remarks. 


Pyrus  aucuparia  Native 

(Mountain  Ash  or 
Rowan  tree) 


P.  lanuginosa  ,    Eastern  Europe 


P.  Sorbus  ;  Native 

(Service  tree) 


White : 
Spring 


P.  thian:}Chaiiica 


Eastern  Asia 


While 


Adenorachis. 


Cydonia 

(the  Quinces) 

Pyrus  cathayensis 


luteo  has  bright  yellow  or 
orange  fruits,  whicli  are  freely 
borne  and  very  showy  ;  pen- 
dula  is  a  weeping  form  with 
branches  that  sweep  the 
ground. 

This  is  a  showy  tree,  30  feet  to 
40  feet  high,  with  pinnate 
leaves,  woolly  on  both  sur- 
faces.    The  fruits  are  red. 

This  is  more  commonly  known 
under  the  names  of  P.  domes- 
lica  or  .Sorbus  domestica, 
and  is  like  the  Mountain  Ash 
in  leaf,  though  more  spread- 
ing in  growth.  The  flowers 
are  succeeded  by  green  fruits 
about  the  same  size  as  those 
of  a  Crab  .\pple.  There 
are  two  forms,  viz.,  niali- 
fornns,  with  apple-shaped 
fruits,  and  pyriformis,  with 
fruits  shaped  like  those  of 
a  pear. 

This  is  a  comparatively  new 
introduction,  but  a  valuable 
tree.  It  has  reddish-coloured 
shining  wood  and  pinnate 
glossy  leaves,  with  pointed 
and  serrated  leaflets.  The 
fruits  are  small  and  scarlet. 
The  above  can,  and  should, 
be  propagated  from  seeds, 
which  germinate  readily,  and 
the  seedlings  soon  form 
strong  plants.  The  varieties 
of  the  Alountain  Ash  should 
be  worked  on  that  species, 
and,  if  absolutely  necessary, 
most  of  the  other  species  can 
be  increased  in  the  same 
manner  and  on  the  same 
stock.  We  have  seen  P. 
lanuginosa  worked  on  a 
Hawthorn  stock,  on  which 
it  succeeded  very  well,  but 
should  not  recommend  the 
Hawthorn  as  a  stock  for  any 
of  the  Pyruses. 

Not  a  very  important  group, 
containing  two  species,  P. 
arbutifolia  and  P.  nigra. 
Both  are  easily  raised  from 
seeds,  but  the  quicker  way  is 
to  detach  suckers. 


Rosy  red ;  '  Best   on  a   wall  as    at    Kew. 

lateSpring,  Bolder   in   growth    than    P. 

early       |  japonica,  but  not  so  hardy. 

,    Summer  Very  handsome  on  a  wall. 


4IO 


TREES  AND  SHRUBS 


Country  or      !  Colour 
Name.  Origin  and  and 

Natural  Ordkr.    Season. 


General  Remarks. 


*Pyrus  Cydonia  (Syn 
Cyc^onia  vulgaris) 


Unknown 


Flesh 


T.  japonica 


China  and  Japan 


Scarlet ; 

April, 
earlier  in 

some 
gardens 


The  Quince  is  for  the  garden 
orchard.  ' '  How  seldom  does 
one  see  Quinces  planted  for 
ornament,  and  yet  there  is 
hardly  any  small  tree  that 
better  deserves  such  treat- 
ment. Some  Quinces  planted 
about  eight  years  ago  are 
now  perfect  pictures ;  their 
lissome  branches,  borne 
down  with  the  load  of  great 
deep-yellow  fruit,  and  their 
leaves  turning  to  a  colour 
almost  as  rich  and  glowing. 
The  old  Enghsh  rather  round- 
fruited  kind  with  the  smooth 
skin  is  the  best  both  for 
flavour  and  beauty — a  mature 
tree  without  leaves  in  winter, 
has  a  remarkably  graceful, 
arching,  almost  weeping 
growth.  The  other  kind  is 
of  a  rather  more  rigid  form, 
and  though  its  woolly-coated, 
pear-shaped  fruits  are  larger 
and  strikingly  handsome,  the 
whole  tree  has  a  coarse  look, 
and  just  lacks  the  attractive 
grace. of  the  other.  They  will 
do  fairly  well  almost  any- 
where, though  they  prefer  a 
rich  loamy  soil,  and  a  cool, 
damp, or  even  swampy  place. " 
-  IVood  and  Garden,  p.  128. 

A  beautiful  shrub,  one  of  the 
most  valuable  introductions 
that  we  have  ever  had  from 
China  and  Japan.  It  is  the 
"japonica  "  of  many  a  cottage 
and  villa  wall,  and  in  sheltered 
warm  gardens  begins  to  bloom 
before  winter  has  gone,  a 
bright,  cheery,  and  welcome 
shrub  indeed  in  border  or  on 
wall.  It  is  so  well  known  that 
a  description  is  almost  need- 
less, but  there  are  several  va- 
rieties, with  considerable  range 
of  colour,  from  white  to  scar- 
let. We  give  the  si.x  from  the 
Kew  list :  candicans,  white  ; 
luteo-viridis,  yellow ;  Moer- 
loesi,  crimson ;  nivalis,  white ; 
sulphurea  perfecta  and  ver- 
sicolor lutescens,  both  yel- 
lowish. All  the  varieties  are 
good,  but  one  in  particular 
we  prize  highly,  that  is  Knap- 
Hill  scarlet, which  isabrilliant 
scarlet,  delightful  in  a  group  ; 
it  is  a  most  valuable  shrub. 


FLOWERING   TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


411 


1     Country  or 

Colour 

Namk.            ]      Origin  and 

AND 

General  Remarks. 

Natural  Order. 

Season. 

•Pyrus  Maulei 

Japan                 Orange 

A    charming    shmb,    dwarfer 

scarlet ; 

than  I',  japonica ;  the  fruits 

^ 

May 

are  yellow,  and  have  a  pleas- 
ant aromatic  odour,  and,  like 
those  of   P.  japonica,  make 
an  excellent   preserve.     Su- 
perba  is  a  variety  or  rather 
reputed   hybrid   between   P. 
Maulei  and  P.  japonica,  and 
has  deep  scarlet  Howers. 

The  Quince  can  be  propa- 
gated by  seeds,  by  cuttings, 
or   by   layers.      Cuttings   of 
well-ripened   wood   about    9 
inches  long  should  be  taken 
in    autumn    and    inserted  6 
inches  in  the  ground,  when 
they    soon    form    roots   and 
make    sturdy    plants.       P. 
japonica  and  P.  Maulei  can 
be    increased    by   seeds,    by 
suckers,  or  by  root-cuttings. 
Suckers  are  freely  produced 
by  old  plants,  and  can  easily 
be    detached,    so    that    this 
method  is  the  easiest  means 
of  propagating  them. 

Mespili-s.         : 

*  Pyrus  gi-rmanica           Europe  and  Asia 

Pure 

A  small  tree  for  the  garden. 

(the  Medlar)  (Syn 

white ; 

orchard,  or  woodland.     It  is 

Mespilus  vulgaris)  1 

early 

handsome  in  leaf  and  growth. 

i 

Summer 

a  dense  spreading  tree,  with 
fruits  of  acceptable  Havour 
when  eaten  at  the  right  stage. 

*P.       lobata       (M.      Unknown  ;     pro- 

White 

A  very  handsome  but  neglected 

Smith  i  ;        M.         bably  a  hybrid 

tree,  about  20  feet  high,  with 

grandiHora) 

dark-green  leaves  and  snow- 
white  flowers,  rather  smaller 
than  those  of  the   common 
Medlar;    it  has  small  pear- 
shaped  reddish  fruits,  and  is 
a  good  lawn  tree. 

Ihese  trees  are  best  pro- 
pagated by  grafting  or  bud- 
ding on  the   Pear  or  Quince 
stocks,  on  which  they  do  well. 
The  Medlar  can  also  be  in- 
creased by  seed. 

RHODODENnKuN 

Species. 

R.  arboreum 

Himalaya  ; 

Bell- 

This   is  a  famous  Himalayan 

Ericaceaj 

shaped. 

Rhododendron,   a    tree   at- 

various 

taining  a  height  of  40  feet  in 

colours— 

its   native   country.      It  has 

blood-red. 

bold,    thick    foli.ige,     green 

white,  rose, 

above  but  quite  silvery  be- 

and. 

neath,   and   the   bell-shaped 

as  a  rule, 

flowers  vary  in  colour.  There 

spotted 

are    several    varieties,    such 
as    album,    cinnamomeum, 
kingianum,        Nilagiricum, 

412 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Rhododendron 
arboreum 


Country  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order 


Himalaya 


R.  californicum 


R,  cainpanulatum 


Himalaya 


R.  campylocarpum 


Himalaya 


Colour 

I  AND 

Season. 


Bell- 
shaped, 
various 
colours — 
blood-red, 
white,  rose, 

and, 
as  a  rule, 
spotted 


Bell- 
shaped,     ! 
blood-red,  j 
1^  inches 
across 
Rose-purple,! 
upper  petal 
spotted  with 
greenish 
yellow  ; 
broadly 
campanu- 
late,  almost 
without  a 
tube.  Good 
sized  um- 
bels; June 
Lilac,  with 
purplish 
spots  ; 
June. 
Leaves 
elliptic  or 
elliptic 
oblong, 
blunt  as 
a  rule  at 
both  ends, 
April 
Rell- 
shaped, 
clear,  pale 

yellow, 
2  inches  or 
so  across, 
in  rather 

loose 
clusters ; 
May  or 
late  April 


General  Remarks. 


puniceum,  and  others,  but 
difference  in  flower  colouring 
is  the  chief  reason  for  dis- 
tinctive names.  Not  hardy 
except  in  a  few  very  favoured 
spots,  chiefly  Cornwall  and 
south-west  generally.  Must 
be  grown  under  glass,  and 
requires  a  big  house.  Many 
beautiful  trees  in  the  Tempe- 
rate House  at  Kew. 
This  is  a  tree  40  feet  to  60  feet 
high  in  its  native  country.  It 
is  hardier  than  R.  arboreum. 


This  is  a  strong-growing  Cali- 
fornian  species,  the  leaves 
dark-green ;  fairly  hardy. 


This  is  a  beautiful  species, 
about  4  feet  high.  We  have 
seen  it  in  several  Surrey 
gardens,  but  it  requires 
shelter.  It  is  not  one  of  the 
hardiest. 


The  best  hardy  yellow  Rhodo- 
dendron at  present  known  is  1 
this.     It  is  hardy  at  Kew  in  | 
sheltered  spots,  but  succeeds  | 
better  farther  to  the  south. 
It  is  a  shrub  of  neat  compact  | 
habit,   with  leaves  2   inches  \ 
to  3  inches  long,  dark-greeii  | 
and  glossy  above,  blue-white 
beneath.    When  full  of  flower 
it  is  a  singularly  pretty  and 
distinct   Rhododendron.      It 
varies   somewhat    in   shade, 
and    the   flowers   are   some- 
times of  a  pale  lemon  tint, 
becoming  almost  white  with 
age.     The  late  Mr.  Mangles, 
we  believe,   raised  some  hy- 
brids from  this  species,  but 
we  know  of  none  in  com- 
merce. 


FLOWERING   TREES  AND   SHRUBS 


413 


Name. 


Cdl'ntry  or 
Origin  and      I 
Natural  Order. 


Colour 

and 
Season. 


General  Remarks. 


Rhododendron 
catawbiense 


Ir. 


caucasicuni 


Introduced  nearly 
a  century  ago 
from  high  rocks 
close  to  the 
snow  -  line  in 
Caucasus 


Rose  or 
whitish 
green 
spotted 
flowers, 
in  compact 
and  upright 
clusters 


R.  ciliatum 


R.  cinnabarina 


Mountainous    re-        Good-      ]  This  is  a  strong  growing  species 
gions  of  South-  sized  and  one   of  the  hardiest  of 

e  r  n     United       heads  of  all  Rhododendrons,  and  has 

States  lilac  or  played  a  large  part  in  the  pro- 

purplish  duction  of  the  present  race  of 

flowers;  garden  Rhododendrons,  and 

late  May  is  with  R.  ponticum  the  best 

and  June  i  stock  on  which  to  graft  the 
;  various  varieties,  and  is  use- 
ful for  covert.  It  is  hardier 
than  R.  ponticum,  and 
varieties  with  much  of  the 
Catawbiense  blood  in  them 
are  hardier  than  those  closely 
allied  to  other  species.  Fas- 
tuosum  fl.  pi.  is  a  well  known 
form. 
This  is  a  quite  hardy  Rhodo- 
dendron. The  true  species 
is  rare  in  gardens,  but  there 
are  several  forms,  and  it  has 
been  used  to  a  great  extent 
by  the  hybridist.  It  is  dwarf, 
spreading,  little  more  than  a 
foot  high,  with  ovate  leaves 
with  brownish  tomentum  on 
the  under  surface.  It  flowers 
late  in  July  or  in  August, 
but  its  progeny  is  in  beauty 
during  May  and  June.  A 
hybrid,  which  flowers  at  a 
considerable  earlier  date  than 
the  others,  is  nobleanum ; 
it  claims  R.  arboreum  as  its 
other  parent,  and  flowers 
from  December  onwards  until 
the  end  of  March.  At  Kew 
there  are  several  large  groups 
in  the  Rhododendron  dell. 
This  is  a  Rhododendron  more 
adapted,  except  in  the  quite 
southern  counties  such  as 
Cornwall,  South  Wales,  &c., 
for  a  cold  house.  It  is  of 
compact  and  bushy  growth, 
2  feet  or  3  feet  or  less  high, 
i  but     varies     according,     of 

course,    to    locality,    and    is 
I  part  responsible  for  a  number 

I  of  hybrids,  such  as  praecox. 

Rosy  Bell,  and  Queen  of 
Dwarfs.  The  hybrids  men- 
tioned are  all  hardy,  but 
owing  to  their  early  flowering 
often  get  injured  by  frost. 
Himalaya  Flowers  are    This  is  a  very  distinct-looking 

tubular,  shrub,  about  3  feet ;  but  only 

with  short,  an  approximate  height  can 
spreading  be  given,  as  it  is  sometimes 
limb,  pen-  more  than  this.  The  growth 
dulous.and  is  somewhat  loose,  and  the 
1  I 


Flowers 
are  white, 

suffused 

with  rose ; 

April 

outdoors 


414 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


1 
Country  or      '   Colour 

Name. 

Origin  and             and 
Natural  Order.    Season. 

General  Remarks. 

Rhododendron 

Himalaya         '     orange- 

branches  upright  and  slender, 

cinnabarina 

scarlet, 

the  leaves  ovate,  2  to  2  J  inches 

orange,  or 

long,    and    glaucous.     Only 

red;  they 

moderately  hardy. 

vary  some- 

what in 

size,  but 

are  usually 

about 

2  inches 

long  and 

§  of  an  inch 

across  the 

mouth,  and 

thick  and 

R.  dauricum 

Alpine  regions  of          Rosy 

This  is  quite  hardy,  but  flowers 

Eastern  Asia 

purple ; 

so  rarely  that  it  is  only  seen 

January 

in  beauty  very  often  in  a  cold 
house.  It  is  almost  decidu- 
ous, as  most  of  the  leaves 
fall  off  in  winter.  It  is  a 
bush,  and  has  been  crossed 
with  R.  ciliatum,  the  well- 
known  prsecox  and  Rosy 
Gem  being  two  of  the  hy- 
brids. 

R.  ferrugineum 

European  Alps. 

Flowers 

This  is  frequently  seen  in  rock 

(Alpine  Rose) 

Introduced  about  ,      small. 

gardens,  and  grows  about  i 

150  years  ago      '     funnel- 

foot  high,  forming  a  rounded 

shaped. 

mass    thickly    clothed    with 

1      and  in 

small  green  leaves,  covered 

/ 

small 

with    minute    reddish-brown 

upright 

spots.      \\'hen     young     the 

terminal 

leaves  are  slightly  hairy,  but 

clusters  in 

the  mature  foliage  is  almost 

June  ; 

free  from  hairs.     There  are 

bright  rose 

varieties,  one  with  white  (albi- 

or  scarlet 

fiorum),  another  with  rosy  or 
scarlet  flowers  (myrtifolium), 
but  there  are  others.  Its 
popular  name  is  Alpine 
Rose. 

I  R.  Fortune! 

China 

Fragrant, 

This  is  one  of  the  hardiest  of 

pale  rose- 

the  Himalayan  species,  and. 

coloured 

as   it   does  not  flower   until 

flowers, 

well  into  May,  it  is  generally 

with  seven 

untouched    by    late     frosts. 

petals ; 

which  so  disturb  early-flower- 

Mid-May 

j 

ing  species.  It  grows  from 
10  feet  to  12  feet  high,  and 
has  large,  handsome  oblong 
leaves.  It  is  the  origin  of  a 
distinct  race. 

R.  fulgens 

Eastern  Himalaya    Blood-red  ; 

There  are  several  forms  of  this 

1   April  and 

Himalayan     Rhododendron 

1       May 

j 

in  gardens,  the  best  pro- 
ducing  compact   clusters  of 

medium-sized  flowers  of  the 

colour       mentioned.        The 

leaves  bear  a  striking  resem- 

FLOWERING  TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


415 


Name. 


Rhododendron 
fulgens 


R.  glaucum 


R.  hirsutum 


Country  or      j   Colour 

Origin  and  and 

Natural  Order.;   Season. 


Himalaya 


Alps 


R.  Keysii 


R.  lepidotum 


Temperate  and 
.Alpine  Himal.iyas 


R.  maximum  (Great 
American  Laurel) 


North  America 


Rose,  waxy, 

J  of  an  inch 

across,  and 

in  small 

upright 

heads; 

May 

Pale  red ; 

May  and 

July 


Flowers 
tubular, 
red  and 

yellow,  and 
I J  inches 

long;  May 


Colour 
varies, 
usually 

purple  and 

yellowish ; 
curious 
flattened 

form,  and 
about  I 

inch  across; 
May  and 

June 
Rose,  or 
whitish 
spotted 

with  yellow 
or  red 


Gkneral  Remarks. 


blance  to  those  of  R.  cam- 
panulatum  in  both  size  and 
colour.  Although  hardy,  it 
is  seldom  seen  in  true  beauty 
outdoors,  because  of  its  natu- 
rally early-flowering  season. 
This  is  a  dwarf  species,  with 
small  oblong  leaves,  seldom 
more  than  2  feet  high,  and 
rarely  seen  in  cultivation, 
although  very  pretty. 


In  many  ways  this  is  the 
counterpartof  K.ferrugineum, 
the  chief  difference  being  in 
the  intensely  hairy  leaves  of 
this  species.  The  two  species 
grow  side  by  side  in  the  Alps, 
and  the  one  under  notice  is 
one  of  the  few  species  that 
will  giow  in  a  limy  soil.  It 
has  also  been  used  by  the 
hybridist. 

A  distinct,  upright-growing, 
scantily  branched  species, 
suggesting  affinity  to  R.  cin- 
nabarina,  but  it  is  quite  dis- 
tinct. It  grows  from  4  feet 
to  6  feet  high,  has  narrow 
ovate  or  lanceolate  leaves 
2  inches  long. 

The  individual  flower  does  not 
suggest  a  Rhododendron,  so 
unlike  other  species  is  it  in 
this  respect.  It  is  a  low- 
growing  plant  with  small 
oblong  leaves  ;  it  succeeds 
outdoors  at  Kew. 


This  will  grow  to  a  height  of 
35  feet,  and  has  large,  thick, 
elliptical,  oblong  leaves.  It 
is  not  much  grown  here.  In 
the  "Cyclopedia  of  Ameri- 
can Horticulture,"  it  is  men- 
tioned :  "  This  is  one  of  the 
hardiest  species,  being  hardy 
as  far  north  as  QucIjcc  and 
Ontario.  .  .  .  This  species 
and  the  former  (catawbiense) 
are  now  often  extensively 
used  in  park-planting,  and 
taken  by  the  car-load  from 
the  woods.  If  properly 
handled  and  taken  from  a 
turfy   soil   with    a    sufficient 


4i6 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Country  or 

Colour 

Name. 

Origin  and 

AND 

General  Remarks. 

Natural  Okdkr. 

Season. 

Rhododendron 

North  America 

Rose,  or 

ball  of  earth  around  the  roots. 

maximum 

whitish 

they  are  usually  successfully 

(Great  American 

spotted, 

planted."      There  are  three 

Laurel) 

with  yellow 

varieties,  album,  purpureun, 

or  red 

and  roseun. 

R.  Metternichii 

Japan ;  known 

Rose; 

This  is  not  in  general  cultiva- 

here about  30  years 

about 

tion,   but  is  hardy.     As  yet 

2  inches 

no  opportunity  has  arisen  of 

across,  and 

ascertaining  to  what  dimen- 

in small 

sions    it  will    grow    in    this 

clusters ; 

country ;    it   has   thick    and 

March 

leathery  oblong  leaves,  3  to 
4  inches  long,  green  above, 
and  covered  underneath  with 
a  thick  grey  or  brownish 
tomentum. 

R.  niveum 

Himalaya ; 

Pui-plish ; 

At  Kew  this  species  hves  out- 

8 to  9  feet 

April 

doors,  but  is  not  a  success, 
and  even  in  Cornish  gardens 
gets  injured  in  severe  weather. 
It  makes  a  dense  bush,  with 
medium-sized  leaves,  green 
above,  and  covered  with  a 
dense  greyish  tomentum  be- 
neath. It  has  been  in  culti- 
vation about  40  years. 

R.  ponticum 

This  has  a  curious 

Pm-ple ; 

Of  all   the    hardy   Rhododen- 

distribution, 

about 

drons  this  is  the  most  largely 

being  found  in 

2  inches 

grown  and  most  popular  ;  it 

Portugal  and  not 

across ; 

is  much  used  as  an  under- 

again until  Asia 

May 

growth  in  woods  and  other 

Minor  is  reached 

places.  In  many  parts  it  has 
become  naturalised,  repro- 
ducing itself  from  self-sown 
seeds.  It  has  been  much 
used  by  the  hybridist,  and 
with  R.  caucasicum  and  R. 
catawbiense  has  produced 
many  beautiful  hybrids.  It 
will  grow  beneath  trees,  and 
its  evergreen  fohage  is  not 
the  least  of  its  attractions. 
There  are  several  varieties. 

R.  punctatum 

North  America, 

Flowers 

A  dwarf  and  evergreen  species. 

Allegliany  Moun- 

rose;  i  inch 

R.  minus  is  a  synonym. 

tains,  from 

across;  in 

North  Carolina 

clusters  in 

to  Georgia 

June 

R.  racemosum 

First  exhibited  by 

Pink- 

The  introduction  of  this  added 

the  introducers. 

white  ; 

another  type  to  tliis  genus. 

Messrs.  Veitch,  in 

April 

for  both  in  flower  and  general 

1892,  and  is  a 

habit  it  is  distinct  from  other 

native  of  Western 

species.      It   is   dwarf,    with 

China,  where  it  is 

small  oval  leaves,  and  flowers 

found  6000  to 

borne  in  axillary  and  terminal 

10,000  feet 

clusters,    and    so    profusely 

elevation 

that  every  branch  is  a  mass 
of  blossom.  It  is  quite  hardy 
and  very  welcome.  There 
is  a  form  with  deep  rose 
flowers. 

FLOWERING   TREES  AND   SHRUBS 


417 


CoLNTKY    OR 

Origin  and 
Natural  Order. 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


Rhododendron 

Rhodora 
(Rhodora  canadensis) 


North  America 


Magenta- 
purple  ; 
April 


Crimson  • 
purple ; 
3  inches 
across ; 

April  and 
May 


K.    Thomsoni    (see 


page  80) 

k.  yunnanense 

Yunnan ;  first 

White, 

rtowered  at  Kew 

with  blood- 

in  1899 

red  spots  on 
upper  petal; 

in  loose 

clusters  in 

May 

R.  Harhv  HvHKiii 

General  Remarks. 


Not  much  grown,  but  colour 

probably  not  popular.  It 
makes  an  upright  deciduous 
shrub,  3  feet  to  4  feet,  slender, 
twiggy  wood,  and  small  ovate 
lanceolate  leaves.  Should 
have  moist  peaty  soil.  A 
failure  on  dry  and  sandy 
ground.  Does  not  object  to 
partial  shade.  Easily  in- 
creased by  seeds  and  layering. 
This  has  large  flowers  and 
leaves,  and,  as  recorded  else- 
where, has  founded  a  distinct 
race.  It  blooms  freely  when 
about  a  foot  or  so  high.  The 
leaves  are  about  5  inches  long, 
2  inches  wide,  and  covered  on 
underside  with  a  soft  white  felt. 


This  is  an  erect  shrub,  with 
glossy  green  leaves  2  to  2  J 
inches  wide.  A  very  useful 
shnib,  and  should  not  be 
forgotten  by  the  hybridist. 


Very  few  of  the  species  of  Rho- 
dodendron have  not  some 
value  either  for  out  of  doors 
or  under  glass.  Rhododen- 
drons arc  widely  distributed, 
species  being  found  in 
>Jorth  America,  Europe,  and 
through  temperate  Asia  as 
far  south  as  the  Malay  Pen- 
insula, the  headquarters  of 
the  genus  being  Western 
Asia  and  the  temperate 
Himalaya.  Rhododendrons 
also  differ  greatly  in  size, 
some  very  tall  as  R.  arborea, 
which  is  sometimes  said  to 
grow  to  a  height  of  40  feet  in 
the  Sikkim  forests,  to  the 
little  alpine  R.  chamaecistus, 
which  rarely  exceeds  6  inches 
high.  There  is  quite  as 
marked  variation  in  the  size 
of  the  leaf,  several  species, 
of  which  R.  Falconeri  may 
be  taken  as  a  type,  having 
large  and  handsome  leaves, 
sometimes  a  foot  high  and 
6  inches  wide,  whilst  the 
quaint  litile  Japanese  species 
R.  serpyllifolium  has  tiny 
leaves  not  a  third  of  an  inch 
long  and  of  corresponding 
width.     The  Rhododendron 


2   D 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Rhododendron 
Hardy  Hybrid 


Country  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order, 


Ericacece 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


General  Remarks. 


family  may  be  divided  into 
two  great  sections,  deciduous 
and  evergreen.  The  ever- 
green section  consists  of  a 
large  number  of  species, 
either  quite  hardy  or  tender, 
the  tender  ones  being  repre- 
sented by  such  beautiful 
flowers  as  R.  grifiithianum, 
Edgeworthi,  R.  Dalhousia-, 
R.  Nuttalli,  the  Malayan 
species,  &c.  With  the  ex- 
ception of  R.  ponticum  true 
species  are  seldom  met 
with  outdoors,  except  in 
gardens  where  collections 
are  formed,  or  in  the  south- 
west countries.  The  scarcity 
of  species  is  doubtless  due 
to  many  of  the  hybrids 
being  much  hardier,  and 
begin  to  flower  and  grow  at 
a  later  time  of  the  year.  Al- 
though some  of  them  will 
stand  severe  frost  in  mid- 
winter without  injury, 
growth  beginning  early  in 
the  year,  the  young  leaves 
and  shoots  get  considerably 
injured  by  the  late  spring 
frosts,  and  flowers  when  open 
in  March  are  also  destroyed 
or  much  spoilt.  In  Cornwall, 
South  Wales,  and  parts  of 
Ireland,  huge  specimens  of 
R.  arboreum,  barbatum, 
grande,  Falconeri,  grifiith- 
ianum, and  others  may  be 
seen  in  full  vigour,  but  all 
have  to  receive  protection 
from  the  north.  Although 
these  species  cannot  be  grown 
successfully  outdoors  in  most 
parts  of  the  country,  the 
hybridist  knows  their  value. 
Through  crossing  them  with 
hardier  and  later  growing 
and  flowering  species  many 
beautiful  hybrids  have  been 
raised.  Hardy  evergreen 
hybrid  Rhododendrons  may 
be  divided  into  several  groups 
according  to  parentage.  Of 
these  groups  by  far  the  most 
familiar  is  the  one  that  has 
originated  through  the  cross- 
ing and  intercrossing  of  the 
Himalayan  R.  arboreum 
with  the  American  R.  cataw- 
biense,  the  Caucasian  species 
R.  caucasicum,  or  the  Euro- 


FLOWERING  TREES   AND   SHRUBS        419 


Namk. 


Country  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Oruer 


Rhododendron 
Hardy  Hybrid 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


Gkneral  Remarks. 


pean  and  Asiatic  ponticum. 
This  hybridising  has  been 
progressing  for  half  a  century 
or  more,  and  thf  parentage 
is  plainly  seen  in  the  off- 
spring. Tims  where  R. 
arboreum  asserts  Itself  most 
strongly  we  find  rich  red 
flowers  and  leaves  with  a 
silvery  under-surface.  Where 
R.  catawbiense  is  most  in 
evidence  the  leaves  are  large 
and  handsome,  deep  green, 
and  softer  to  the  toucii  than  R. 
arboreum,  while  the  clusters 
are  often  of  great  size,  the 
llowers  prettily  spotted,  and 
the  plants  of  exceptionally 
good  habit.  For  very  cold 
districts  the  catawbiense  hy- 
i>rids  are  tiie  best,  being 
h;irdier  tlian  the  others.  The 
flowers  of  many  of  the  earliest 
of  the  R.  catawbiense  hybrids 
are  of  lilac  or  purple  colour- 
ing. The  influence  of  R. 
caucasicum  is  most  plainly 
shown  in  the  rose,  white, 
and  heavily  spotted  varieties, 
whilst  it  also  imparts  some 
of  its  sturdy  habit  to  its  pro- 
geny. R.  ponticum  shares 
with  R.  catawbiense  the 
honour  of  producing  many 
of  the  best  lilacs  and  purples, 
but  through  so  much  inter- 
crossing it  is  diflicult  to  trace 
the  influence  of  any  particular 
species  in  many  of  the  newer 
hybrids.  In  this  group 
raisers  are  fastidious,  re- 
garding the  shape  of  the  in- 
Horesence  as  of  first  import- 
ance, that  is,  a  conical  truss 
of  symmetrical  outline,  the 
flowers  on  short  stalks  and 
held  firmly  in  the  truss.  In 
the  Rhododendron  dell  at 
Kew  many  of  these  hybrids 
are  to  be  seen,  and  in  a 
number  of  the  older  ones  it 
is  not  difficult  to  trace  the 
influence  of  the  various 
species  mentioned.  Some 
of  those  which  show  much 
of  the  catawbiense  character 
are  album  elegans,  white  with 
yellow  spots,  delicatissimum, 
blush, everestianum, lilac  with 
darkerspots,  fastuosum  fl.  pi., 
double  lilac,  and  purpureum 


420 


TREES  AND   SHRUBS 


Country  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order. 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


Rhododendron 
Hardy  Hybrid 


Ericacere 


R.  Luscomhei 


Blood  red ; 
Tune 


Hybrid  between 

R.  Thomsoni  and 

R.  Fortunei 


Rich  rosy 
red  ; 
April 


General  Remarks. 


R.  F.  Thiselton-Dyer   Hybrid,  same  cross   Deep  rose, 
as  Lusconibei        with  darker 
mark  at  the 
base  of  the  | 
tube 


elegansand  purpureum  splen- 
dens,  with  dark -spotted 
flowers.  R.  arboreum  blood 
is  very  noticeable  in  the  early 
flowering,  bright-red  noble- 
anum,  the  rich  red  russelli- 
anum,  and  russellianuni 
superbum,  the  white  dark- 
spotted  Baron  Osy,  the  blush 
or  almost  white  Blanche 
superb,  and  many  others, 
whilst  R.  ponticum  is  in 
evidence  in  a  large  number 
of  hybrids.  In  addition  to 
this  group  there  are  others 
which,  though  not  so  univer- 
sally grown,  are  quite  as 
beautiful.  For  a  number  of 
years  other  species  besides 
those  worked  on  to  pro- 
duce the  last-named  group 
have  been  taken  in  hand  in 
several  places,  notably  at 
Tremough  by  Mr.  Gill,  and 
all  who  are  interested  in 
shrubs  know  the  great  work 
accomplished  by  Messrs. 
Anthony  Waterer  of  Knap- 
hill,  John  Waterer  &  Sons  of 
Bagshot,  Wm.  Paul  &  Son 
of  Waltham  Cross,  George 
Paul  of  Chesthunt,  Fisher, 
Son  &  Sibray  of  Sheffield, 
Messrs.  J.  Veitch,  and  in  the 
Royal  Gardens,  Kew. 

R.  Thomsoni  may  be  taken  as 
a  type  of  a  group  in  which  it 
has  played  a  great  part.  This 
species  is  hardy  even  near  Lon- 
don, and  farther  north,  but 
flowers  very  early,  so  nmch  so 
that  frost  frequently  destroys 
its  beauty.  It  grows  from 
6  feet  to  15  feet,  has  broadly 
ovate  leaves  and  loose  trusses 
of  six  or  eight  waxy  flowers. 

This  was  raised  by  Mr.  Lus- 
combe  about  thirty  years 
ago.  It  is  finely  represented 
in  the  Arboretum  at  Kew, 
the  largest  specimen  being 
8  feet  high  and  as  much 
through.  The  flowers  are  in 
loose  trusses,  tubular,  3  inches 
across,  and  very  waxy ;  a 
handsome  hybrid. 

This  is  a  Kew-raised  hybrid, 
and  very  similar  to  Lus- 
comhei in  growth. 


FLOWERING   TREES  AND  SHRUBS        421 


Country  or 

Colour 

1 

Name. 

Origin  and 

AND 

General  Remarks. 

Natural  Order 

1  Skason. 

1 

♦Rhododendron  Ascot 

Raised  by 
Mr.  Standish 

Rich 

This  is  a  flower  of  wonderful 

Brilliant 

scarlet ; 

colour,  and  the  whole  shrub  in 

mid  and 

growth,  size  of  caly.\,  texture, 

late  May ; 

and    clusters    reminds    one 

a  peculiarly 

strongly  of  R.  Thomsoni.    It 

brilliant 

is  of  dwarf  and  bushy  growth, 

colour 

and  flowers  with  great  free- 
dom. 

•R.  Shilsoni 

Raised  by  Mr.  Gill. 

Crimson 

This  beautiful  hybrid  combines 

gardener  to  Mr.  H. 

1 

the   good  qualities   of   both 
parents.       It    resembles    R. 

Shilston,Tremough 

i 

Penrhyn,  Cornwall, 

barbatum  in   height  and  R. 

between  R.  Thoni- 

Thomsoni  in  foliage,  and  the 

soni  and  R.  bar- 

flower  truss  is  compact  as  in 

batum 

the  former  parent,  with  the 
larger,  more  fleshy  leaves  of 
the  latter.     It  is  an   excep- 
tionally  line    Rhododendron 
for  Cornwall,  but  at  Kew  is 
grown   in  a  cold  house,   al- 
though  a  small   plant  with- 
stood  the   winter  of  1901-2 
outside  without  injury. 

R.  Harrisii 

A  hybrid  raised  by 

Red; 

This  is  a  hybrid  of  much  inte- 

Mr. Harris,  at  one 

early 

rest,  and  flowers  freely  when 

time  gardener  to 

Spring 

quite  small.     It  is  apparently 

Lord  Swansea ; 

quite   hardy,    but   would   be 

the  parents  are 

happier    in    the   south   than 

R.  Thomsoni  and 

elsewhere.                                   1 

R.  arboreuni 

Grikfithianum 

1      Group. 

•R.  Auckland! 

Himalaya 

White: 

The  group,  in  which  the  Hima- 

1 

1 

May 

layan   species   griftithianum, 
better   known   as    R.    Auck- 
landi,    is    most    marked,    is 
composed   of   a   number    of 
large-flowered  hybrids  which 
vary  considerably  in  size  of 
flower  and  colouring.      It  is 
probably  the  finest  species  of 
Rhododendron  in  existence, 
and    named    in    honour    of 
Lord  Auckland,  a  Governor- 
General    of    India,    by    Sir 
Joseph  Hooker.     It  appears, 
however,  to  have  previously 
b)een    named    after    Griflith, 
the    Indian   botanist,    whose 
name  it  ought  now  properly 
to  bear.    It  carries  its  flowers 
in   large,   loose  trusses,  and 
individually     they    are    fre- 
quently 6  inches  across.    This 
Rhododendron,   we    Ijelieve, 
ranks   first   in   the  genuS*  in 
regard    to    the    size    of    its 
bloom.    Six  or  eight  of  these 
are  borne  in  a  truss,  and  they 
are    pure   while   when    once 
fullyexpanded,  although  pink 

422 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Namk. 


I  Country  or 
I  Origin  and 
Natural  Order. 


[*Rhododendroii 
'       Auckland! 


Himalaya 


Colour 

and 
Season. 


General  Remarks. 


White ; 
May 


A  hybrid  between 
R.  griffithianum 
and  R.  Hookeri 


Delicate    j 

rose, 
passing  to  | 
white  with  i 

age;       | 
April  and 

May 


*R.  M  angles!  i 


Hybrid  sent  out 

about  1880  by 

Messrs.  Veitch  & 

Sons,  and  the  out- 


White,  the  I 
upper  petal 
spotted  with, 
I      red  or 


in  the  bud  state.  The  hand- 
some leaves  are  smooth, 
narrow-oblong,  6  inches  to  12 
inches  long,  and  of  a  deep 
lustrous  green.  When  fully 
grown  this  becomes  a  small 
tree,  the  bark  peeling  from 
the  trunk  in  large  flakes.  It 
is  not,  unfortunately,  one  of 
the  Himalayan  species  that 
can  be  grown  out  of  doors 
near  London.  In  Cornwall 
and  similar  places  it  is  mag- 
nificent. It  only  just  escapes 
being  hardy,  and  can  be 
grown  out  of  doors  in  tubs 
for  the  greater  part  of  the 
year.  Some  of  the  best 
specimens  in  the  country 
have,  in  fact,  been  giown  in 
this  way.  Even  when  placed 
under  glass  little  or  no  fire- 
heat  is  needed.  We  know 
plants  that  have  stood  18°  of 
frost  without  injury.  It  is 
remarkable  that  this  Rhodo- 
dendron has  not  been  used 
more  for  hybridising.  Most 
people  seem  to  have  been 
slow  in  awakening  to  its 
value,  and  although,  at  the 
present  time,  there  are  doubt- 
less thousands  of  young  hy- 
brids from  it  in  existence,  it 
will  be  some  years  before  they 
flower.  There  are,  however, 
a  few  iiybrids  that  are  hardy 
and  very  beautiful. 

This  was  raised  at  Kew  in  1875, 
but  did  not  flower  until  four- 
teen years  later.  Since  then 
it  has  flowered  very  freely 
every  year.  It  makes  a  large 
bush  6  to  8  feet  high,  spread- 
ing, and  with  leaves  resem- 
bling those  of  R.  griffithi- 
anum, and  the  flowers  as 
regards  shape  and  size  being 
also  similar,  whilst  they  are 
very  sweetly  scented.  In 
addition  to  the  true  Kewense, 
there  is  a  form  in  cultivation 
with  red  flowers.  The  bracts 
are  light  red.  Kewense  is  a 
hybrid  of  charming  colouring 
— so  many  shades  of  rose  and 
deeper-tinted  buds. 

This  is  a  very  beautiful  hybrid, 
popular,  and  very  free.  Al- 
though the  leaves  are  smaller, 
this    Rhododendron— named 


FLOWERING   TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


423 


Name. 


Rhododendron 

Mangiesii 


Country  ok     i   Colour 

Origin  and  and 

Natural  Order. 1  Season. 


'R.  Pink  Peail 


'conrje  of  crossing 
R.  griffithianum 

with  the  cataw- 
biense  hybrid 

album  elegans 


Raised  by  Messrs. 

J.  Waterer  &  Sons 

of  Bagshot 


reddish 
brown ;     j 
April  and 
May 


FORTUNlil   GK(JUI 

R,  Fortune! 


Delicate 
pink ;      I 
May      j 


White  with 
deep  pink 
suflusion, 
and  very  I 
fragrant ;  \ 
May  and 
early  June, 


General  Remarks. 


after  one  whose  interest  in 
the  race  was  intense— resem- 
bles the  Himalayan  parent 
when  not  in  bloom,  but  the 
influence  of  the  American 
parent  is  seen  in  the  flowers, 
which  are  about  4  inches 
across.  A  peculiarity  ol  the 
inflorescence  is  the  long  truss. 
There  are  several  forms,  that 
only  differ  slightly  in  size  or 
density  of  the  spotting  from 
the  type. 
This  beautiful  Rhododendron 
has  rapidly  become  popular. 
The  leaves  and  size  of  flowers 
point  to  the  grifiithianiini  in- 
fluence. The  flower  truss  is 
very  large,  well  formed,  and 
the  individual  flowers  4  to  5 
inches  across. 

No  doubt  new  hybrids  with 
R.  grifl'ithianum  influence  will 
be  constantly  occurring,  but 
raisers  must  remember  that 
hardy  growth  is  of  the  great- 
est importance.  R.  giiffithi- 
anum  has  been  much  used 
by  Ml.  Mangles  as  a  parent, 
in  whose  garden  there  are 
many  beautiful  hybrids,  such 
as  Liza  Stillman,  Dulcie  Daf- 
fan,  Mangiesii  var  delicatum. 
Daphne  Daffan,  Mrs.  Mal- 
lard, and  others. 

This  species,  when  not  in  flower, 
bears  a  strong  likeness  to  R. 
grifl^thianum,  but  the  flowers 
are  very  distinct,  about  3 
inches  across,  and  very  fra- 
grant, whilst  each  one  has 
seven  petals.  The  hybrids 
are  of  good  habit,  flower  with 
great  freedom,  are  very  fra- 
grant, and  each  bloom  fre- 
quently has  six  petals,  whilst 
the  stamens  are  often  imper- 
fect. The  group  displays  a 
wide  range  of  colouring,  pink 
and  deep  rose  predomina- 
ting, but  a  few  are  red,  and 
many  iare  prettily  spotted  or 
blotched  with  red  or  choco- 
late. We  hope  this  group 
will  be  better  known,  as  many 
of  the  hybrids  are  very  charm- 
ing, a  few  having  names ; 
thus  those  raised  at  Kew 
were  named  respectively  Mrs. 
Tbiselton-Dyer   and   George 


424 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


countky  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order. 


Rhododendron 
Fortunei 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


General  Remarks. 


White,  with! 

deep  pink  I 
suffusion, 
and  very 
fragrant ; 
May  and 

early  June 


Native  of  Cauca- 
sus. Flowered 
for  the  first  time 
in  England  at 
Kew  in  1893 


Bright 

rosy-lilac  ; 

April  and 

May. 


Thiselton-Dyer.  Ihey  bloom 
profusely,  the  flowers  being 
very  deep  rose  with  dust- 
brownish  blotchesat  the  base ; 
the  chief  difference  is  that  the 
flowers  of  the  former  are 
paler  than  those  of  the  latter. 
An  interesting  hybrid  raised 
at  Kew  by  crossing  R.  For- 
tunei with  the  variety  Meteor 
has  flowered  well  for  the  last 
four  years.  The  cross  was 
made  in  1893,  and  the  plants 
flowered  when  only  a  few 
inches  high.  Several  plants 
have  now  grown  to  a  height 
of  2J  feet.  The  flowers  are  in 
compact,  rounded  trusses, 
and  appear  in  May ;  they  are 
delicate  pink,  and  fragrant. 
The  great  peculiarity  of  the 
hybrid  is  that  no  plant  has 
perfect  stamens,  some  being 
full  size  but  barren,  others 
reduced  to  mere  specks,  and 
occasionally  they  are  quite 
absent. 
This  is  a  handsome  species,  of 
compact  growth,  and  3  feet 
to  6  feet  high,  with  large, 
deep-green  leaves,  covered  on 
the  underside  with  quite  a 
dense,  whitish,  wool-like  sub- 
stance. The  flowers  are  from 
2^  inches  to  3  inches  across, 
and  in  shapely  trusses.  Both 
at  Kew  and  in  the  nursery  of 
Mr.  George  Paul  many  hy- 
brids have  been  raised.  The 
first  raised  at  Kew  resulted 
from  crossing  the  species  with 
the  scarlet-flowered  garden 
hybrid  Johnsoni  in  1893.  It 
flowered  when  four  years  old, 
and  was  of  dwarf  growth, 
with  rosy-red  flower.  Of  nu- 
merous other  hybrids  raised 
since  then  three  resulted  from 
crosses  made  in  May  1896; 
they  flowered  in  May  1902, 
and  are  so  far  the  best.  One 
of  these  was  raised  by  cross- 
ing with  the  variety  pur- 
pureum  splendens ;  this  has 
trusses  of  purplish  flowers. 
Another  claims  R.  Fortunei 
as  its  male  parent ;  it  has 
large  fragrant  flowers  with 
five  or  six  petals,  pink,  and 
arranged  in  shapely  trusses. 
In    the    third    case   kewense 


FLOWERING   TREES   AND   SHRUBS         425 


]        COLNTKV    OR 

I      Origin  and 
I  Natlkai,  Order. 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


Rhododendron 
Smirnowi 


R.  azaleoides 


'R.  Sniithi  aureum 


praecox 


R.  roseum  odoratuin 


K.  altaclarcn&e 


Native  of  Cauca-  I      Bright 

sus.      Flowcivd  rosy-lilac ; 

for  the  first  time  April  and 

in    England    at  May 
Kew  in  1893 


Cross  between  R. 
(Azalea)  visco- 
sum  and  R. 
maximum 


Ihis  is  not  new, 
but  rare  ;  it  is 
supposed  to 
have  been 
raised  by  a 
nurseyman 
named  Smith  of 
Norbiton,  be- 
tween a  variety 
of  R.  caucasi- 
cuni  and  a  yel- 
low form  of  R. 
sinense,  and  is 
said  to  have 
been  exhibited 
at  Chiswick  in 
1841 

Hybrid  between 
the  two  sections. 
One  a  white- 
flowered  deci- 
duous variety, 
and  the  other 
a  red-flowered 
evergreen  form 

Result  of  crossing 
R.  catawbiense 
and  R.  ponti- 
cum.  Flowered 
first  iu  1835. 
Raised  at  High- 
clere 

A  hybrid  between 
R.  ciliatum  and 
R.  dauricum 


White, 

lilac-tinted 

flowers ; 

June 


Buff 

inclining  to 

apricot ; 

June 


Reddish  ; 
June 


Bright 
scarlet 


Rose- 
purple  ; 

late 

February 

and  early 

March 


Gkneral  Remarks. 


was  selected  as  the  male,  and 
this  is  the  prettiest  of  the 
three ;  the  flowers  are  on  long 
stalks,  droop,  and  have  dain- 
tily fringed  petals  ;  they  are 
fragrant,  rose  colour,  mottled 
with  dark  spots  in  the  throat. 
The  somewhat  drooping  cha- 
racter of  the  flowers  is  not  an 
advantage. 

This  grows  about  3^  feet  high, 
and,  as  the  parentage  shows, 
is  a  cross  between  the  ever- 
green and  deciduous  sections. 
It  has  been  known  under  the 
names  of  hybriduni,  fragrans, 
odoratuin.     t,)uite  hardy. 

This  is  a  very  btautiful  Rhodo- 
dendron, dwarf,  not  very 
compact  in  growth,  but  when 
its  handsome  flower  clusters 
are  out  the  bush  is  almost 
smothered  with  bloom.  At 
Saltwood,  near  Hythe,  in  a 
Rhododendron  glen  Mr. 
Leney  has  several  plants  of 
it.  A  glaucous-leaved  form 
is  in  cultivation,  but  the 
flowers  are  not  so  rich  in 
colour  as  those  of  the  plainer 
leaved  one.     Quite  hardy. 


Quite  hardy. 


A      very      charming,       bright 
flowered  hybrid. 


This  hybrid  is  quite  hardy,  but 
must  have  a  sheltered  spot, 
if  not  grown  in  a  cool  house 
for  the  sake  of  its  colour,  as 
it  blooms  early  in  Spring,  and 
therefore  is  apt  to  get  spoilt 
by  frost  and  rain.  It  makes 
a  bush  about  3  feet  high, 
spreading,  with  a  profasion 
of  flowers,  very  rich  in  colour, 
but  the  variety  rubrum  is 
darker  than  the  type. 


426 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Rhododendrons 

(Azaleas) 


Country  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order. 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


General  Remarks. 


For  many  years  the  hardy, 
deciduous  Rhododendrons 
were  known  only  as  Azaleas, 
and  in  many  places  the  name 
Azalea  is  still  maintained. 
When  the  two  sections — 
deciduous  and  evergreen — 
are  compared  it  will  be  at 
once  seen  that  there  is  no 
real  structural  difference  be- 
tween them.  Although  in 
the  making  of  the  two  genera 
the  number  of  stamens  was 
considered  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal points,  it  has  since  been 
shown  that  it  is  a  point  un- 
worthy of  notice,  as  the 
number  of  stamens  varies 
considerably  in  both  decidu- 
ous and  evergreen  species. 
It  is  doubtful  whether  the 
name  of  Azalea  will  disap- 
pear, but  we  are  following 
here  the  latest  classification, 
and  therefore  place  the 
"Azalea"  in  its  proper 
group.  About  20  species 
have  been  known  under  the 
name  of  Azalea,  3  or  4  of 
which  are  evergreen,  and 
the  remainder  deciduous. 
Of  these  about  half-a-dozen 
are  really  well  known  in 
gardens,  either  by  the  type 
plants,  hybrids,  or  garden 
forms.  The  majority  of  the 
species  belong  to  China  and 
Japan  and  North  America, 
one  species  being  found  in 
the  Caucasus.  Several  of 
the  North  American  species, 
such  as  R.  arborescens, 
calendulaceum,  nudiflorum, 
&c.,  the  Chinese  and  Japanese 
species  R.  sinense  (better 
known  as  Azalea  mollis),  and 
the  Caucasian  flavum  (Syn 
Azalea  pontica),  have  proved 
splendid  breeders,  and  in 
the  hands  of  the  hybridist 
a  wonderful  assortment  of 
varieties  has  been  obtained, 
which  for  delicate  shades 
and  rich  self-colourings  are 
unsurpassed  among  hardy 
shrubs.  The  colours  range 
from  white  to  pink  and  from 
pink  to  blood  -  red,  from 
lemon  to  deep  yellow  and 
orange -scarlet,  with  all  de- 
scriptions     of      intervening 


FLOWERING   TREES  AND  SHRUBS        427 


Name. 


Country  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order. 


Colour 

and 
Season. 


'Rhododendrons 

(Azaleas) 


General  Remarks. 


shades  and  combinations  of 
colour.  From  R.  calcndu- 
laceiim  most  of  the  orange 
and  orange-scarlet  and  red  i 
forms  have  originated  ;  fla-  I 
vum  has  been  responsible 
for  many  of  the  yellows  and 
terra-cottas  ;  arborescens, 
occidentale,  and  viscosum 
for  the  whites  and  pale  rose 
varieties,  also  for  the  late 
Howering  ones ;  while  R. 
nudifloruni  has  been  respon- 
sible for  a  great  number  of 
hybrids  of  all  shades.  As  a 
rule  it  is  much  easier  to  trace 
R.  sinense  blood  among 
hybrids  than  that  of  other 
species,  the  flosvers  in  that 
case  being  larger  and  the 
leaves  more  closely  resem- 
bling those  of  the  species, 
but  even  in  some  of  these 
repeated  intercrossing  has 
almost  obliterated  the  special 
sinense  characters.  Many 
of  these  hybrids  have  been 
raised  in  the  old-world  city 
of  Ghent,  a  fact  which  has 
given  rise  to  the  name 
"  Ghent  .Azaleas."  In  Eng- 
land Mr.  Anthony  Waterer 
has  raised  beautiful  forms  at 
Knaphill,  such  as  the  pure 
white  Mrs.  Anthony  Waterer. 
Few  are  named,  however, 
nowadays,  this  brilliant 
group  being  called  the 
"  Knaphill,"  and  it  is  rich 
in  beautiful  colours,  from 
white  through  yellow,  orange, 
buff,  crimson,  scarlet,  and 
other  flaming  tones,  which 
create  glorious  pictures  in 
the  garden  in  late  Spring 
and  early  Summer.  The 
shrubs  should  be  planted  in 
groups  in  woodland  and  else- 
where when  the  rich  colour- 
ing of  the  flowers  is  most 
effective,  and  in  Autumn  the 
foliage  turns  to  warm  tints, 
crimson,  brown,  purple,  and 
other  shades  intermingling, 
making  the  bushes  almost  as 
beautiful  in  their  Autumn 
dress  as  when  covered  with 
flowers  in  Spring  and  early 
Summer.  Of  late  years 
these  Rhododendrons,  especi- 
ally the  sinense  group,  have 


428 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


^Rhododendrons 
(Azaleas) 


Country   or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order. 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


General  Remarks. 


been  much  used  for  forcing, 
and  they  are  extremely  use- 
ful for  that  purpose,  as  has 
been  so  well  demonstrated 
by  the  brilliant  groups  ex- 
hibited at  various  meetings 
of  the  Royal  Horticultural 
Society  by  Messrs  Cuthbert 
and  other  firms.  When 
planting  these  hardy  Azaleas, 
choose  a  sheltered  position, 
not  because  they  are  tender, 
but  to  protect  the  flowers  as 
much  as  possible  from  cold 
winds  and  late  frosts.  The 
majority  of  them  are  in 
bloom  before  the  time  of 
frosts  has  passed,  and  some- 
times the  flowers  get  de- 
stroyed wholesale.  Few 
shrubs  are  more  suitable  for 
planting  in  woodland  or 
on  the  fringe  of  walks  in 
single  groups,  as  here  the 
colours  are  fully  brought 
out.  A  peat  soil  or  a  mixture 
of  loam  and  peat  will  pro- 
vide quite  suitable  material. 
Mr.  Anthony  Waterer  writes 
as  follows:  "In  a  general 
way  all  American  plants  may 
be  said  to  delight  in  and  to 
require  what  is  called  a  peat 
soil ;  it  was  at  one  time  be 
lieved  they  would  not  grow 
in  any  other.  Experience, 
however,  proves  the  contrary, 
and  it  is  now  found  that 
Rhododendrons  and  Azaleas, 
which  are  the  most  important 
of  that  class,  as  well  as  any 
other  of  the  more  vigorous 
plants,  succeed  in  almost  any 
soil  that  does  not  contain 
lime  or  chalk.  In  many 
sandy  loams  they  grow  with 
as  much  luxuriance  as  they 
do  in  peat ;  in  fact,  almost 
any  loamy  soil,  free  from  lime 
or  chalk,  may  be  rendered 
suitable  for  them  by  a  liberal 
admixture  of  leaf  mould  or 
any  fibrous  material,  such  as 
parings  of  pasture  lands. 
When  the  soil  is  poor,  I 
thoroughly  decayed  cow 
dung  is  one  of  the  best  | 
manures  for  Azaleas."  Seed  ■ 
pods  should  be  picked  oH  | 
immediately  the  flowers  are  j 
over. 


FLOWERING  TREES   AND  SHRUBS         429 


Country  or 

Colour 

Name. 

Origin  and 

AND 

Natural  Order. 

Season. 

Rhododendron    ar- 

Found  by  Pursh, 
and     described 

White, 

borescens       (Syn 

tinged  with 

Azalea,     arbores- 

in   1816   in    his 

rose,  the 

cens) 

"Flora       of 

stamens 

North       Ame- 

scarlet; 

rica."     It    is   a 

occasionally 

native    of    the 

the  colour 

mountainous 

is  rose 

regions       from 

Pennsylvaniato 

South  Carolina 

and  Tennessee, 

especiallyabout 

the   lower   por- 

tions    of     the 

mountains      of 

North  Carolina, 

where  it  is  said 

to   grow   along 

the    borders   of 

streams.     It  at- 

t.iins    a    height 

of  from  15  feet 

to  20  feet 

R.  calendulaceum 

Alleghany  Forests. 

Great  range 

lA.  calendulacea) 

I  ntroduced  about 

of  colour ; 

100  years  ago. 

yellow, 

red,  orange 

and  other 

shades ; 

May  and 

June 

k.  flas-um  (Syn   A. 

Native    of    Cau- 

Yellow, 

pontica) 

casus,  and  has 

fragrant ; 

been  grown  for 

early 

upwards    of    a 

Summer 

century,       viz. , 

introduced      in 

R.  indicum   (A.  in- 

Widely    distribu- 

Various; 

dica) 

ted  in  the  moun- 

early 

Uins  of  China 

Summer 

and  Japan 

GiiNKKAL  Remarks. 


I'his  has  fragrant  flowers,  and 
grows  about  9  feet  in  the 
British  Isles. 


It  forms  a  large,  handsome 
bush  about  8  feet  high,  and 
is  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
of  the  species. 


Few  Rhododendrons  are  better 
known  ;  it  grows  from  6  feet 
to  8  feet,  and  has  fairly  large 
shining  leaves.  Excellent  for 
forcing. 


This  is  the  plant  regarded  as 
the  "common  '  Azalea.  It 
has  been  improved  consider- 
ably under  cultivation,  and 
there  are  several  beautiful 
garden  forms  of  it.  The 
majority  of  these  are  unfor- 
tunately not  hardy,  and  a 
few  only  can  be  planted  out- 
side with  safety.  About  ten 
years  ago  Professor  Sargent, 
of  the  .Arnold  Arboretum, 
collected  seeds  of  this  type  in 
the  mountains  of  Japan.  The 
young  plants  have  proved 
fairly  hardy,  but  flower,  as  a 
rule,  too  early  to  be  of  any 
great  garden  value.  The 
well-known  Azalea  amoena 
is  the  hardiest  of  the  varie- 
ties;  it  is  easily  recognised 
by  its  reddish  hose-in-hose 


430 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Country  or 

Colour 

Name. 

Origin  and 

and 

General  Remarks. 

Natural  Order. 

Season. 

Rhododendron     in- 

Widely    distribu- 

Various; 

flowers.       Balsaminseflorum 

dicum  (A.  indica) 

ted  in  the  moun- 

early 

is  dwarf,  and  suitable  for  the 

tains   of  China 

Summer 

rock  garden  ;    it  has  pretty, 

and  Japan 

double,      rose-like      salmon 
flowers.     In  many  southern 
gardens  R.  indicum  is  hardy ; 
we  have  seen  borders  of  it 
in  Mr.  Leney's  garden  near 
Saltwood,     Hythe,    and    of 
course    in    Devonshire    and 
Cornwall. 

R.     ledifoliuni     (A. 

China  and  Japan 

Pure  white ; 

This   reminds   one  of  the  old 

ledifolia) 

March 

white  A.   indica  of  gardens, 
but  the  leaves  are  more  hairy, 
and  it  is  hardier.     It  is  like 
the     preceding,     and     ever- 
green.    It  grows  well  out  of 
doors  in  the  Royal  Gardens, 
Kew. 
An  extremely  useful  shrub,  and 

R.    nudiflornm    (A. 

From  Canada  to 

Pinkish  as 

nudiflora) 

Florida    and 

a  rule ; 

lias    been     of    considerable 

Texas.       On 

April  and 

service  to  the  hybridist.     It 

side     of    hills. 

May 

grows  about  6  feet  high,  and 

Introduced     in 

makes  a  wide-spreading  bush. 

1734 

It     bears     pinkish-coloured 
flowers,   though   many  hues 
are  to  be  found  among   its 
many  forms. 

R.   occidentale   (A. 

California 

White ; 

This  species  flowers  later  than 

occidentalis) 

late  June 

most    of    the    others,    and, 
through  using  it  as  a  parent, 
hybrids  have  been  produced 
between   it   and    the   earlier 
flowering    species,    thus  the 
flowering  period  is  prolonged. 
It  makes  a  good-sized  bush, 
and     blooms     freely  ;      the 
flowers    are    fragrant ;     the 
leaves  are  very  glossy. 

R.    rliombicum  (A. 

Japan 

Rose-lilac ; 

This    is    easily    distinguished 

rhombica) 

April 

i 

from   other    Rhododendrons 
by  its  rhomboid  leaves  and 
large  flowers.     In  the  seed- 
ling  stage    it    is    somewhat 
tender,     and     until    several 
years  old  its  growth  is  not 
satisfactory. 
Of  the  lesser  known  species  this 

A.  Vaseyi 

Mountains  of 

White 

North  Carolina 

suffused 

is  one  of  the  most  beautiful. 

pink ;  April 

and  should  be  in  every  col- 
lection.    It    makes   a   small 
bush  here,  though  in  its  native 
country  it  grows  more  than 
15    feet    high,    and   is  quite 
hardy  in  the  Thames  Valley. 
Album  is  a  white  variety, 

R.  viscosum  (A.  vis- 

North     America. 

White  and  i 

This   does   not    usually  flower 

cosa) 

In  shady  woods 

sometimes 

imtil  most  of  the  others  are 

and      swamps. 

pink ;  July 

over.    1 1  is  readily  recognised 

Introduced     in 

by  its  viscid  leaves. 

1734- 

i 

FLOWERING   TREES   AND  SHRUBS         431 


Country  or     I  Colour 

Origin  ano      ,       and 

Natural  Oroer.I  Season. 


General  Remarks. 


'Rhodotypos  kerrio-  [  China  and  Japan 
ides      (White-  Rosacene 

flowered  Kerria) 


Ribes  alpinum  Norliiern 

(.Alpine  (.'un.inl)  Hemisphere; 

Saxifrage* 


White ; 

May  and 

June 


R.  aniericanuni 


Nortli  .Amcriia        Greenish 


■R.  anreiim  North  America 

(MissouriCurrnnt) 


Yellow ; 
early  May 


R.  gordonianum 

Garden  hybrid 

Yellow 
and  red 

R.  multifloruni 

Carpathian 
Mountains 

Yellowish 
green 

R.  sangninoum 

Western 

Bright     ' 

(Flowering     Cur- 
rant) 

North  America 

rosy  red ; 
April       i 

1 

•R.  speciosum 

(Fuchsia-flowered   ' 
Gooseberry)  j 


California 


Robinia  hispida  South  United 

(Rose       Acacia),  States; 

(Syn          Robinia  Leguminosae 
rosea) 


Deep 
scarlet ; 
April  and  i 
May       j 

Purplish 
rose ;  June 


A  very  pretty  shrub,  4  to  6  feet 
high,  and  bearing  some  re- 
semblance to  the  popular 
Kerria  japonica,  hence  it  is 
often  called  the  wh  ite-llowered 
Kerria,  though  it  is  really 
quite  distinct.  The  white 
flowers  .arc  very  much  like 
those  of  a  single  Rose. 

A  l)eautiful  group  of  flowering 
shrubs.  R.  alpinum  is  a 
dwarf  bush  3  feet  high,  and 
has  a  golden-leaved  form, 
which  in  the  Spring  is  one  of 
the  prettiest  of  shrubs  with 
tliis  leaf  colouring. 

Has  little  claim  to  beauty,  ex- 
cept the  vivid  autumn  tints 
of  till"  decaying  foliage. 

A  shrub  4  to  6  feet  high,  with 
drooping  clusters  of  golden- 
yellow  blossoms.  It  forms 
a  good  companion  to  the 
flowering  Currant,  Ribes 
sanguineum. 

A  hybrid  between  the  species 
immediately  preceding  and 
the  flowering  Currant ;  it  is 
in  all  respects  about  inter- 
mediate between  the  two. 

Grows  5  to  6  feet  high,  and  is 
remarkable  for  the  long,  pen- 
dulous and  graceful  racemes 
of  small  yellowish  blossoms 

A  shrub  5  to  6  feet  high,  with 
bright  coloured  flowers.  A 
deservedly  popular  shrub  of 
easy  culture.  There  are 
numerous  varieties,  all  beau- 
tiful, viz.  :  album,  near- 
ly white  ;  atrosanguineum, 
very  deep  coloured ;  flore- 
pleno,  with  double  flowers ; 
the  last  of  all  to  bloom ; 
glutinosum,  pale  rose;  mal- 
vaceum,  dense  clusters  of 
rosy-lilac  flowers. 

Shrub  6  to  8  feet,  stems  spiny, 
flowers  very  beautiful.  A 
delightful  wall  plant,  though 
quite  hardy  in  south  of  Eng- 
land. 

From  a  flowering  point  of  view 
this  is  the  finest  of  all  the 
Robinias.  Though  usually 
a  small  standard  grafted  on  | 
the  common  False  Acacia, 
this  is  naturally  a  rambling 
shrub  some  6  feet  in  height, 
with  wide-spreading  branches 
clothed  with  dark-green  pin- 


432 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Robinia  hispida 
(Rose    Acacia), 
(Syn.         Robinia 
rosea) 


R.  neo-mexicana 


R.  Pseudacacia 
(Common  Locust 
or  False  Acacia) 


Country  or         Colour 

Origin  and  and 

Natural  Order. |    Season. 


General  Remarks. 


South  United 

States ; 
Leguminosse 


Colorado  and 
New  Mexico 


North  America 


Purplish 
rose;  June 


White  ; 
late  May 
and  June 


R.  viscosa  (Clammy 
Locust  Tree),  Syn 
R.  glutinosa 

North  America 

Pale  rose ; 

June  and 

July 

*Romneya  Coulteri 
(Californian 
Poppy) 

California 
(Papaveraceae) 

White. 

with  golden 

stamens  ; 

Summer 

nate  leaves,  and  about  June 
the  pendulous  racemes  of 
large  showy  blossoms  are  at 
their  best.  In  this  species 
the  stiff  hairs  that  clothe  the 
young  shoots  and  flower 
stalks  are  very  noticeable, 
but  there  is  a  variety  (in- 
ermis)  in  which  they  are 
entirely  absent. 

A  small  tree  related  to  the 
common  False  Acacia,  but  it 
differs  from  that  well-known 
tree ;  the  chief  differences 
are — the  glaucous  green  of 
its  prettily  divided  leaves,  the 
bright  rose  tint  of  its  flowers, 
and  the  hairy  flower  stalks 
and  seed  pods. 

One  of  the  handsomest  of  all 
hardy  trees  ;  the  elegant 
pinnate  foliage  retained  in 
all  its  freshness  throughout 
the  entire  Summer,  however 
hot  and  dry,  renders  it  a 
delightful  object  during  the 
whole  of  that  time,  and  its 
beauty  is  considerably  in- 
creased when  the  racemes  of 
white  flowers  are  fully  open. 
In  Winter,  when  bare,  the 
deeply  fissured  bark,  and  its 
somewhat  rugged  aspect,  are 
picturesque.  There  are  many 
distinct  varieties,  chief  among 
them  being  aurea,  in  which 
the  leaves  are  tinged  with 
yellow  ;  bella  rosea,  a  smaller 
tree  with  rose  -  coloured 
flowers ;  bessoniana,  around- 
headed  thornless  form ;  de- 
caisneana,  with  pretty  rose- 
tinted  blossoms ;  fastigiata, 
as  upright  as  a  Lombardy 
Poplar ;  incrmis  (Syn  um- 
braculifera),  a  mop-headed 
small  tree;  pendula,  of  weep- 
ing growth  ;  and  semper- 
florens,  which  continues  to 
flower  throughout  the  grow- 
ing season. 

A  small  tree,  easily  known  by 
the  sticky  glands  that  cover 
the  new  wood  and  leafstalks. 
The  leaves  are  larger  than 
those  of  the  others. 

Few  flowers  are  more  beautiful 
than  those  of  the  Californian 
Poppy.  The  flowers  are  so 
simp'e  in  form  and  delicate 
in  substance.     At  first  sight 


CALIFORNIA  POPPY.     {Romncya  CouUcri.) 


FLOWERING   TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


433 


COL'NTRY    OR        |     COLOUR 

Origin  and      j       and 
I  Natural  Order.    Season. 


Romneya  Coulteri 
Californian  Poppy) 


California 
(Papaveraceae) 


I     White, 
with  golden 
stamens; 
Summer 


Rubus  biflorus 
(White- stemmed 
Bramble) 


R.  deliciosus 
(Rocky  Mountain 
Bramble) 


Himalaya; 
Rosacene 


Rocky  Mountains 


White 


General  Remarks 


ihey  remind  one  of  the  finest 
white  crOpc,  and  flutter  in 
the  slightest  breeze,  their 
purity  enhanced  by  the  great 
golden  boss  of  stamens  from 
which  they  radiate.  Many 
of  the  flowers  are  si.x  inches 
and  more  in  diameter,  and 
when  a  dozen  or  more  are 
open  at  one  time,  form  a 
beautiful  picture,  whilst  the 
fragrance  is  delicate.  The 
plant,  although  flourishing 
in  the  south-west  of  England, 
is  not  absolutely  safe  tliere  ; 
several  specimens  were  killed 
by  the  severe  frost  of  a  few 
winters  ago.  A  certain 
amount  of  protection  is  desir- 
able, but  undue  coddling 
often  leads  to  the  plant  rot- 
ting to  the  root  stock  and  so 
perishing.  The  Romneya  is 
very  impatient  of  root  dis- 
turbance. When  once  estab- 
''  lished  in  the  open  ground, 
however,  it  grows  strongly. 
The  seeds  take  a  long  while 
to  germinate.  The  plants 
may  also  be  raised  from  root 
cuttings  and  layers.  When 
growing  in  the  rock-garden 
I  it  often  sends  out  shoois  at 
I  some  distance  from  the  parent 
stem.  Probably  the  best 
I  site  for  Romneya  Coulteri  is 
a  sheltered  one  backed  by  a 
wall,  which  enables  rough 
protection  in  the  shape  of  a 
suspended  mat  or  other  ma- 
terial, to  be  more  readily  and 
temporarily  supplied  than 
j  when  the  plant  stands  alto- 
I  gether  in  the  open.  When 
I  in  full  growth  the  Rom- 
I       neya    delights    in    plenty   of 

water. 
I  This  Bramble  forms  an  upright 
freely-branded  specimen,  lo 
feet  high,  and  has  whitened 
stems,    which,    especially   in 
winter,  are  very  conspicuous. 
.\     Currant-like    shrub,     with 
large     white     flowers     (like 
single   Roses)  in  great   pro- 
fusion.    It  is  one  of  the  finest 
flowering    shrubs  we    have, 
.      has  no  spines,  and   is  very 
]       graceful    on    the    lawn,    or 
may    be    grown    against    a 
wall. 


2   E 


434 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Country  or         Colour 
Origin  and      |       and 
Natural  Order.    Season. 


■Rubus  fruticosus, 
flore-pleno(Double 
Pink       Bramble), 
Syn     R.      bellidi- 
folius 


R.    laciniatus   (Cut- 
leaved  Bramble) 


R.  mitkanus 
(Nootka      Sound 
Raspberry) 


R.  odoratus 

(Purple-flowered 
Raspberry) 


R.  phoenicolasius 
(Japanese     Wine 
Berry) 


R.  spectabilis 
(Salmon  Berry) 


R.  tliyrsoideus  flore- 
pleno  (Double 
White  Bramble) 

Sophora  japonica 


Garden  form 


Garden  origin 


North  America 


North  America 


Pink;  late 
Summer 


General  Remarks. 


Japan 


North  America 


Garden  form 


China; 
Leguminosn? 


Purple ; 
early  May 


White 


Creamy 

white 
panicles, 

which 

show  up 

against  the 

dark-green 

foliage 


White 


Rosy 
purple 


Whitish 


A  double  pink  form  of  our 
common  Bramble,  and  of  a 
loose  rambling  nature,  soon 
forming  a  tangled  mass. 
The  flowers  consist  of  closely- 
packed  petals  like  some  of 
the  double  daisies,  and  the 
plant  itself  will  thrive  in  dry 
sandy  or  stony  soils. 

A  strong  -  growing  Bramble 
with  elegantly  cut  leaves.  It 
is  essentially  a  plant  for  the 
wild  garden,  while  the  fruits 
are  particularly  good. 

A  free  upright  species  that 
pushes  up  annual  shoots  like 
the  Raspberry,  while  tha 
lobed  leaves  are  decidedly 
ornamental.  The  large  white 
blossoms  are  borne  in  May 
and  June. 

Somewhat  like  the  last,  but 
with  rosy-purple  blossoms 
that  are  rather  later  in  ex- 
panding than  those  of  R. 
nutkanus.  It  thrives  best 
in  partial  shade. 

-A  strong-growing  Raspbeny- 
like  plant,  densely  clothed 
with  hairs.  It  is  principally 
grown  for  its  fruits,  that  are, 
when  ripe,  of  a  bright  red 
tint,  and  appreciated  by 
many.  But  this  is  a  pictu 
resque  spreading  shrub  worth 
growing  for  its  colour- 
ing and  rambling  growth 
alone.  It  is  a  good  bank 
shrub,  or  to  spread  about 
over  the  rougher  parts  of  the 
rock  garden. 

A  shrub  so  aggressive  that  it 
must  go  into  the  wild  garden. 
It  forms  a  dense  tuft  6  feet 
high,  and  when  laden  with 
its  drooping  purple  flowers 
is  decidedly  ornamental. 

A  semi-double  white-flowered 
Bramble,  less  effective,  how- 
ever, than  the  double  pink. 

Excluding  the  plants  formerly 
known  as  Edwardsia,  now 
included  in  Sophora,  this  is 
the  only  well-known  member 
of  the  genus,  and  it  is  the 
only  one  of  our  large-growing 
hardy  trees  that  flowers  in 
autumn.  Regarded  only 
from  a  foliage  point  of  view, 
it  forms  a  very  handsome 
specimen,  the  elegant  pinnate 


FLOWERING   TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


435 


NAlifE. 


I  Country  or 
I  Origin  anu 
'  Natural  Order, 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


Sophora  japonica 


Creamy- 
white 
panicles, 

which 

show  up 

(  against  the 

dark-green 

foliage 


Spartium    junceum 
(Spanisli  Broon)) 


Europe  ; 
l^guminosae 


Golden 
yellow 


*Spirrea  arguta 


Garden  origin  ; 

S.  multiflora  and 

S.  Thunljergi 

(Rosaceze) 


White ; 
late  April 


Gf.nerai.  Remarks 


leaves  retaining  their  deep 
green  tint  long  after  most 
trees  acquire  their  autumnal 
hue.  Like  ninny  other  1  .egu- 
minosn?,  the  deep  descendmg 
nature  of  its  roots  enables  it 
lo  resist  a  long  period  of 
drought  during  the  summer 
months  better  than  most 
trees.  It  is  very  quick  in 
growth,  and  is  therefore 
valuable  where  rapid  results 
are  desired.  The  Sophora 
has  l)een  grown  in  this 
country  for  the  last  century 
and  a  half,  and  though  in  its 
early  days  considered  to  be 
rather  tender,  it  has  long 
proved  to  be  thoroughly 
hardy.  Varieties  are  not 
numerous,  there  being  one, 
variegata,  which  is  but  a 
poor  thing,  while  another, 
pendula,  is  one  of  the  most 
strikingof  weeping  trees.  In 
winter  the  bright-green  bark 
of  this  is  a  very  noticeable 
feature. 

Owing  to  the  deeply-descending 
nature  of  their  roots,  many 
of  the  Leguminos*  resist 
drought  better  than  the  ma- 
jority of  shrubs.  A  case  in 
point  is  furnished  by  the 
Spanish  Broom,  which  in 
summer  is  laden  with 
its  large  golden-yellow  blos- 
soms. Against  a  dark-tinted 
background  it  stands  out 
conspicuously,  while  seen 
in  a  mass  or  clump  it  is 
particularly  striking.  The 
.Spanish  Broom  ripens  seeds 
freely,  from  which  young 
jjlanis  can  be  readily  raised, 
but  as  they  make  very  few 
fibres  and  do  not  as  a  rule 
transplant  well,  they  should  i 
lie  put  into  their  jjermanent 
cjuarters  while  still  young. 
The  leaves  are  very  few  m 
number,  their  place  being 
filled  as  in  some  of  its  allies 
by  the  young  shoots,  which 
are  dark  green  and  Rush-  j 
like.  There  is  a  double  i 
variety,  flore-pleno.  ' 

One  of  the  best  of  the  shrubby  i 
Spirreas,    forming    a    dense 
bush  about  4  feet  high,  which 
towards  the  end  of  April  is  j 


436 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Country  or 

Colour 

Name. 

Origin  and 

AND 

General  Remarks. 

Natural  Order. 

Season. 

•Spiraea  arguta 

White; 

profusely  laden  with  clusters 

late  April 

of  pure  white  blossoms,  de- 
spite frosts  or  cold  winds, 
which  play  havoc  with  some 
of  the  early  kinds. 

S.  bella 

Nepaul 

Deep  pink 

A  free-growing  species,  5  feet 

May  and 

high,  with  pretty  flowers. 

June 

S.    betulifolia    (Syn 

Europe 

Clear 

A  dwarf  bush,  2  feet  high,  with 

S.  splendens) 

cherry-pink; 
midsummer 

pretty  cherry-pink  flowers. 

S.  brachybotrys 

Garden  origin  ; 

Pale  pink ; 

A  bold  bush,  6  feet  or  more  in 

(Syn  S.  luxuriosa) 

S.  canescens  and 
S.  Douglasi 

June 

height. 

S.  bracteata 

Japan 

White ; 
May 
Rosy 

Grows  5  or  6  feet  high. 

S.    bullata  (Syn  S. 

Japan 

A  dwarf   species  suitable   for 

crispifolia) 

carmine ; 

July 
White ; 

rockwork. 

*S.    canescens     (Syn 

Himalaya 

The  shoots  of  this  are  slender 

S.    flagelliformis, 

June  and 

and  arching  so  that  it  forms 

Syn  S.  nepalensis, 

July 

a     graceful    freely  -  branded 

Syn    S.    rotundi- 

shrub,   some  5  to  8   feet  in 

folia) 

height.  It  is  one  of  the  best 
Spiraeas. 

*S.  discolor  (Syn  S. 

North-West 

Creamy 

A  well-known  shrub,  far  better 

arisefolia) 

America 

white ; 

known,  however,  under  the 

j 

July 

name  of  Spiraea  ari«;folia. 
It  reaches  a  height  of  10  to 
12  feet  or  even  more,  with 
plume-like  clusters  of  creamy 
white  blossoms.  This  is  a 
shrub  for  the  smallest  gar- 
den. 

*S.  Douglasi 

North  America 

Rosy  red ; 

Forms  a   crowded    cluster  of 

July  and 

erect  shoots  6  feet  or  so  in 

August 

height,  with  each  shoot  ter- 
minated by  a  dense  spike  of 
flowers.  It  succeeds  best 
in  damp  soil. 

S.  liypericifolia 

Europe 

White 

The  slender  arching  shoots  are 
clothed  with  clusters  of  pure 
white  flowers  in  late  May. 

*S.  japonica  (Syn  S. 

Japan 

Rosy 

Far   better  known   under    the 

callosa) 

carmine  ; 

name  of  S.  callnsa  than  that 

June  and 

of    japonica ;     it    forms    a 

July 

shrub  5  or  6  feet  high  with 
brightly  coloured  flowers  in 
flattened  clusters.  There  are 
many  distinct  varieties,  all 
good,  the  best  being  alba, 
a  dwarf  form  with  white 
flowers ;  Bumalda,  also  dwarf 
with  pink  blossoms ;  Anthony 
Waterer,  the  richest  tinted 
of  all  dwarf  kinds  ;  superba, 
a  deep  tinted  form  of  the 
type;  and  glabrata,  with 
curiously  broad  leaves.  An- 
thony Waterer  is  especially 
wortli  growing. 

*           4     ^ 

> 

'^^^'W^ 

^•..•^-#  •  :..  g.  v^ 

«f^*.     '"'■p^V 

SPIR.EA  CAXESCENS. 


FLOWERING   TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


437 


Country  or 

Colour 

Namk. 

Origin  and 

AND 

GbNKKAL  Remarks. 

Natural  Order. 

Season. 

•Spir«a  lindleyana 

Himalaya 

White; 

Reaches  a  height  of  lo  to  12  ! 

August 

feet,   and  is  remarkable  for 
its  handsome  pinnate  leaves, 
while    the     large     feathery 
(lower     panicles     are    very 
striking. 

S.    media    (Syn   S. 

Europe 

White ; 

Forms  a  dense  rounded  bush 

confusa) 

May 

from  5  to   8   feet   high,  and 
has   clusters  of  pure  white 
blossoms  in  profusion. 

S.    opulifolia   (Nine 

North  America 

Whitish 

One  of  the  largest  of  all  the 

Bark  of  the  United 

Spirasas,    being    of    almost 

States),  (Syn  Neil- 

tree-like      habit,     but      the 

lia  opulifolia) 

Howers  are  not  showy.    There 
is     a    golden  -  leaved    form 
(aurea)  of  dwarfer  habit  than 
the   type,    which    is    in    the 
first  half  of  the  season  very 
pretty. 

*S.    prunifolia   Hore- 
pleno 

Japan 

White ; 

The  flowers  of  this  are   quite 

Spring 

double,    like    little    rosettes, 

and    in    clusters    along    the 

arching    shoots.       Early    in 

April  as  a  rule  they  are  very 
pretty. 
A  variable  kind,  more  or  less 

S.  salicifolia 

Europe 

Pinkish 

approaching     S.     Douglasi, 

but  with  light-tinted  flowers. 

S.  sorbifolia 

Northern  Euro|x; 

White ; 

A  pinnate-leaved  species  some- 

July 

what  in  the  way  of  S.  lind- 
leyana, but  it  does  not  grow 
more   than   half    the   iieight 
and  flowers  a  month  earlier. 

S.  Thunixif;! 

Jap.in 

White ; 

The  first  of  all  the  Spiraeas  to 

very  early 

i>loom,  but  its  lieauty  is  often 

Spring 

marred  by  inclement  weather. 
It    forms  a  dense  mass   of 
slender    twigs    clothed   with 
tiny  leaves. 

S.  Van  Houttei 

(iarden  form 

White 

A  hybrid  kind  with  pure  white 
blossoms,  which  are  as  a  rule 

more  satisfactory  under  glass  ' 

than  in  the  open  ground.          | 

Staphylea  colcliica 

Caucasus ; 

White ; 

.■\    sturdy    upright    deciduous 

Sapindacea; 

Spring 

shrub,  6  to  8  feet  high,  with 
drooping    clusters   of    while 
flowers.      Though  decidedly 
ornamental   it    is    ;ts  a   rule 
more  efl'ectivc  when  flowered 
under  gl.iss  than  in  the  open 
ground.    N  eds  a  fairly  moist 
loamy  soil.                                  1 

*S.    pinnata     (Euro- 

Europe 

Greenish 

.A  shrub  from  8  to  10  feet  high,  ^ 

pean  Bladder-Nut) 

white ; 

which  has  bladder-like  cap-  ' 

Spring 

sules  in  which  the  seeds  are  1 
contained.    The  capsules  are  | 
more     attractive    than     the  > 
flowers  themselves.                    1 

S.  trifolia      (Ameri- 

North America 

Greenish 

In  the  way  of  the  last,  but  a  | 

can    Bladder- Nut 

white ; 

stronger    grower,    while    the 

•"" 

Spring 

leaves  are  pinnate. 

438 


TREES  AND   SHRUBS 


Country   ok         Colour 

Origin  and  and 

Natural  Order.    Season. 


Stuartia  pentagyna 
j  Syn(Malaclioden- 
'       dron  ovatum) 


United  States ; 
Ternstroemiaccse 


S.  Pseudo-camellia 


S.  virginica  (Syn 
Stuartia  Malacho- 
dendron) 

*Styrax  japonicum 
(Japanese  Storax) 


S.  Obassia 


Japan 


White ; 
July  and 
August 


Southern 
United  States 


China  and  Japan 
Styraceae 


Japan 


White ; 
with  golden 
stamens ; 
July  and 
August 


White  ; 
July  and 
August 

White ; 

Mid- 
summer 


White 


General  Remarks. 


In  its  native  country  this  attains 
the  dimensions  of  a  small 
tree,  Ijut  in  England  it  is 
from  5  to  8  feet  high.  The 
flowers,  somewhat  suggestive 
of  those  of  a  single  white 
Camellia,  have  the  edges  of 
the  petals  wavy,  while  the 
reddish  stamens  are  very 
conspicuous.  Though  very 
beautiful,  this  is  not  a  shrub 
for  every  garden,  as  it  needs 
a  cool  moist  soil  with  a  fair 
proportion  of  peat,  a  remark 
that  applies  equally  to  the 
other  members  of  the 
genus. 

The  finest  of  the  Stuartias, 
bearing  much  general  resem- 
blance in  foliage,  flowers, 
and  habit  of  growth  to  a 
Camellia,  hence  its  specific 
name.  The  flowers  are  about 
3  inches  in  diameter.  Beside 
its  other  ornamental  qualities 
the  leaves  die  off  in  Autumn 
brilliantly  tinted  with  crimson 
and  gold,  being  in  this  re- 
spect much  superior  to  its 
American  relatives. 

Much  in  the  way  of  S.  penta- 
gyna, but  forms  a  smaller 
and  le^s  vigorous  bush,  while 
the  leaves  are  more  hairy. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree  with 
flattened  spreading  branch- 
lets,  thickly  studded  on  the 
undersides  with  drooping 
pure  white  fragrant  Snow- 
drop-like blossoms.  It  is  a 
delightful  shrub,  and  best  in 
a  fairly  moist  light  loam. 
Height  8  to  12  feet.  Messrs. 
Veitch  mention  it  is  occasion- 
ally a  low  tree,  20  to  25  feet 
high,  and  in  its  wild  state  on 
the  hillsides  in  central  Japan 
it  flowers  in  May.  It  has 
proved  quite  hardy. 

A  very  beautiful  but  rare 
species,  forming  a  more 
sturdy  bush  than  the  last, 
while  the  pure  white  flowers 
are  borne  in  drooping  ra- 
cemes. It  succeeds  under  the 
same  conditions  as  the  pre- 
ceding. 

From  6  to  8  feet  high,  but 
more  delicate  in  constitution 
than  either  of  those  above 
named.      It   needs   the  pro- 


STANDARD  LILAC,  MME.  LEMOINE. 


FLOWERING   TREES  AND   SHRUBS 


439 


Country  ok 

Okigin  anu 

Natural  Order. 


Styrax  officinale 

Syringa  (lilac) 

Tamarix  gallica 
(the  Tamarisk) 


I  Levant 

Oleaceaj 

Northern  portion 
of  the  Old  World  ; 
i      'lamariscineae 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


General  Remarks. 


T.  germanica  (Ger- 
man Tamarisk), 
(Syn  M>Ticaria 
Germanica) 


*Ulex  europseus  (the 
Furze,  Gorse,  or 
Whin) 


Europe 


Europe ; 
Leguniinos^e 


tection   of  a  wall  in   many 
districts. 

Various  j  A  lovely  family  described  else- 
where. 
Pink ;  May  J  A  charming  shrub,  not  half 
i  enough  grown,  owing,  in 
some  respects  at  least,  to  a 
wide-spread  idea  that  it  will 
not  flourish  away  from  the 
sea-coast.  True,  it  luxuri- 
ates there,  but  it  may  be 
depended  upon  to  thrive  any- 
where unless  the  soil  is  a 
stiff  clay,  chalky,  or  too  much 
parched  up  in  the  summer. 
It  is  deciduous,  but  during 
the  Summer  the  foliage  is  as 
delicate  as  any  of  the  Coni- 
fers, and  in  May,  when  the 
branches  are  terminated  by 
the  waving  plume  -  like 
panicles  of  pink  blossoms, 
it  is  delightful.  As  a  plant 
for  the  waterside  it  is  most 
useful,  and  forms  a  pleasing 
picture  if  a  score  or  so  of 
plants  are  grouped  on  a 
lawn  or  open  stretch  of  grass. 
In  such  a  situation  the  long 
straggling  shoots  must  be 
shortened  back  occasionally 
to  keep  the  plants  within 
bounds,  as  growing  un- 
checked they  will  reach  a 
height  of  10  to  is  feet.  There 
are  several  forms  of  Tama- 
risk, by  some  considered 
distinct  species,  and  by  others 
as  forms  of  T.  gallica,  but  a 
good  deal  of  confusion  pre- 
vails concerning  them.  One 
of  the  best  (perhaps  the  very 
best  Tamarisk)  is  that  known 
as  tetrandra  or  taurica,  in 
which  the  feathery  plumes 
are  of  a  deeper  pink  than 
the  type.  Otiicr  names  that 
occur  are  parviflora.chinensis, 
and  japonica,  but  given  te- 
trandra, as  a  rule  no  other 
is  wanted. 

Pinkish  A  smaller  shrub  than  the  last, 
more  upright  in  growth,  and 
with  a  glaucous  tinge.  The 
pinkish  flowers  are  far  less 
effective  than  those  of  the 
preceding. 

Yellow  '  The  common  Furze  is  known 
to  every  one,  but  its  great 
beauty  as  a  flowering  shrub 
is  apt  to  be  overlooked,  for 


440 


TREES  AND   SHRUBS 


j  Country  or 
I  Origin  and 
1  Natural  Order. 


*Ulex  europoeus  (the 
Furze,  Gorse,  or 
Whin) 


Europe ; 
Leguminosas 


'U.     nanus 
Furze) 


(DNsarf 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


Europe 


General  Remarks. 


it  luxuriates  in  dry,  sandy, 
and  stony  soils,  where  little 
else  will  grow,  and  its  golden 
blossoms  are  borne  usually 
from  February  to  May, 
though  occasionally  through- 
out the  entire  winter.  The 
double  -  flowered  variety — 
flore  -  pleno  —  is  even  more 
valuable  from  a  flowering 
point  of  view  than  the  type. 
Both  transplant  badly,  hence 
the  common  kind  is  usually 
sown  where  it  has  to  remain, 
and  the  double-flowered  form 
struck  from  cuttings  in  a 
frame,  and  kept  in  pots  till 
permanently  planted. 
Of  dwarfer  and  denser  habit 
than  the  common  Furze,  but 
its  most  prominent  feature 
consists  in  the  fact  that  it 
often  commences  to  flower 
in  August,  and  continues 
till  Christmas,  after  which 
the  common  Furze  asserts 
itself.  The  cultural  items 
appended  to  the  preceding 
species  apply  with  equal  force 
to  this. 


Veronica.— There  aie  a  vast  number  of  Veronicas,  all  natives  of  New  Zealand,  and 
garden  forms  raised  from  them,  but  many  can  only  be  regarded  as  hardy  in  the 
extreme  west  of  England  and  Ireland,  whereas  some  of  the  hardiest  are  from  their 
diminutive  growth  suitable  only  for  rockwork     The  best  are — 


'Veronica .\ndersonii        Garden  Origin  Purple; 

(Scrophularinew)       Summer 
and 
Autumn 


V.  hulkeana 


New  Zealand 


Pale 
lavender ; 
May  and 

June 


A  neat  evergreen  shrub  with 
dense  spikes  of  bluish- 
purple  blossoms  in  great  pro- 
fusion for  a  long  period. 
Near  the  sea,  in  especially 
favoured  spots,  it  is  delight- 
ful, while  in  other  districts  it 
forms  a  valuable  subject  for 
greenhouse  or  conservatory. 
Of  the  numerous  other  garden 
forms  belonging  to  this  sec- 
tion the  following  are  all 
good:  Blue  Gem,  light  blue  ; 
Bolide,  reddish ;  Celestial, 
sky  blue,  light  centre ;  La 
Seduisante,  rich  reddish- 
purple  ;  Marie  Antoinette, 
pink;  Purple  Queen,  rich 
purple ;  and  Reine  des 
Blanches,  white. 

Very  distinct ;  it  has  large 
terminal  panicles  of  pale 
lavender  flowers. 


FLOWERING   TREES   AND   SHRUBS         441 


Country  ok      !  Colour 

Origin  and      ,       and 

Natural  Ordkr. I  Skason. 


Gknkral  Remarks. 


New  Zealand 


Caprifoliacea; 


Pale 
mauve  ; 
June  and 

July 


V.dcntatum  (Arrow - 

North  Ani.r 

ta. 

W  hue  ; 

wood) 

Introduced  in 

i7t>J 

June  and 
July 

The  hardiest  of  all  the  shrubby 
Veronica^ ;  it  is  a  dense  lx)X- 
like  busli,   with  a  profusion 

I       of  dense  spikes  of  flowers. 

I  In  the  neighbourhood  of 
London  this  is  a  thoroughly 

I       good    shrub    of    easy    cul- 

j       ture. 
The  Viburnum  family  includes 

!  several  beautiful  shrubs,  and 
of  the  thirty  or  forty  species 
and  varieties  in  cultivation 
at  least  six  are  indispensable, 
i.e.  no  good  shrub  garden  is 
without  them.  Most  of  them 
are  vigorous  in  growth  and 
easily  propagated  ;  they  like 
a  fairly  rich  soil  and  moisture 
at  the  root.  Several  of  the 
American  species  grow  natu- 
rally in  damp,  more  or  less 
shady  woodlands.  Taken 
collectively  the  Viburnums 
possess  a  variety  of  attrac- 
tions. Some  species  are 
evergreen,  and  thus  useful 
Winter  plants  ;  others  are 
amongst  the  most  Ijeauti- 
ful  shrubs  for  their  flowers, 
others  again,  like  our  native 
CJiielder  Rose  (V.  Opulus), 
have  showy  fruits;  finally 
the  foliage  of  several  of  the 
deciduous  species  dies  off 
rich  red  or  yellow  tints. 
The  .American  Viburnums  are 
not  apparently  so  valuable  in 
the  British  Isles  as  in  their 
native  country.  Most  of 
them  are  handsome  vigorous 
bushes,  but  without  the  same 
flower  attractions  as  plica- 
tum,  macrocephalum,  and 
the  Guelder  Rose  (V.  Opu- 
lus var  sterile).  Many  of 
them,  however,  bear  very 
showy  fruits  in  their  own 
country,  and  the  leaves  turn 
to  beautiful  Autumn  tints. 
V.  dentatum  is  deciduous, 
free-growing,  leaves  bright 
green,  deeply  toothed  and 
strongly  veined.  The  trus.ses 
are    3   inches    to    4     inches 

j  across,  the  flowers  white,  and 
fertile.  It  is  one  of  the  hand- 
somest as  regards  flowers  of 

I       the    American     Viburnums. 

I       The   dark -blue  fruit  ripens 

j  neither  abundantly  nor  regu- 
larly in  England. 


442 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Name. 


Viburnum  Lantana 

(Wayfaring  tree) 


V.  macrocephalur 


Country  or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order. 


Colour 

and 
Season. 


Britain,  also  Europe,  White  ; 
North  and  Western  ]  May  and 
Asia,  and  N.  Africa '       June 


China  and  Japan. 

Introduced  from 

China  in  1844  by 

Fortune 


Pure  white 


General  Remarks. 


A  beautiful  native  shrub.  Its 
chief  beauty  is  in  the  colour  of 
the  flowers  and  the  gorgeous 
Autumn  leaf  tints.  Groups  of 
this  are  pictures  of  colour  in 
Autumn.  The  fruit,  at  first 
black  and  afterwards  red, 
soon  disappears  before  the 
birds.  The  tree  grows  rapidly 
and  generally  attains  a  height 
of  about  12  or  15  feet ;  the 
leaves  are  large  and  downy. 
The  way-faring  tree  should 
be  more  planted  in  English 
gardens.  It  will  grow  almost 
anywhere.  There  are  two 
variegated  -  leaved  varieties, 
but  these  we  know  little 
about,  and  we  care  more 
for  the  type  than  any  golden 
variegation. 

This  must  be  included,  but  it 
is  not  very  hardy.  Mr. 
Bean,  writing  of  it  in  The 
Garden,  November  17,  1900, 
p.  361,  says:  "The  shrub 
know  n  under  this  name  is  a 
cultivated  form  of  a  Chinese 
species,  in  which  all  the 
flowers  have,  under  artificial 
influences,  become  sterile. 
The  wild  plant  to  which  it 
belongs  is  also  in  cultivation, 
and  is  known  as  V.  Kete- 
leeri.  In  this  type  plant  the 
middle  of  the  truss  is  piled 
with  perfect  flowers,  tlie 
edges  only  being  occupied 
with  the  large  and  showy 
sterile  ones.  V.  macro- 
cephalum  is  by  far  the  most 
striking  plant,  its  large, 
rounded  or  pyramidal  trusses 
of  pure  white  flowers  being 
unequalled  among  the  Vibur- 
nums. The  plant  is,  however, 
better  adapted  for  growing 
in  pots  for  greenhouse  de- 
coration or  as  a  wall  plant 
than  it  is  as  a  shrub  in  the 
open.  In  my  experience  it 
is  scarcely  hardy  enough  to 
assume  its  Viest  character 
without  some  sort  of  protec- 
tion. Although  hard  winters 
may  not  kill  it  outright  they 
seriously  cripple  it.  It  is 
only  in  recent  years  that 
it  has  attained  popularity, 
but  it  has  long  been 
known." 


1 

•IK 

q 

i 

1 

o 

i        C3 


FLOWERING  TREES  AND   SHRUBS        443 


Country   ok 

Okigin  and 

Natural  Okdek. 


Colour 

AND 

Season. 


General  Remark* 


V.Opulus  (the  Guel- 
der Rose)  It  is 
called  in  America 
the  Cranberry 
bush  or  High 
Cranberry 


Britain,     Europe 

and  Northern 

hemisphere 


V.  O.  sterile 
(Snowball  tree) 


Variety.     Origin 
unknown 


V.   tomentosum 
Mariesi 


Japan 


White ; 

May  and 

June 


While ; 
early  Jiuie 


Cream 
white 


Of  the  two  species  of  Vibur- 
num this  is  the  belter  known,  ; 
and  is  the  more  valuable  as 
a  garden  shrub.  It  giowsto  I 
a  height  of  from  to  to  15 
feet,  and  is  easily  known  by 
the  beautiful  lobed  Maple- 
like leaves,  which  die  off 
brilliant  crimson  shades. 
Sterile  as  well  as  fertile 
flowers  are  produced  on  each 
truss,  the  flowers  being  white 
and  three-quarters  of  an  inch 
across.  But  the  wild  Guelder 
Rose  is  in  its  fullest  beauty 
in  Autumn  when  the  fruits 
change  to  brilliant  red,  and 
the  leaves  gradually  assume 
their  gorgeous  colouring.  As 
this  species  appreciates  mois- 
ture it  is  a  noble  shrub  to 
make  groups  of  in  moist 
places,  such  as  by  stream, 
pond,  river,  or  moist  mar- 
gin. The  beauty  of  the 
wild  Guelder  Rose  is  not 
realised  by  many  planters 
of  gardens.  Its  colour- 
ing is  intense.  In  the 
"Cyclopedia  of  American  j 
Horticulture"  it  is  mentioned: 
"  Handsome  native  shrub, 
very  decorative  in  fruit,  which 
begins  to  colour  by  the  end 
of  July,  remains  on  the  , 
branches,  and  keeps  its  j 
bright  scarlet  colour  until  1 
the  following  Spring.  The 
lorries  are  not  eaten  by  | 
birds."  I 

This  is  too  well  known  to  need 
description.  It  is  a  graceful 
shrub,  its  branches  bent  with 
the  weight  of  the  rounded 
flower  trusses.  As  in  the 
case  of  V.  macrocepbalum 
and  of  V.  plicatum  the  small 
and  insignificant  fertileflowers 
have  become  transformed  by 
cultivation  into  large  barren 
ones,  and  the  truss  also  loses 
its  flattened  shape  and  be- 
comes rounded  or  conical. 
It  appreciates  a  somewhat 
moist  soil,  and  is  best  seen 
by  itself,  unfettered  by  neigh- 
bouring twigs.  It  is  not  a 
shrub  to  crush  into  the  com- 
mon shrubbery. 

A  very  graceful  shrub  but  little 
known.     The   sterile  flowers 


444 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Country  ok      1  Colour 

Origin  and  and 

Natural  Order.!   Skason. 


Viburnum  tomento-  I  Japan 

sum  Mariesi 


V.  tomentosum  var 
plicatum 


Cream 

white 


Japan.   Introduced  Ivory  white 
by  Fortune  in  1844 


V.  Tinus 


South  of  Europe 

and  North  of 

Africa.  Introduced 

in  1596 


White  ; 
flowers  in 

Winter 

in  the 
south,  but 
much  de- 
pends upon 

locality 


General  Remarks. 


are  on  the  outer  edge  of  the 
flat  cymes,  and  line  the 
spreading  shoots.  We  hope 
it  will  soon  be  plentiful. 

We  have  used  the  word  tomen- 
tosum as  plicatum  is  a  variety 
of  that  species.  V.  tomento- 
sum itself  is  a  handsome 
shrub  with  big,  flattish  cymes 
and  creamy  -  white  sterile 
flowers  round  the  margin  of 
the  truss.  That  known  as 
V.  plicatum,  a  sterile  form 
of  V.  tomentosum,  is  a 
beautiful  shrub ;  the  most 
precious  perhaps  of  the 
whole  family.  It  makes  a 
glorious  group  on  the  lawn, 
and  in  early  June  the  spread- 
ing shoots  are  so  thickly 
covered  with  flower  clusters 
that  scarcely  a  vestige  of  the 
dark-green,  wrinkled  leafage 
is  visible.  It  is  quite  hardy, 
but  in  the  north  it  will  be 
wise  to  choose  a  sheltered 
position  for  it.  As  a  wall 
shrub  too  it  is  valuable,  and 
a  specimen  on  a  wall  in  the 
Royal  Horticultural  Society's 
gardens  at  Chiswick  is  quite 
a  mass  of  bloom  every  year. 
Passers  by  who  know  not 
the  shrub  wonder  what  it 
is  making  so  thick  a  mantle 
of  white.  It  grows  4  to 
5  feet  high  in  the  British 
Isles,  taller  in  its  native 
country;  the  trusses  of  flowers 
are  erect  on  short  branches, 
and  each  measure  about  3 
inches  across.  Being  in  pairs 
they  make  a  striking  double 
row  on  every  branch.  V. 
plicatum  nmst  come  into 
the  smallest  list  of  flowering 
shrubs. 

This  is  a  well-known  evergreen 
shrub,  and  quite  hardy  in  the 
south  of  these  Isles,  where  it 
is  planted  as  a  hedge.  Even 
when  out  of  flower  the  bush 
has  a  certain  beauty  owing 
to  its  shining  green  leaves. 
Near  London  it  succeeds. 
Many  things  considered  har- 
dier get  severely  injured 
when  theLaurustinusesca  pes. 
North  and  easterly  winds  are 
harmful  to  it.  There  are 
several   varieties.      Lucidum 


FLOWERING   TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


445 


Diervilla  florida 
(Syn  Weigela  am- 
abilis,  W.  rosea 


Country   or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order. 


South  of  Europe 
and  North  of 

Africa. 

Introduced  in 

1596 


Japan ; 
Caprifoliaceae 


Colour    | 

AND         I 


W.  middendorfiana  Siberia 


•Xanlhoceras    '.oilji-  North  CI 

folia 


White; 
flowers  in 
Winter 
in  the 
south,  but 
much  de- 
pends upon 
locality 


Rose; 
Summer 


White ; 

stained  with 
red  in  the 
centre ; 
I      Spring 


Gknerai,  Rk.marks. 


is  the  finest  ;  the  leaves  and 
corymbs  are  larger  than  those 
of  the  type,  the  iVirmer  lieing 
of  a  very  glossy  green  and 
smooth.  In  lucidum  the 
leaves  and  branches  are 
woolly,  whilst  there  are  also 
purpureum,  with  purplish 
leaves,  and  a  variegated 
variety,  but  neither  is  of 
value. 

A  beautiful  free-growing,  free- 
flowering  shrub,  that  will 
hold  its  own  almost  any- 
where. Its  flowering  time  is 
in  May  or  early  June,  but 
occasionally  there  is  an 
Autumn  display.  Beside 
the  original  species  there 
are  many  garden  varieties, 
all  of  which  are  beautiful, 
but  there  are  so  many  that  a 
selection  is  necessary.  Three 
of  the  best  are:  *candida, 
while;  *Abel Carri^re,  bright 
rose  ;  and  *  Eva  Rathke, 
claret  crimson,  which  lasts 
in  flower  more  or  less  from 
May  till  the  end  of  the 
Summer.  Other  good  varie- 
ties are:  Dr.  Baillon,  red; 
Groenewegenii,  rose  and 
white ;  hortensis  nivea,  white, 
spreading  habit ;  Looyniansi 
aurea,  golden  leaves ;  prae- 
cox,  rose,  earlier  than  any  of 
the  others ;  and  P.  Dur- 
chartre,  purplish  red.  In 
any  selection  of  flowering 
shrubs  some  of  the  Weigelas 
must  certainly  have  a  place. 

Rem;u-kable  among  Weigelas 
for  its  distinct  yellow  flowers. 
Though  pretty  in  itself,  it  is 
likely  to  prove  of  more  value 
in  the  production  of  new 
varieties  by  crossing  it  with 
the  older  kinds. 

A  beautiful  tree,  but  seldom 
seen  in  English  gardens. 
The  following  note  appeared 
in  TAe  Garden  about  it : 
"This  tree  does  not  appear 
to  be  widely  grown,  and  I 
have  heard  doubts  expressed 
as  to  its  being  hardy  enough 
to  stand  the  winter  in  some 
districts.  Not  long  ago  I 
saw  a  line  specimen  in  a 
Kentish  rectory  garden.  The 
tree  is  5  feet  or  6  feet  high, 


446 


TREES   AND   SHRUBS 


Name. 


Country   or 

Origin  and 

Natural  Order. 


*Xanthoceras    sorbi- 
folia 


North  China 


Yuccas 


Liliacere 


Colour 
and 

Season. 


White ;     j 

stained  with] 

red  in  the   t 

centre ; 

Spring 


General  Remarks. 


and  under  the  shelter  of  a 
thick  hedge  of  Laumstinus 
it  flowers  freely  every  year, 
and  also  produces  fruit.  The 
long  white  and  slightly  tinted 
blooms,  which  change  to 
purple,  are  very  effective,  but 
one  rarely  gets  an  opportu- 
nity of  seeing  this  interesting 
tree  in  flower.  Perhaps  this 
is  because  it  does  not  belong 
to  the  common  order  of 
things,  or  else  it  is  not  ac- 
commodating enough  for 
general  culture,  but  it  is  very 
beautiful."  The  Xantho- 
ceras  is  sometimes  trained 
against  a  wall,  but  its  growth 
is  too  stiff  for  the  purpose. 
The  flowers  are  in  dense 
spikes  about  6  inches  long, 
reminding  one  of  the  Horse- 
chestnut,  and  are  an  inch 
across  individually.  The 
foliage  is  very  ornamental, 
and  each  leaf-stalk  has  seven 
pinnate,  serrated,  bright- 
green  leaves.  Apt  to  get 
spoilt  by  frost,  however. 
See  pages  137,  234. 


iX'cC.i   GLOIUOSA   IN  A  SURREY  GAUDLX.     (llni^hl  i^  fat.) 


HARDY    TREES    AND    SHRUBS 

FOR  BEAUTY  OF  FOLIAGE 

AND  GROWTH 

The  following  is  a  table  of  hardy  trees  and  shrubs  more 
interesting  for  the  beauty  of  their  foliage  and  growth 
than  for  their  flowers,  with  their  popular  names,  approxi- 
mate heights,  native  country,  and  other  particulars.  All 
are  deciduous  unless  otherwise  specified.  Those  with 
an  asterisk  {*)  are  the  most  important.  Some  groups 
such  as  the  Vitis,  will  be  found  elsewhere. 


448 


TREES  AND   SHRUBS 


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INDEX 


The  Index  may  not  appear  at  first  so  complete  as  the  scope  of  the  hook 
warrants  :  Imt  as  a/most  all  the  various  chapters  contain  lists,  and  the 
tabl  s  at  the  end  of  the  book  are  in  alphabetical  order,  anythin;^  more 
lenqthy  wonli  be  needless  repetition.  The  name  of  tree  or  shrub 
required  may  be  easily  found.  Thus  the  vines  are  in  the  chapter 
^'^  Hardy  Climbing  Shrubs"  and  so  on.  This  arrangement  has  been 
followed  throughout. 


Acacia,  common  or  false,  4,  431, 
432 

.1'^sculiis  parviflora,  4 

Alders,  the,  449 

Alleys,  pleached  f>r  };rcen,  318 

Allspice,  348 

Almonds,  the,  393-394 

Amelanchier,  3;  in  sandy  woods,  16 

Apples,  the,  404 

Apricots,  the,  395 

Arbor- vitK  as  a  hedge,  311 

Ash,  flowering,  370 

Ash,  moimtain,  the,  408  ;  in  orna- 
mental planting,  7 

Aster,  the,  454-455 

Aspen,  the,  458 

Aucvilia,  green-leaved,  beauty  of,  56 

Autumn  colours,  63-6S 

Azalea  occidentalis,  5 

Azaleas,  hardy,  426-430 

Ham  BOO  garden,  place  for,  204 
llamboos,  hardy,  203-210  ;  planting,   j 

205  ;  po])ularity  of,  203  ' 

Harberries,  the,  345-347 
Heam  tree,  white,  407 
l?eech  as  a  hedge,  314 
Heeches,  the,  454  j 

Berberises,  the,  60  ' 

Betula  nigra,  60  ;  papyrifera,  for  its 

hark,  59 
Birch,  canoe,  for  its  bark,  59  ;  river, 

the,  60;  yellow,  the.  60 

467 


Birches,  the,    451  ;    with   beautiful 

bark,  59 
Bladder  nuts,  437 
Bladder  senna,  355 
Borders,    flower    and   shrub,    242- 

244 
Box  as  a  hedge,  3 1 1 
Brambles,  the,  433-434 
Broom,  Spanish,  435 
Brooms,  the,  356-360 
Buckthorn,  sea,  377,  461  ;  in  winter, 

54 
Butcher's  Broom,  461 

Cassinka  fulvida,  3 

Cedar  of  Lebanon,  the  beauty  of, 

49 
Chamasrops  cxcelsa,  465 
Cherries,  the,  397-401 
Cherry,  bird,  401 
Chestnut,  sweet,  452 
Chimonanthus  fragrans,  55 
Christ  Thorn,  457 
Cisluses,  353-354 ;    on   dry   sunny 

banks,  134,  135 
Clematis  calycina,  54 
Clethra  alnifolia,  4 
Climl^ers,  variegated,  90,  91  ;  with 

autumn  colouring.  67 
Climbing  shrubs,  hardy,  use  of,  2S7- 

307 
Coflee  tree,  Kentucky,  455 
Colours,  autumn,  63,  68 


468 


INDEX 


Comptonia  asplenifolia,  5 

Conifers,  former  popularity  of,  103  ; 
for  roclv  garden,  137;  in  orna- 
mental planting,  101-119;  propa- 
gation of,  108-114;  small-grow- 
ing, value  of,  129 ;  variety  of, 
107;  variegated,  ;S8 ;  weeping, 
83 

Cornels,  the,  in  winter,  58 

Cornus,  in  winter,  58 

Crab,  Chinese,  the,  406 ;  Siberian, 
404 

Crabs,  the,  405 ;  in  ornamental 
planting,  7 

Crataegus,  in  ornamental  planting,  7 

Cupressus  macrocarpa  lutea,  61 

Currants,  flowering,  431 

Cypress,  Lawson,  as  a  hedge,  312  ; 
Monterey,  for  sea-coast,  107 

Dab^cia  poHfoUa,  223 
Daisy  bush,  388-389 
Daphnes,  the,  366 
Dogwoods,  the,  452,  453 

El^agnuses,  61,  453 

Elseagnus  pungens,  beauty  of,  56 

Elders,  the,  463 

Elms,  the,  465 

Euonymus,  the  large-fruited,  4 

Evergreens,  climbing,  231  ;  for  sum- 
mer and  winter  effect,  282-2S6  ; 
hardy,  for  rock  garden,  136  ;  im- 
portance of  suitable  climate  for, 
226  ;  in  the  winter  garden,  4S ; 
native  and  other  hardy,  225-235  ; 
native  and  other,  list  of,  233- 
235  ;  native,  beauty  of,  47  ;  prun- 
ing, 230;  the  best,  232  ;  time  to 
transplant,  228 

Exochorda  grandiflora,  2 

Fig,  the,  454 

Fir,  needles,  path  of,  14 

Firs,  silver,  for  sea-coast,  106 

Flower    and    shrub   borders,    242- 

Flower  garden  in  winter,  a,  60 
Forsythia  suspensa,  3 
Fringe  tree,  the,  352,  353 
F'uchsias,  the,  370-371 
Furzes,  the,  439-440 


I  Garden  spaces,  outer,  heathy 
I  pathsin,  13-15;  wild  roses  in,  330 
I    Gardening,    wild,    with    things   of 

larger  growth,  6 
Gardens,   small,    shrubs   for,    236- 

241  ;     wind-swept,     trees     and 

shrubs  for,  97-100 
riaultheria  Shallon,  5 
Gorse,  the,  439-440 
Green  alleys,  318-321 
Greenhouse,  hardy  shrubs  in,  248- 

267 
Group,  how  to,  9 
Groups,  planning  out,  1 1 
(juelder  rose,  441-443 

Halp:sia,  North  American,  3 

Ilamamelis  in  winter,  54 

Hazels,  the,  453  ;  witch,  the,  376 

Heath,  St.  Daboec's,  223 

Heaths,  the,  211-224  !  dwarfer,  the, 
218;  hardy,  in  rock  garden,  132, 
133  ;  taller  or  tree-like,  213 

Heathy  paths,  1 3- 1 5 

Heather,  common,  as  a  path,  13 

Hedge,  arbor- vitre  as  a,  311  ;  beech 
as  a,  314  ;  box  as  a,  31 1  ;  guelder 
rose  as  a,  315  ;  holly  as  a,  309, 
310  ;  hornbeam  as  a,  314  ;  kerria 
as  a,  315  ;  laurels  for,  313  ;  Law- 
son  cypress  as  a,  312  ;  leycesteria 
as  a,  315  ;  lilac  as  a,  315  ;  myro- 
bella  plum  as  a,  314  ;  osmanthus 
ilicifolius  as  a,  313;  privet  as  a, 
312;  quick  for,  314;  rhodotypus 
as  a,  315  ;  ribes  as  a,  315  ;  sweet- 
briar  as  a,  314 

Hedges,  deciduous,  314;  flowering 
and  other,  308-3 1 7  ;  of  flowering 
shrubs,  315  ;  lavender,  316;  rose, 
316;  two  kinds  of,  308 

Hibiscus  syriacus,  4 

Hickories,  the,  452 

Hillside,  chalky,  grouping  on,  11 

Hippophae  rhamnoides,  61 

Hollies,  the,  455,  456  ;  and  yews, 
importance  of,  225 ;  gold  and 
silver,  56 

Holly  as  a  hedge,  309,  310  ;  neglec- 
ted, treatment  of,  310 

Hornbeam  as  a  hedge,  314 

Hornbeams,  451 


INDEX 


469 


Horse-chestnuts,  the,  341-344 
Hurry  of  the  age,  49 
Hydrangeas,  377-378 

Ikon  tree,  457 
Ivy  in  winter,  46 

Judas  tree,  the.  352 

Kkkkia    ja|)onica,    in    winter,    59; 

as  a  hedge,  315 
Kew,  lessons  from,  10 

Laburnums,  380-383 
Laurel,  cherry,  evil  of,  2,  401  ;   Por- 
tugal, 402  ;  mountain,  310 
l-aurels  for  hedge,  313 
Laurcstinus,  444 
Lavender  hedges,  316 
Ledum  buxifolium,  5 
IvCycesteria  fomiosa,  4  ;  as  a  hedge, 

315 
Lilac  as  a  hedge,  315 
Lilacs,  439 
Limes,  the,  464 
Locust  trees,  the,  455 
Loquat,  454 

MAr.NOi.iAS,  2,  3,  48,  386-388 

Mallow  tree,  37ti 

Maples,  the,  448 

Mayllower,  the,  368 

Medlar,  wild,  trees,  eftect  of,  128 

Medlars  in  ornamental  planting,  7  ; 

the,  411 
Mespilus,  snowy,  3,  344-345 
Mezereon,  55,  367 
Miscanlhus,  grouped  with  bamboo, 

207 
Moths,  goat  and  wood-leopard,  and 

destructiveness  of,  149-150 
Mulberries,  the,  4;7 
Murthly,    pines    and    conifers    at, 

118 
Myrica  cerifera,  5 
Myrtle,  wax,  457 
Myrtles,  bog,  5 

Neillia  in  winter,  59 
Nettle  trees,  452 
Nuts,  the,  453 


Oaks,  459  ;  scarlet,  in  ornamental 

planting,  7 
Oleaster,  varigated,  the  beauty  of, 

56 
Orange  ball  tree,  347 
Orange  flower,   Mexican,  the,  353  ; 

mock,  the,  390-391  ;  osage,  457 
Orchard,  garden,  the,  322-325 
Ornamental  planting  in  woodland, 

6-7 
Osmanthus    ilicifolius   as  a   hedge, 

313 
Osier,  golden,  the,  57 

Pai.m,  Chusan,  465 
Paths,    common    heather    for,    13; 
heathy,    in   outer  garden  sjjaces, 

•3-15 
Peach,  the,  394 
Pears,  the,  403-404 
Peaty  garden,  neglected  shrubs  fur,  5 
Pines,  101-119 
Pinelum,  value  of  the,  104 
Pinus  sylvestris  aurea,  61 
Pitlosporum  undulatum,  129 
Planes,  the,  458 
Planting,  ornamental,  conifers  and 

pines  in,  loi  ;  in  woodland,  6-7  ; 

native  growths  for,  7 
Plants,  wall,   tender,  in  south-west, 

196-202 
Pleached  alleys,  318-321 
Plum,  Myrobalan,  as  a  hedge,  314 
Plums,  the,  396 
Poplars,  the,  458 
Poppy,  Californian,  432-433 
Propagation   of  trees   and    shrui>s, 

36-44 
Privet  as  a  hedge,  312 
Privets,  the,  384-385 

Quick  for  hedge,  314 
tjuince,  Japanese,  410 
Quinces,    the,    409-410;    in   orna- 
mental planting,  7 

Reed,  giant,  450 

Rhododendron  ponticum  in  wood- 
land, 7 

Rhododendrons,  412-430;  hybrid, 
417-420;  species,  412-417 

Rhodotypus  as  a  hedge,  315 


470 


INDEX 


Ribes  as  a  hedge,  3 1 5 

Rock   garden,    conifers    for,     137 ; 

hardy  flowering  shrubs  for,  137  ; 

shrubs  for,  127  ;  shrubs  for  moist 

peaty  soil  at  foot  of,  138  ;  trees 

and  shrubs  for,  127-138 
Rock  roses  on  dry,  sunny  banks, 

134 
Rose,   guelder,   as  a  hedge,   315  ; 

hedges,  316 
Roses   in    wild    garden,    330 ;    the 

wild,   328-336 ;    worthy   use   of, 

326-336 
Rowan  tree,  the,  408 
Rubus,  beauty  of,  in  winter,  59 

Salix  daphnoides,  58 

Sassafras  tree,  the,  463 

St.  John's  Wort,  379 

Scilly  Isles,  trees  and  shrubs  in,  176 

Scotland,  trees  and  shrubs  in,  154- 
174 

Sea  buckthorn,  61 

Sea-coast,  Monterey  cypress  for,  107; 
pines  and  spruces  for,  106  ;  trees 
and  shrubs  for,  91-96 

Service  trees,  409 

Shelter,  importance  of,  in  winter 
garden,  50 

Sheltered  places,  flowering  and 
other  shrubs  for,  138 

Shrub  and  flower  borders,  242-244  ; 
beauty,  individual,  9  ;  groups  for 
summer  and  winter  effect,  268- 
286  ;  mixture,  evil  of,  8 ;  varie- 
gation, 57 

Shrubs,  autumn  colours  on,  66 ; 
beautiful  in  winter,  60-62 ; 
dwarf,  variegated,  90,  91  ;  flow- 
ering, hedges  of,  315  ;  flowering 
in  November  and  February,  61  ; 
for  wild  sea-coast  line,  96 ;  for 
moist  soil,  125  ;  for  moist  peaty 
soil  at  foot  of  rocks,  138  ;  for 
small  gardens,  236-241  ;  for  rock 
gardens,  127-138;  for  sea-coast, 
list  of,  92-96  ;  for  swampy  places, 
124;  for  waterside,  123;  for 
wind-swept  gardens,  97-100 ; 
hardy  flowering  for  rock  garden, 
137 ;  for  sheltered  places  and 
mild  climate,  138  ;  climbing,  use 


of,  287-307  ;  in  the  greenhouse, 
248-267  ;  in  flower  in  December 
and  January,  62 ;  in  flower  in 
February  and  early  March,  62  ; 
in  flower  in  November,  62  ;  pro- 
pagation of,  36-44 ;  tender,  in 
the  south-west,  175-195 ;  varie- 
gated, 84-91;  their  wise  use, 
56 ;  and  trees,  grouping  of, 
8-12  ;  hardy  flowering,  taller  of, 
in  poor  soil,  16-17;  removing 
large,  139-146  ;  in  Scotland,  154- 
173  ;  neglected,  5  ;  pruning,  18- 
35  ;  with  fine  fruits,  list  of,  69- 
79  ;  with  coloured  bark,  57  ;  with 
gold  colouring,  in  winter  garden, 
84  ;  with  winter  leaf  colouring,  55 

Sloe,  the,  397 

Smilax,  463-464 ;  in  bamboo  garden 
at  Kew,  210 

Smoke  tree,  461 

Snowball  tree,  443 

Snowdrop  tree,  the,  3,  373-375 

Soil,  trees  and  shrubs  for  moist,  125 ; 
poor,  trees  and  shrubs  in,  16-17 

Sorbus  americana  in  ornamental 
planting,  7 

Southernwood,  450 

South-west,  tender  trees  and  shrubs 
in,  196-202 

Spiritas,  2,  435  ;  for  sea-coast,  106 

Storax,  Japanese,  4j;8 

Strawberry  tree,  Japanese,  453 

Streets,  shade  trees  for,  15-153 

Sumachs,  the,  461 

Summer  effects,  shrub  groups  for, 
268-286;  evergreens  for,  2S2-286 

Swampy  places,  trees  and  shrubs 
for,  124 

Sweet  bay,  456 

Sweetbriar  as  a  hedge,  314 

Sweet  fern,  457 

Sweet  gum,  457 

Sycamore,  the,  449 

Tamarisk,  the,  439;  by  the  sea,  92 

Thorns,  the,  360-306 

Toothache  tree,  465 

Trees  and  shrubs,  grouping  of, 
8-12;  in  poor  soil,  16-17;  in 
Scotland,  154-174;  neglected, 
1-5;  pruning,   18-35;    removing 


INDEX 


471 


large,  139-146;  with  fine  fruits, 
99-79;  autumn  colours  on,  64; 
for  moist  soil,  125;  for  rock 
garden,  127-138;  for  sea-coast, 
list  of,  92-96 ;  for  swampy  places, 
124;  for  waterside,  123-126; 
for  wind-swept  gardens,  97-100; 
old,  care  of,  120-122;  on  poor 
soil,  16;  planting  and  staking, 
337-340;  propagation  of,  36-44; 
service,  the,  409;  shade,  for 
streets,  151-153;  shruhs  under, 
245-247 ;  tender,  in  the  south- 
west, 175-195;  variegated,  84, 
87,  89,  91 

Trees,  young,  and  sunstroke,  147- 1 50 

Tupelo  tree,  457 

Tulip  tree,  385-386 

Umbrella  tree,  388 

Vaccinium  pennsylvanicum,  5 
\'ariegated  trees  and  shrubs,  84-91 
Variety  in  trees,  in  gardens,  want  of, 

i-S 
Veronicas,  440;  value  of,   131  ;  on 

rock  gardens,  132 
Viburnum  plicatum  and  Iris  pallida 

dalmatica,  4 

Walks,  grassy,  13;  heath,  13; 
mossy,  15 

Wall  plants,  tender,  in  the  south- 
west, 196-202 

Walnuts,  the,  456 

Winter  garden,  shrubs  with  good 
colouring  for,  84 


Waterside,  trees  and  shrubs  for,  123- 
126 

Wayfaring  tree,  442 

Weeping  trees  and  their  uses,  80- 
81  ;  list  of,  80 

Whin,  the,  439 

Wig  tree,  461 

Wild  garden,  roses  in,  330 

Willows,  the,  462  ;  coloured  bark, 
by  water,  58 ;  golden  and  red- 
barked,  57 

Wind  -  swejjt  gardens,  trees  and 
shrubs  for,  97-100 

Winter,  a  flower  garden  in,  60 

Winter  garden,  a,  46-62 

Winter  and  summer  i-fiect,  ever- 
greens for,  282-286  ;  shrub  groups 
for,  268-286 

Winter  garden,  evergreens  in,  48 ; 
imi)ortance  of  shelter,  50 

Winter  sweet,  55 

Winter,  leaf  colouring,  shrubs  with, 
53  ;  shruljs  and  trees,  l>eauly  of, 
in,  60,  61,  62 

Witch  hazels,  the,  376;  in  winter, 

54 
Woodland,  ornamental  planting  in, 

6-7  ;  rhododendron  ponticum  in, 

7  ;  shrubs  in,  7 
Woods,  sandy,  amelanchier  in,  16 

Yellow  wood,  the,  354 

Vcws   and   hollies,   importance   of, 

225 
Yuccas,  446  ;  on  rock  garden,    135 
Yulan,  the,  3S9 


THE     END 


l;     i 


N- MANCHESTER, 
INDIANA  46962 


